Porter's Glossary Part I Flashcards

Question

AIA

Answer 1

American Institute of Architects

Answer 2

Protection from loss arising out of any fortuitous cause other than those perils or causes specifically excluded by name. This is in contrast to other policies that name the peril or perils insured against. Refer to named peril.

Answer 3

An allowance is a specified monetary sum or a specified quantity of work not otherwise defined by the specifications and drawings, but which the contractor is required to include in the bid or price. The contractor is asked to submit prices for work items that are un-determined at the time of bidding, but will be determined after the agreement has been executed. Two common allowance types are:Cash Allowance and Quantity Allowance.

Answer 4

A defined portion of the work that is priced separately and thus provides an option for the owner in determining the final scope of the project. The alternate provides the owner with a choice between different products or it can define the addition or deletion of a portion of the work.

Answer 5

An alternate is something that is named for which alternative pricing is requested

Answer 6

When the extent of work is contingent upon the funds available, certain provisions may be necessary to obtain costs for specific portions of the work. These portions of the work can be defined as alternates that will permit separate costs to be determined. After a project is bid, the extent of work can be adjusted based upon the alternate bids and the owner's priorities.

Answer 7

Alternates are optional work items that may or may not be made part of the contracted work.

Answer 8

ADR provisions can prevent a single party from initiating litigation and provide a suitable method for economically and expeditiously addressing disputes.

Answer 9

Most contracts specifically stipulate the requirements for preparation and delivery of the application for payment.

Answer 10

Work included in the submittal can proceed, provided the submittal complies with requirements of the contract documents.

Answer 11

Submittal is approved, provided modifications noted are properly incorporated. Resubmission is not usually necessary.

Answer 12

A major subject within a PART of a section consisting of one or more related paragraphs

Answer 13

A subject within a Part consisting of one or more related paragraphs and subparagraphs.

Answer 14

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers

Answer 15

CMc is sometimes called "at-risk" construction management because the CMc is responsible for the completed project and bears the financial risk in the same manner as a contractor. See also CMc.

Answer 16

Attributes are the means by which performance characteristics are identified. An attribute can be defined as a characteristic of performance. There are three essential considerations of an attribute: Requirements, Criteria, and Tests.

Answer 17

These authorities, including building code officials, zoning officials, inspectors, and regulatory agencies, protect the public's health, safety, and welfare by administering laws, codes, and other regulations governing the project.

Answer 18

Federal, state, county, and city authorities oversee the safety and welfare of the public they serve. In doing so, they verify that code and ordinance requirements have been met. The AHJs usually perform reviews of the contract documents before issuing permits. They verify that the regulatory requirements are being met by performing building, mechanical, electrical, elevator, fire, life safety, health, zoning, accessibility, and critical structural inspections at the project site.

Answer 19

the liability for operation of owned or non-owned automobiles, including rented or hired vehicles, is generally secured through a business automobile coverage form.

Answer 20

Information available to bidders regarding subsurface and existing conditions includes geotechnical reports, soil boring data, hazardous materials reports, descriptions of the site, resource drawings of existing buildings, and property survey information.

Answer 21

The formal acceptance of the terms of negotiation by the participants.

Answer 22

A bar chart is a graphic display of major activities in the form of bars overlaid on a calendar.

Answer 23

Total project commissioning is a quality process utilizing an independent company providing services that may include monitoring the owner's project requirements and verifying that the requirements are incorporated into the basis of design.

Answer 24

Many manufacturers provide data and other informational sheets that can be included to illustrate the products being used as the basis of design in the project.

Answer 25

The three bases of payment are: Stipulated sum, Unit Price, and Cost-plus fee, and Cost-plus fee with guaranteed maximum price.

Answer 26

Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability

Answer 27

Bid is an offer to perform a contract for work and labor or supply materials or goods at a specific price. A bid is a response to a solicitation such as an invitation to bid or an advertisement for bid.

Answer 28

A bid states the price that the bidder will charge to perform the work and possibly the length of time to complete the project.

