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Jason's Metabolism Block > Postprandial Glucose > Flashcards

Postprandial Glucose Flashcards

1
Q

Islets Gamma Cells make?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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2
Q

Glucagon made where?

A

Alpha cells

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3
Q

islets Delta cells make?

A

somatostatin

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4
Q

Amylin comes from?

A

Islets Beta Cells

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5
Q

Where are Beta cells in relation to alpha or delta cells

A

Beta in the middle

Alpha all around

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6
Q

Islets Alpha cells make?

A

glucagon

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7
Q

somatostatin made where?

A

delta-cells

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8
Q

What makes pancreatic polypeptide in the islets?

A

gamma cells

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9
Q

Islets Beta Cells make?

A

Insulin

Amylin

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10
Q

what converts preprohormone to prohormone?

A

prohormone convertase 2

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11
Q

what converts prohormone to insulin?

A

prohormone convertase 1

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12
Q

C-peptide conserved or mutated across species?

A

mutated

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13
Q

C-peptide is?

A

part that is cleaved from proinsulin to insulin

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14
Q

insulin in cell packaged in? what’s in it?

A

secretory granules with endopeptidase within

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15
Q

mature insulin in secretary granules form?

A

crystal core

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16
Q

2 phases of insulin secretion?

A
  1. sharp rise (2-5 minutes) (cell near surface)

2. prolonged secretion phase

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17
Q

Cellular events in insulin secretion

A

AA or GLUT2 > glucose–>G6P > TCA > ATP > close K+ > Ca2+ influx > insulin secreted

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18
Q

What can stimulate insulin besides glucose?

A

Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
glucose

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19
Q

more or less insulin secreted when glucose taken orally? implications?

A

More

means that there are hormones released in gut

20
Q

what effect demonstrates increased oral vs. IV glucose for insulin?

A

Incretin Effect

21
Q

What are incretins?

A

gut-derived hormones in response to nutrients

22
Q

2 main incretins:

A
  1. glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

2. Glucose-induced insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)

23
Q

Where are the follow secreted? 1. glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
2. Glucose-induced insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)

A
  1. lower small bowel

2. upper small bowel

24
Q

Which incretin more potent? GLP-1? of GIP?

A

GLP-1

25
Q

GLP-1 secreted from which cells?

A

Lower small bowel: L-cells

26
Q

When is GLP-1 secreted?

A

when glucose levels high

27
Q

GLP-1 does what to glucagon?

A

inhibits

28
Q

GLP-1 does what to Beta-cells?

A

stims insulin
proliferation
differentiation
Maturation

29
Q

why GLP-1 as drug won’t work?

A

half-life of 2 minutes

30
Q

What are exenatide and liraglutide?

A

GLP-1R agonists (incretin mimetics)

31
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors are for?

A

inhibiting break down of incretins to enhance incretin levels

32
Q

where did scientists get idea for long acting GLP-1

A

Gila monster, only eats twice a year

33
Q

exenatide gain or lose weight?

A

lose weight

34
Q

how often give exenatide?

A

once a week

35
Q

What worsens DMII process?

A

progressive Beta cell failure

36
Q

GLP-1 treatment for humans in order to do what?

A

grow more Beta cells

37
Q

GLP-1 cancer risk?

A

None so far tested

38
Q

Glucose-induced insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secreted from which cells?

A

Duodenum: K cells

39
Q

Glucose-induced insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) activates?

A

lipoprotein lipase to enhance fat clearance from blood

40
Q

Amylin role?

A

secreted with insulin to inhibit glucagon secretion, decrease appetite

41
Q

Glucagon stims?

A

liver to release glucose

42
Q

pancreatic polypeptide released when?

A

after meal

43
Q

pancreatic polypeptide inhibits?

A

food intake
pancreatic enzyme secretion
blocks gall bladder contraction

44
Q

somatostatin inhibits 3 big things

A

insulin
glucagon
pancreatic exocrine

45
Q

purpose of smoatostatin?

A

prevent exaggerated responses to a meal

Jason's Metabolism Block (17 decks)

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