disease dilemmas 3 Flashcards
incidence prevalence and cvd
prevalence; total number of case alive with the disease either during a period of time or a particular date.
Incidence: the rate of new case of the disease occurring within a period of time.
cvd: all diseases of the heart and circulation e.g. heart attack, coronary heart disease, strokes. It is non-communicable and accounts for 17.5 million deaths a year. CVD is increased through lifestyle factors. In the UK CVD mortality rate is highest in the north west, Scotland and southern wales. It is lowest in south east England and north Yorkshire. Mos deprived areas have highest number of premature deaths from CVD.
factors that explain inequalities of CVD
Social: hereditary: other family members have/had cvd, ageing population: most prevelant in older pop, ethnicity: most common in people of african, asian or carribean origin, unhealthy lifestyle: smoking, drinking, lack of exercise. Urbanisation: mroe urban areas have less green space, may feel unsafe.
Economic: people in deproves areas are at higher risk and higher mortality rate, poorer access to healthcare and don’t take time off work due to lack of money. Physically inactive; can’t afford gym membership, less aware of lifestyle factors.
Cultural: higher risk if people; less exercise, unhealthy diet, smoking, drinking, work office hours.
direct responses to the disease
1 - statins: cholesterol lowering medicine, they remove cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart attack. It extends life expectancy, prescribed drug with around 7-8 million adults taking them. Most are over 65 so eligible for free healthcare.
2 - Percutaneous coronory intervention: operation where stents are placed inside clogged arteries, prevents pressure and clogs, extends life expectancy, 92,000 are carriesout every year, theyare free on the NHS.
3 - Brtish heart foundation: founded in 1961 by medical professionals, carries out research into causes, diagnosis and treatment of CVD, BHF fund around £100 million of life saving heart research every year.
indirect responses
1- BHF: has cardiac nurses and information officers, produce a magazien on how to treat heart healthily, tackle culutrual causes of CVD, website is accessbile to all.
2 - Discouraging smoking: smoking ban 2007: illegal to smoke in enclosed public spaces and in cars with children, adverts bannes, shops can’t display cigarettes, stark health warnings. Since introduction >20% decline in smoking, >50% smoke outside to protect famlies.
3 - Free NHS health checks: for those ages 40-74 yrs old, give health advice and manage risk factors, programme has potentail to prevent >4000 developing type 2 diabetesand detect 20,000 cases of diabetes, programme should fund itself in 20 yrs.
4 - Standardised nutritional inofrmation: displayed on food products to help people make healthier choices, makes public more aware, this means less consumption of processed food with high levels of satirated fat.
introduction and causes of ebola
Ebola is a virus disease, it is infectious, communicable and contagious and zoonotic. OUtbreak began Dec 2013 fter a 2yr old boy died in SE Guinea.
- HUman causes: cultural traditions - social greetings and burial rituals, deforestation for logging and gold = bats move places, civil war - healthcare systems collapsed, poverty: 1 doctor for 100,000 in Liberia, mobile population: migrant wokers e.g. miners.
- Physical causes: 3 species of bats are source:2/3 found in Liberia, outbreaks began at beginning of dry season: drier conditions influence no. of bats in the region. Climate change; drier seasons followed by wet produce an abundance of fruit that coincides with outbreak.
impact of ebola
28,616 affected and 11,310 died.
- impact on agriculture: agriculture is largest employer in Sierra Leone: 80% work in it, rice is most staple crop. But 40% of farmers abondoned farmland in fear and rice prices jumped by 30%, 25% of households experienced food security. Customers feared food was tainted, delivery was restricted by quarantine restricitons.
- economic: caused a 10% GDP loss in Liberia, 4% loss in Sierra Leone, 1.5% loss in Guinea.
- education: schools were closed, led to PFL: lack of education = lack of knowledge/skills = lack of oppurtunties = lower income = poverty.
- children: 16,000 children lost one or both parents.
direct mitigation strategies
1 - treatment centres set up: MSF and Red Cross built treatment centres, visitors not allowed, white tents, MSF deployed 3,900 medical staff.
2 - protective equipment: WHO recommended persons entering patinets rooms wear gown, gloves, eye protection and facemask. Additional clothing required in certain situation: double gloving, disposable shoe covers, leg coverings.
3 - dead body management: Red cross followed WHO procedure, body disinfected with chlorine, then placed in 2 body bags. Anything the body touched: pillows, bedsheets and protective clothing was burnt or buried.
4 - Banning bat consumption: Officials in Guinea banned the sale and consumption of bats in March.
indirect mitigation straetgies
1 - community awareness: trained community task forces to educate people on 3 messages: protect yourself, protect your family, protect your community.
2 - schools closed: schools in G, SL and L closed for 8 months. When reopened: safety measyres: take tempuratures nd wash hands.
3 - Curfews: Lieria had a night-time curfew and quarantined the capital Monrovia. Curfew from 21:00 to 06:00, troops were used to enforce curfew.
4 - Contact tracing: used to find everyone who came in contact with a sick ebola patient, contacts were watched for signs of illness for 21 days.
5 - Tempurature taking: Airportsin G, L and SL used thermometres to check temps. West African flights to other countries monitored incoming passengers: screened for high temps and asked questions about their health.