Answer 29

The purpose of the bid bond is to protect the owner from losing the benefit of an accepted bid. Issuance of a bid bond commits the bidder to enter into a contract and, if required, provide performance and payment bonds. The bid bond is provided by the bidder at the time of bid and is submitted with the bid. The bid bond generally provides for a penal amount expressed either in dollars or as a percentage of the total amount of the bid. In the event that the selected bidder fails or refuses to enter into a contract for the price that was bid, the surety is obligated to pay the owner's damages, up to the penal amount of the bid bond.

Answer 30

A bid depository system receives subcontractor bids for identified units of work. The units of work are usually significant parts of the total project. These sub-bids, depending on location, are then either analyzed by the client agency with the selected sub-bids assigned to the general contractor, or the sub-bids may simply be deposited for delivery to the prime bidders.

Answer 31

The bid process requires a bid form that is prepared as a document that the bidder will submit to the owner. It contains blank spaces completed by the bidder and a place for the bidder's signature (and for the seal of corporate entities) to indicate that the bidder agrees to all provisions.

Answer 32

Bid security guarantees that if a bid is accepted within the specified time, the bidder will enter into a formal agreement with the owner (usually 30 to 90 days from the opening of the bids) and will furnish the required construction performance and construction payment bonds. The purpose of the bid security is to compensate the owner for damages incurred if the selected bidder does not accept the contract award.

Answer 33

Bid shopping is the practice of revealing the sub-bid of one subcontractor to negotiate with another subcontractor to lower the cost for specific trades on a project. It occurs during the bidding/pricing process, following award of a prime contract, or both, when provisions restricting the practice are not included in bidding documents.

Answer 34

Bid solicitations fall into two categories: invitations to bid and advertisements to bid.

Answer 35

Under the bidding process, the successful bidder is one of the several bidders (contractors) whose bid was the lowest responsive price.

Answer 36

The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents.

Answer 37

See Procurement Requirements

Answer 38

In a design-bid-build project, the link between design and execution of a project is an agreement between the owner and contractor. This is most often achieved through competitive bidding by an open or limited field of competitive bidders or through the process of negotiation with a prequalified contractor. The bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage allows the prospective contractor to examine bidding documents, visit the site, request clarifications and interpretations, propose substitutions, and, finally, prepare a bid or price for executing the work. The A/E's responsibilities include responding to requests for information or clarifications, evaluating proposed substitutions, and issuing addenda to document changes made during the bidding/negotiating period. Acceptance of the contractor's bid or negotiated sum and other conditions will result in award of a contract and commencement of work.

Answer 39

The transition from the design to the construction stage of a project is the bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage. During this stage, owners make the proposed construction documents available to prospective contractors, through either direct selection or open solicitation. The prospective contractors assemble, calculate, and formally present to the owner their prices to complete the project described in the procurement documents. Construction prices become the financial basis of the contract for construction.

Answer 40

Upon demand for arbitration the parties to the contract select a neutral arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, and the matter is submitted for a decision. The method is very similar to litigation, but offers more expeditious resolution.

Answer 41

Binding dispute resolution may be stipulated in the contract documents, whereby both parties agree to resolve disputes by the specified method and to honor the findings and award, usually without appeal. Methods include: Binding arbitration and judicial reference.

Answer 42

Insurance against loss arising from the operation of boilers and machinery. May cover loss suffered by the boilers and machinery itself or include damage done to other property and business interruption losses.

Answer 43

See Bid Bond

Answer 44

A performance bond provides a guaranty that if the contractor defaults or fails to perform, the surety will either complete the contract in accordance with its terms or provide sufficient funds up to the penal amount for such completion. A payment bond provides a guaranty that subcontractor, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material goods, and services to the project will be paid.

Answer 45

Builder's risk insurance covers losses during the construction phase arising from the insured risks of fire, windstorm, collapse, and theft. The policy is designed to cover all property that has been or will be incorporated into the project. Builder's risk insurance is available in a named peril or an all-risk type policy.

Answer 46

Indemnifies for loss of or damage to a building under construction from specified perils. Insurance is normally written for a specified amount on the building and applies only in the course of construction. Coverage usually includes fire and extended coverage and vandalism and malicious mischief coverage. Builder's risk coverage can be extended to an all-risk form as well. The builder's risk policy also may include coverage for items in transit to the construction site (up to a certain percentage of value) as well as items stored at the site.

