Mitochondria

Question 1

how many mitochondria in healthy cells?

Answer 1

200-10 000

Question 2

When did mitochondria endosymbiose with eukaryotes?

Answer 2

~2billion years ago

Question 3

Get Acetyl CoA from 3 big sources

Answer 3

pyruvate
fatty acid oxidation
ketone body synthesis

Question 4

mitochondria completely oxidise fuel till what end molecule?

Answer 4

CO2

Question 5

how to you get reactive oxygen species in mitochondria?

Answer 5

leakage in electron transport chain

Question 6

theory of mitochondria and aging?

Answer 6

accumulated damage over time of cells by mitochondria

Question 7

mitochondrial disease attributed to? histologically see?

Answer 7

mitochondrial DNA mutations

ragged red fibres

Question 8

most common kinds of mitochondrial diseases involve?

Answer 8

myopathies

Question 9

hallmark of mitochondrial disorder?

Answer 9

ragged red fibres

Question 10

What 2 things do you need to break down fats?

Answer 10

1. Mitochondria

2. Oxygen

Question 11

How many ATP for one molecule of palmeric acid?

Answer 11

108 ATP

Question 12

Mitochondria does what to nitrogen compounds?

Answer 12

protects you from ammonia by turning it into urea to excrete in kidneys

Question 13

Symptoms of urea cycle failure?

Answer 13

lethargy
convulsions
early death

Question 14

Permeability of Mitochondrial membranes?

Answer 14

Outer: permeable
Inner: impermeable

Question 15

What is TCA?

Answer 15

Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle

Question 16

What energy molecules do you get from krebs cycle?

Answer 16

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP/ATP

Question 17

What does Argininemia, argininosuccinic acidemia and carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 deficiency affect?

Answer 17

Mitochondrial urea cycle failure

Question 18

Citric acid cycle metabolites only make energy substrates?

Answer 18

Nope. Substrates make:

1. porphyrins
2. Purines
3. pyrimadines

Question 19

What is the electron pathyway of NADH in mitochondria inner membrane?

Answer 19

NADH> Q > cyt b > cyt C1 > Cyt C > Cty (a+a3) > 02

Question 20

What does CN of CO do to kill you?

Answer 20

Blocks terminal respiration complex in Mitochondrial inner membrane, no transfer of e- to oxygen

Question 21

How many complexes in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 21

4 complexes

Question 22

What does Ubiquinone=(Q)=coenzyme Q = CoQ10 do?

Answer 22

shuttles electrons between complexes

Question 23

Q10 supplement given when? for what?

Answer 23

when using statins

to alleviate myotoxicity (heart probs)

Question 24

why is brown adipose brown?

Answer 24

because of abundance of mitochondria = cytochromes = coloured

Question 25

ATP synthase in vitro does what? in vivo?

Answer 25

in vitro: breaks ATP

in vivo: makes ATP with intact inner membrane

Question 26

what metal in mitochondria protein complex?

Answer 26

copper

Question 27

Which respiratory complex encoded by nDNA?

Answer 27

Complex II

Question 28

How do you make ATP in the mitochondrial ATP synthase

Answer 28

mechanical energy of gamma subunit winds up a/B subunits that push ADP + Pi together

Question 29

ATP synthase is susceptible to what antibiotic?

Answer 29

oligomycin

Question 30

Chemiosmosis explains what?

Answer 30

why chloroplasts, bacteria, mitochondria all proton pump across their membranes

Question 31

electrons leak in the inner Mitochondrial membrane how?

Answer 31

via Q complex, made into super oxides

Question 32

What does a uncoupling protein in the Mitochondrial inner membrane do?

Answer 32

H+ leak through membrane without ATP production. only heat generated

Question 33

What is the uncoupling protein in brown fat called?

Answer 33

thermogenin

Question 34

what is the function of malate-aspartate shuttle?

Answer 34

transfers reducing power of NADH from cytosol to mitochondria for oxidative phsphorylation

Question 35

What does glycerol-3-phosphate do? where is it?

Answer 35

muscle: rapid but expensive energy shuttle