migration 3 Flashcards
location and key facts
Has hindu kush mountains reaching 7000m and margow and khosh desert = barriers. Capital = kabul. GDP - $2000, HDI - 0.479, 55 under poverty line, life expectancy - 51, 38% literacy rate, employment rate - 40%
migration waves
1: 1978: afghan communists seize power, overthrow Islamic leadership, ideology clashes. 1979-89, Russia invades to support communism people flee, meet resistance from mujahadeen (Islamic freedom fighters), USA supplies then with weapons. 1989: Moscow withdrew troops, but left president Mohammed Najibullah in power, 900,000 Afghans return home.
2: 1996-2001- taliban take control introduce strict sharia law. Allow Al qaeda (terrorist group) to have free reigh in mountains and run training camps. September 2001: twin towers attacks. People flee.
3: Dec 2001: UN establish ISAF (peacekeeping troops) for security. 2004- First presidential elections every 5 years, Hamzah Karzai becomes first president, people return.
4: August 2021: Taliban recapture Kabul, coalition troops withdrawn. People flee but not as many due to taliban strict border control
patterns of immigration and emigration
60% flee to Pakistan, 35% flee to iran, 5% elsewhere. Flee to those two as they are neighbouring, few intervening obstacles, similar cultures and Islamic beliefs. One om 5 refugees worldwide is from Afghanistan.
afghanistan’s migration policy
The solutions strategy: 2021. Countries involved: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, UNHCR
3 aims: support Afghans who agree to voluntary repatriation, give cash grant and free travel home, 2: support refugees and help get them a job providing workshops and training and skills. 3: Give assistance and support to home countries, give financial assistance.
Success: 6 million refugees in 2001 to 1 million 2016. 20% of pop are returnees, 5.3 million repatriated since 2002.
Limitations: still waves of emigration, 2 million undocumented Afghans in Iran, 500,000 in Pakistan.
oppurtinities and challenges of migration
oppurtunities: 78% of families who get remittances use it to meet needs, remittances equivalent to 30% of GDP PME, temporary return of qualified nationals (TRQN) in Netherlands has contributed to flow of social remittances, brain gain and share skills.
Challenges: abandoned farmland meand only 6% of country if cultivated = high food prices, famine. 70% of kabul is informal settlements, brain drain, shortage of skilled professionals.
interdependence on other countries
socio-economic: pasthtun group make up 20% of Afghanistan and 30% of Pakistan but separated by border called durand line drawn by British. There is cross border migration of pashtuns.
Political: Afghanistan Pakistan action plan for peace and solidarity (APAPPS) is bilateral framework for enhancing cooperation and coordination to meet interests, anti-terrir, security, peace and reconciliation of trade.