Answer 47

Building codes are minimum requirements for design and construction of new or remodeled structures, with an emphasis on buildings. Design documents must demonstrate compliance with those requirements.

Answer 48

Loss-of-use insurance that protects against loss caused by the inability to occupy and use the project because of damage resulting from a covered peril. This coverage is available for a variety of risks, including fire, and can include compensation for additional business expense and for the rental of substitute facilities.

Answer 49

The procedures for purchasing are similar to bidding and negotiating. Public owners are required to obtain goods at the most competitive price available at the time the purchase is made. Therefore public owners (hereinafter referred to as buyers) solicit purchasing proposals by legal advertisement and distribute documents to prospective supplying contractors (hereinafter referred to as sellers). Private buyers also need to purchase goods and special services at competitive prices.

Answer 50

Buyout is one of the contractor's preconstruction activities between award of the contract and the actual start of construction. Buyout can and often does extend past the start of construction, but the majority of these tasks are completed before it starts. During buyout, the contractor issues subcontracts, supply contracts, and purchase orders for the work to be done. Any final negotiating with suppliers and subcontractors is also done during buyout.

Answer 51

Computer-Aided Drafting

Answer 52

The CAD Layer Guidelines provide a hierarchical organization for describing drawing layers. The user can identify or name layers on the basis of the level of detail provided in each drawing layer. The guidelines define four data fields within layer names: Discipline Designator, major group, minor groups, status.

Answer 53

Computer-Aided Design & Drafting

Answer 54

Working days and calendar days are the two most common methods of establishing contract time. See also Time.

Answer 55

A monetary sum that the bidder includes as part of the contract sum to account for certain items to be determined at a later time.

Answer 56

Administered by the National Institute of Building Science (NIBS), and found on the Whole Building Design Guide web site (www.wbdg.org/references/docs\_refs.php), the CCB was developed for electronic dissemination of specifications, technical manuals, standards, electronic details, and other documents. Use of the CCB is intended to improve the quality of construction, decrease overlap and conflicts that exist among criteria, speed introduction of new technology into the construction process, and improve dissemination of design and construction information.

Answer 57

Codes, Covenants and Restrictions

Answer 58

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Answer 59

The A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the contractor and the owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project. The certificate of substantial completion also includes the specified time limit for the contractor to complete outstanding items of work.

Answer 60

The date of substantial completion is established by the A/E and documented by the issuance of a certificate of substantial completion. The certificate of substantial completion is prepared by the A/E and signed by the A/E, contractor, and owner.

Answer 61

Includes certificates of insurance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

Answer 62

Certificates may be required to certify quality or characteristics of materials, quality of fabrication, or quality of installation. Certifications may be required to attest to the performance and quality of a fabricated item or system. The specifications state the type of certification required, who is acceptable to certify, and when certificates need to be submitted. In most cases certifications are submitted after the work to be certified has been completed.

Answer 63

The owner establishes the project requirements for insurance in consultation with legal counsel and insurance advisors. The general and supplementary conditions state the requirements. The CSI Construction Specifications Practice Guide includes a description of types of insurance.

Answer 64

If, after inspection, the A/E agrees that the project is substantially complete, the A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the contractor and the owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project.

Answer 65

To certify means to attest in writing or orally to the validity or contract compliance of an item; to assert as a matter of fact.

Answer 66

A construction change directive is a means of ordering changes in the work when the owner and contractor have not agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. With a construction change directive, the owner may, without invalidating the contract, order changes in the work within the general scope of the contract consisting of additions, deletions, or other revisions, the contract sum or contract time being adjusted accordingly. A construction change directive is used in the absence of total agreement on the terms of a change order.

Answer 67

Direct the contractor to make a change to the project before the owner and contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the owner and the contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established.

Answer 68

Change orders are modifications issued after the agreement is executed.

Answer 69

A change order is a written instruction to the contractor issued after execution of the agreement that authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision in the work or an adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time.

Answer 70

A change order is a written instruction to the contractor issued after execution of the agreement. It authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision to the project in consideration of an adjustment in the contract sum, contract time, or both. A change order is used for changes to the contract documents that affect contract sum or time.

Answer 71

A change order request may be used by the contractor to initiate proposed changes that the contractor deems necessary.

