disease dilemmas 2 Flashcards
epidemiological transition model
As life expectancy increases, the major cause of deah and disability shift from communicable to chronic, non-communicable ones, showing in Abdel Omran’s model:
S1: The age of pestilience and famine: morality high, life expectancy at 30, poor sanitation, bad food supply, communicable diseases, bubonic plage. No country here.
S2: The age of receding pandemics: improvements in diet & sanitation mean epidemics r rare, life expec at 40, commuciable disease prevelant, LIDCs
S3: Age of degenerative and man made diseases: life expec 55, ageing pop, more medical tech, but rise in living standards = poor diet, less exercise: non-comm diseasen and man made diseases, EDCs
S4: The age of delayed disease: Non-comm diseae e.g. strokes, are main causes of death but medical afvances and reduced risk behavior in pop extend life, life ecp at 70+, degenerative disease appear more e.g. dementia, ACs
prevelance of diseas in lidcs and acs and why
LIDCs have high prevelance of communicable disease due to: inadequate healthcare - lack of resources to tackle disease, inadequate food intake - undernutrition nd malnutrition. Poor envionemtneal condiiotns - water pollution, slum living, poor drainage sites. Climate: high temps and high rainfall in tropic and sub-tropic.
ACS have high prevelance of non-communicable disesae due to: eradication of communicable disease - advancement in medical diagnosis and rteatment + higher SOL. Over nutrition - excessive sugar, fats and salts. A rise in living standards: increase stress/workload = more alcohol, smoking, poor diet, less exercise, desk jobs.
air pollution in china
Air pollution is due to emissions of particulates e.g. nitrogen and sulhpur dioxide. Particulat ematter is classified by its size: PM10 and PM2.5 are smalle than 10 &2.5 millionths of a metre across Air pollution in China being an EDC, wants economic growh and burns coal for this. 16/20 of most polluted cities in the world are in china.
1 - Coal: half of the world’s coal consumption is by china, 70% of China’s energy is from coal, burnign coal releases air borne particles of PM2.5
2 - Vehicles: rising car ownership, vehicle emissions are responsible for 22% of Beijing’s air pollution, cars running on petorl and diesal releasesa exhaist emissions.
3 - Smog: WHen fog occurs (acused by condensation creating cloud at ground level), it combines with the poor air qualirt ro create a toxic haze of smog over the city.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in china, china has the highest pollution related deaths (590,000 a yr). Air pollution in china reduces life expectancy by 3yrs.
national strategies
1 - reduce coal pollution: 2013-18 5YP to cut coal consumption below 65% via: limit on coal use, no new coal power plants, renewable energy, desulphurisation of thermal plants via filter.
2 - reduce vehicle emissions: ban on petrol and diesal production, by 2020: 50% of cars electric, odd even car driving ban on red alert days.
3 - minimise health risks: Beijing cut PM2.5 levels by 25%, colour coded smog and air pollution alert system: bans high pollutant activities on red days.
Evaluation: electricity generated by coal increased by a fourfold, by electricity by renewable’s increased a tenfold. In 2021, China dominated 53% of global market share of electric cars. City of Shenzhen has 16,000 electric buses
global strategies
1 - The union for international cancer control: over 1000 organisation in 160 countries, partners in china. World cancer congress: international conference among health experts. World cancer leader’s summit: policy meeting dedicated to furthering global cancer control and raise awareness and education.
2 - International agreements: COP21 Paris: china aimed to cut fossil fuel to 20% of energy consumpiton, cut carbon emissions by 60%. COP26: agreement to secure global net zero emissions by mid century and keep 1.5 warming within reach.
3 - WHO agenda on air pollution and health: WHO road map with 4 action areas China agreed to: increase awareness of health implications, monitor and report pollution related illnesses, increase knowledge, train health sector.
