disease dilemmas 4

Question 1

globalisation and global mobility

Answer 1

Globalisaion: increasing interconnected and itnerlinked world. Time space compression; reduction in the relative distance between places.
- Oppurtunties from globalisation: raid transport for spread of vaccines, increased global governance for mass coordination, aid workers and NGOs workers move quick, easier to eradicat diseases - LIDCs can be traced by ACs, Improvd technology: use of internet. Contact tracing online e.g. track and trace.
- challnegdd created: Global ogranisation of fast food leads to more CVD and diabetes, Increased air travel and connectedness = more relocation and expansion diffusion, Pnademic can occur more easily due to travel, Globalisation increases pollution, diseases become resistant to medicines.

Question 2

introduction to covid

Answer 2

Covid is infectious, communicable, infectious and zoonotic. Outbreak started in Wuhan - Hubei province China.
- Declared a PHEIC on January 30th 2020, declared a pandemic on March 11th 2020 - by this date 114 countries had over 118,000 cases.
- covid spread globally due to worldwide air transportation network - 3,400 airports, 50,000 flight routes, 12 million passengers a day, took 106 days for it to get to any ountry in the world.

Question 3

international mitigation to combat covid

Answer 3

• Prevention/reduce: WHO issues emergency travel recommendations. WHO global strategic preparedness and response plan - encouraged govs to have covid-19 national plan. Spearheaded covid solidarity response fund - raise money.
• Aid diagnosis: WHO informed GOARN on cluster of pneumonia cases in China. WHO spearheaded solidarity response fund: raised $242m. Chinese scientistis collected data and identified variant SARS 2.
• Aid treatment: WHO soliarity trail: thousands volunteered to try out anti-viral drugs. WHO launched covax - aim of equitable access of vaccines for every country in the world -but richer countries bought lions share of vaccines - EDCs and LIDCs had less.

Question 4

governmental mitigation

Answer 4

• Prevention/reduce: First lockdown in Wuhan on January 23rd before chinese new years but still lots of movement.Inernational travel banned: Taiwan banned travellers from china. UK gov track and trace system. UK’s initial focus: Hygiene: hands, face, space, 3 national lockdowns: March-April 2020, Nov-Dec 2020, Jan-Feb 2021.
• Aid diagnosis: Chinese scientists collected data and identified a new variant: SARs-cov-2.
• Aid treatment: Nightengale hospitals set up in UK - temporary warehouse hospitals . London Nightengale hospital built in 72 hrs by troops, had 4000 beds. Uk gov launched covid vaccination programme in Dec 2020. UK’s rollout amongst the fastest iin the world - 97%of adults had Sars-cov-2 antibodies in 2022.

Question 5

the role of world health organisation in pandemics 1

Answer 5

1 - WHO gathers world health data: publishes annual report called global health obervatory, gathers data on >1000 indicators, provides data on local and global scales.
2 - WHO predicts disease oubreaks: 2016: WHO announced Zika virus would be explosive across Americas and cause 3-4 m cases.
3 - WHO researches, prevents, treats: WHO researches disease and sets targets to prevent them e.g. Mexico: Chagus disease and Dengue fever: Installed window nets with onsecticide in 800 homes, 60% of water containers removed, educated primary students.

Question 6

the role of world health ogranisation in pandemics

Answer 6

4 - WHO develops global strategies for pandemics via GOARN: global outbreak alert ad response network, 11 labs in 9 countries connected via secure server & daily conferences.
5 - WHO develops support programmes for member states: e.g. Ebola: WHO set of PHEIC, raised $500 million from member countries. Also collected blood sampled to identify ebola &trained local people to do la work. Also set up Ebola outbrek coordination centre - cross border collaboration.
6 - WHO’s aim is universal health coverage: Universal health coverage is a SDG, means ensuring everyone everywhere can access quality healthcare without financial hardships.

Question 7

physical barriers effect mitigation and response

Answer 7

• Positive effects: 1 - Relief: Ethiopian highlands (2000m) have provided topographic defence against the spread of malaria. High elevations = too cold for mosquito and parasites. 2 - Ebola appeared in Euitorial Africa in 1980, communities were so isolated in Congo rainforest that the disease did not spread- natural barrier.
• Negative effects: Nepal: major EQ & landslide caused settlements to be cut off without water & medicine. Inaccessibility = took weeks for medical help to survive increasing risk of water borne diseases. 2 - Haiti: Extensive destruction ofwater and sanitation services from EQ. 3 - Hurricane tomas after EQ in Haiti =heavy rainfall &made places inaccessible, NGO workers could not deliver aid. 4 - Remote isolated settlements have little immunity to disease due to no herd immunity or proximity. 1900 - indigenous people in Prudhoe BAy came into contact with Euro-Americans with the flu and measles, thousands died.