Answer 72

Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the site for the following:- Improvements, such as streets, roads, paving, plazas, and retaining walls;- Service utilities, such as water, sewer, energy, communications, and storm drainage;- Shaping the topography of the land, such as earthwork, cut and fill grading;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration

Answer 73

Used in reference to insurance, a claim may be a demand by an individual or corporation to recover, under a policy of insurance, for loss that may come within that policy.

Answer 74

Generally, a claim is a request for compensation for dealing with a situation that differs materially from what was anticipated by the parties at the time of entering into the contract.

Answer 75

Commonly used to refer to a party who files a claim against the bond. This could be the owner or a subcontractor or supplier seeking recovery under the payment bond.

Answer 76

Policies written under a claims-made basis will cover claims made (reported or filed) during the year the policy is in force for any incidents that may occur that year or during any previous period the policyholder was insured under the claims-made contract. This form of coverage is in contrast to the occurrence policy that covers today's incident regardless of when a claim is filed, even one or more years later.

Answer 77

Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contract by formal contract modifications. These documents include requests and proposals.

Answer 78

A portion of a UniFormat project manual covering one or more segments of the work. Equivalent to a MasterFormat section, only those classes used are included.

Answer 79

The Clean Water Act is a federal policy that affects design and construction by controlling the amount and type of pollutants that may be discharged into public waterways.

Answer 80

Closed proprietary specifications do not allow for substitutions

Answer 81

The closeout meeting is used to review requirements for the completion of the contract and to obtain submittal of the necessary final documents. Separate meetings may be required for substantial completion, final completion, and warranty inspections.

Answer 82

At or near completion of a project, a number of submittals are processed, including: Written notices of substantial and final completion (prepared by the contractor) and delivered to the A/E, indicating when the contractor believes these milestones are reached; Final application for payment; Record documents (shop drawings, record drawings and specifications, addenda, change orders, field orders, photographs); O&M data; Spare parts and maintenance materials; Certificates of payment; Release of liens and waiver of debts and claims; Consent of surety to final payment; Special warranties; Keying.

Answer 83

Construction Management as Adviser

Answer 84

Construction Management Association of America

Answer 85

Construction Manager as Contractor

Answer 86

Codes specify minimum requirements for the design and construction of new and renovated buildings for the safety of persons and the protection of property. Building codes are developed and maintained by model code-writing organizations.

Answer 87

Design Team -Advises, assists, makes recommendations, and evaluates the design for compliance with the applicable building codes;- Assists with obtaining permits from AHJs

Answer 88

Army Corps of Engineers

Answer 89

Requirements for public projects with multiple-prime contractors often include provisions for combined bidding to reduce project management and coordination cost. The bid form is structured to allow bidders to submit bids for more than one major category of work with the potential for cost savings and reduced administrative burdens on the participants. If a combined bid is lower than the aggregate of individual bids, a combined contract can be awarded.

Answer 90

The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence type coverage.

Answer 91

The commissioning process is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the owner's requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building.

Answer 92

There are two basic types of commissioning: total project commissioning and systems and equipment commissioning. Total project commissioning, also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the owner's facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation. System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility.

Answer 93

Identifies process and requirements for facility, system, and component operation testing and checkout

Answer 94

Entity engaged by the owner to ensure that the owner's defined requirements are achieved and the completed facility functions as intended by the contract documents

Answer 95

Total project commissioning engages the use of a specialist known as a commissioning agent. This is usually an independent firm not affiliated with the other members of project team. The commissioning agent is engaged by the owner to verify the quality of the project in relation to the owner's project requirements.

Answer 96

The role of the commissioning authority during project closeout varies, depending on the provisions of the commissioning authority's contract with the owner. At one end of the spectrum, the total facility commissioning authority may be responsible for verifying compliance with the owner's requirements, reviewing systems, equipment startup, and operational testing. At the other end of the spectrum, the building system commissioning authority may be responsible only for operational testing of one or more systems.

Answer 97

A commodity can be defined as goods that can be uniformly and consistently produced by various manufacturers with the same predetermined quality. Materials become commodities when they are specified without a specific manufacturer being named, and material from any manufacturer will be acceptable

Answer 98

Competitive bidding is the most effective method of determining the least cost for constructing the work that is described and defined by the bidding documents. Competitive bidding creates an environment where bidders at every level, contractor, subcontractor, and supplier, must carefully and seriously consider every aspect of their bid in the attempt to be awarded the work by providing a lower price than any of the other bidders. A bid states, or stipulates, the price the bidder will charge to perform the work (including overhead and profit) and may, if requested by the bidding documents, include the length of time required to complete the work. The project design is developed and bidding documents prepared by the A/E for the owner that are then made available to bidders.

Answer 99

In competitive bidding, prospective contractors are invited to prepare and submit bids stating, in a specified format, the sum of money required to construct the project. It is a method of determining the lowest cost for accomplishing work defined by the procurement documents. The objective of bidding is to ensure that the cost of the project is reasonable and consistent with prevailing conditions in the construction industry.

Answer 100

A form of liability insurance that provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising out of the operations that have been completed or abandoned provided the accident occurs away from the premises owned or rented by the insured

Answer 101

"Time is of the essence" is a key element of the agreement and may be an over-riding factor for completion. The time available is generally established by owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days.

Answer 102

The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence-type coverage

Answer 103

A broad form of liability insurance usually covering business organizations to protect them against liability claims for bodily injury and property damage arising from operations, products and completed operations, and independent contractors, but excluding coverage for liability arising from the use of automobiles

Answer 104

This term applies to a variety of policies that provide broad protection.

Answer 105

Concealed conditions are conditions that are not documented or that could not have been observed at the site at the time of the pricing. These conditions may include: Subsurface soil conditions materially different from those represented in a geotechnical report; Concealed conditions uncovered during construction

Answer 106

The conditions of the contract are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies. Supplementary conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of a specific project.

Answer 107

Conditions of the contract define basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. Conditions of the contract consist of:

Answer 108

The conditions of the contract consist of the general conditions and the supplementary conditions. The conditions of the contract mirror responsibilities dictated in the owner - A/E agreement and the owner - contractor agreement. Of all the documents used in construction, the conditions of the contract most clearly establish the responsibilities for CCA and contractor project management. The conditions of the contract identify the basic rights, procedural and contractual responsibilities, and relationships between the parties involved in the performance of the contract.

Answer 109

Constructability is a review of the design to determine if it is practical to construct with the means, methods, and products available at the proposed time of construction, within the owner's budget and within the proposed time requirements for the project.

Answer 110

Constructing a project requires knowledge of the numerous components as well as management skills to ensure that participants work together in harmony to complete a facility. Construction

Answer 111

Construction is the execution of the work as required by the contract documents.

Answer 112

Design Team;- Administers the construction contract;- Works with the owner and contractors during construction;- Generates and/or processes change orders, supplemental instructions, and change requests;- Reviews submittals, observes the work, responds to questions, and interprets the construction documents;- Reviews contractor's applications for payment and requests for substitutions;- May have limited decision -making power about the project design

Answer 113

IA Document G714, Construction Change Directive, and EJCDC C-940, Work Change Directive, direct the contractor to make a change to the project before the owner and contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the owner and the contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established.

Answer 114

The necessary parts of a typical construction contract are as follows: The parties are identified in the contract; The parties make promises that constitute an offer; Both parties sign the contract indicating that they understand and agree to the terms and commit themselves to the offers made;

Answer 115

Activities related to administering the contract for construction, typically performed by the A/E.

Answer 116

Interprets, administers, and enforces the terms of a construction contract during the construction of a project

Answer 117

As a member of the design team the construction contract administrator is responsible for administering the construction contract for the A/E. This involves processing, and in some cases generating, the documents used during construction, such as change orders, construction observation reports, supplemental instructions or field orders, change proposals, and payment applications. The construction contract administrator also reviews and processes requests for interpretation, shop drawings, submittals, and substitution requests.

Answer 118

This includes the estimates for the probable cost of constructing the project, including building permit fees, materials, labor, tools, and equipment, bonds, insurance, and initial maintenance agreements associated with construction. During the project conception stage, this cost is estimated. After bidding or negotiation the cost will be more clearly defined; however, the cost of construction will not be fully known until the project is completed.

Answer 119

Construction documents are defined as the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the A/E for communicating the project design for construction and administering the construction contract. Construction documents include two major types of documents: Procurement documents and contract documents.

Answer 120

The construction documents stage (referred to as the final design phase in engineering projects) is based on the owner-approved design development documents and any further adjustments in the scope of the project or the project budget. During this stage the A/E prepares documents that will be used to file for permits and approvals from AHJs and to obtain prices upon which a bid or a negotiated contract can be based.

Answer 121

Construction drawings consist of contract drawings and resource drawings. Contract drawings are those that describe the work of the project. Resource drawings show existing conditions, or new construction related to the work, but are not included in the contract. Contract drawings are legally enforceable and, depending on the requirements of a project, may include drawings that show the following: Deconstruction/demolition of existing construction to be removed; Alterations of existing construction to be modified; and new construction.

Answer 122

Project delivery method -

Answer 123

Project delivery method -

Answer 124

A full-time project representative normally keeps a daily log (journal) in which important events that transpire on the project site are recorded. The log should contain only facts related to the project.

Answer 125

The contractor's project manager or superintendent prepares a daily report in which important events that transpire on the project site are recorded.

Answer 126

See Contract Time

Answer 127

Design Build Institute of America

Answer 128

This stage marks the end of the facility's useful life and gives way to the beginning of an entire new project and facility life cycle.

Answer 129

Work delayed on a planned or unplanned basis, often due to a lack of funds.

Answer 130

Specifies properties of materials and methods of installation without using proprietary names. A descriptive specification is a detailed description of the characteristics, physical properties, and workmanship required for the proper installation of a product or material.

Answer 131

Design is the arrangement of project elements and components, expressed in graphic and written documents, responding to: the owner's program and budget; requirements of authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ); conditions at the site; available products; and the owner's functional, aesthetic, and sustainability requirements.

Answer 132

Specifications often require submittal of design data from manufacturers and fabricators documenting and affirming the design of products and systems. For example, the specifications might require the fabricator of a steel or wood truss member to submit engineering data stating loads transferred to other elements or a connection to a column or the capacity of the system to resist the design loads

Answer 133

The design development phase follows the owner's approval of the schematic design and any necessary program or budget adjustments. The emphasis shifts from overall relationships and functions to more technical issues of constructability and integration of systems and components. Aesthetic concerns move from massing and arrangement to materials, surfaces, and details. Design development phase documents fix and describe the size and character of the entire project, including architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical systems.

Answer 134

The American Institute of Architects (AIA) defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC) defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The Design-Build Institute of America (DBIA) defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases:schematic and design development.

Answer 135

Design services may range from early studies or surveys, master planning, and programming to complete design services including preparation of contract documents for obtaining construction services. Design services may involve only one discipline or be very complex and require an A/E and numerous licensed consultants with specific expertise

Answer 136

The AIA defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The EJCDC defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The DBIA defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases: schematic and design development.

Answer 137

During the design stage of the project life cycle, the A/E transforms the owner's program into graphic and written documents that can be used to produce bidding and pricing documents in a subsequent stage. The architect/engineer (A/E) must account for many requirements and work with other participants to produce an affordable, practical, and attractive design ready for documentation. The two commonly recognized phases of design are schematic design and design development.

Answer 138

The design team works with the owner to determine the project requirements, design the project, produce the construction documents, and administer the construction contract. The design team participants also review submittals and substitution requests before and after award of the construction contract. The design team is responsible for addressing planning issues, product research and selection, code research and compliance, quality control and assurance reviews, and construction contract administration.

Answer 139

A project delivery method -The design-bid-build project delivery method is the traditional method of moving a project from conception to completion. It is a linear sequence of activities generally occurring in the following order: project conception, design (including schematic and design development) construction documents, competitive bidding, and then construction. The basis of this delivery method is that design is completed prior to bidding/pricing and construction.

Answer 140

A project delivery method -In the design-build delivery method, the owner contracts with a single entity for the complete design and construction of a project. The design-builder may consist of one or more firms associated in a variety of ways. Regardless of its composition, the design-builder provides complete design service and performs the construction under a single contract with the owner.

Answer 141

The entity contractually responsible (to the owner) for delivering the project design and construction. The design-builder can assume several organizational structures: an entity possessing design and construction resources in-house, a joint venture between A/E and contractor, a contractor-led team with the A/E in a subcontract role, or an A/E-led team with the contractor in a subcontractor role.

Answer 142

The design-builder provides both the design and construction of a project. The design-builder's obligation is to provide a completed project that meets the owner's project description. Often a contractor takes the lead and either has an in-house architectural staff or hires an outside A/E to design a project conforming to the project description. Services provided to the owner are similar to those in a conventional design-bid-build project; however, the contractual relationships and responsibilities differ.

Answer 143

A project delivery method -If only one contractor is involved in developing the costs and negotiating a contract to construct a project, the process is referred to as design-negotiate-build. Although the design-negotiate-build is similar to design-bid-build, it is a more informal process and may not include specific procurement requirements or specific rules of engagement.

Answer 144

The term designed elements refers to physical parts of buildings with a particular design, construction, or technical solution.

Answer 145

Details show more specific information about a portion of a project component or element than can be provided by smaller scale drawings. Examples of detail drawings include joints and connections between materials and products.

Answer 146

A company that acquires a site for the purpose of creating a facility for an owner. The developer may act as a design-builder and provide a build-to-suit, turnkey, or a lease-back facility

Answer 147

Those with previous experience in design and construction may use direct selection as their primary means of obtaining design services. To the A/E this is known as a returning client. The direct selection process saves time and money for the participants involved. The client saves the efforts of research, interviews, and specific documentation of requirements. For the A/E, the process saves expenses of identifying markets, making presentations, and assessing capabilities and consultants required for the project. Direct selection may be the result of the A/E's reputation in certain design types. Some A/Es have demonstrated creative solutions and unique use of materials in their designs. These solutions to problems have received recognition through awards and publication. Most A/E firms specialize in certain project types and have developed significant expertise in those markets.

Answer 148

This process involves establishment of a three-member board of construction experts who periodically convene to review the status of the project in order to detect areas of potential conflict and make recommendations for resolution of issues before they become conflicts.

Answer 149

Disputes are claims that cannot be resolved by the parties to the construction contract without the intervention of an independent third party.

Answer 150

Disputes often occur when the A/E's or initial decision maker's decision on a claim is not accepted by one or both parties and the claim cannot be resolved through negotiation.

Answer 151

Buys, inventories, and resells products to be incorporated in the project

Answer 152

MasterFormat arranges related construction practices, or work results, into a series of Level 1 titles called Divisions

Answer 153

A standard category of construction specifications; one of 50 Divisions defined by MasterFormat. Divisions form the framework for project specifications.

Answer 154

The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities.

Answer 155

The general requirements in Division 01 of the specifications specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, and temporary facilities and controls. Division 01 sections govern the execution of the work specified in Divisions 02-49.

Answer 156

Department of Defense

Answer 157

Design Team;- Does not have client contact;-Works for the job captain on the construction drawings, and has no management responsibilities Has no decision -making power or influence over the aesthetic design, construction documents, or construction administration

Answer 158

Drawings are graphic and textual information organized on a two-dimensional surface for the purpose of conveying data about a specific portion of a project. Drawings convey design intent and may show multiple views, either of the whole project or of its parts. Drawings indicate relationships between elements and may show the following for each material, assembly, component, and accessory: Location, identification, dimension and size, details and diagrams of connections, shape and form.

Answer 159

Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee

Answer 160

Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of lighting, power, and communication systems, including the necessary equipment;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration

Answer 161

UniFormat is an arrangement of construction information based on physical parts of a facility called functional elements, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These elements are characterized by their function without identifying the work results that compose them.

Answer 162

Unscheduled work demanding immediate action to restore services or remove problems that could interrupt activities.

Answer 163

Some states have enacted compensation laws that are not comprehensive for every injury or every category of recoverable damages. The resulting immunity gap is covered by a policy called employer's liability insurance.

Answer 164

This coverage is provided by Part 2 of the basic workers' compensation policy and pays on behalf of the insured (employer) all sums that the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury by accident or disease sustained by any employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of his employment by the insure.

Answer 165

A form bearing the language necessary to record a change in an insurance policy.

Answer 166

See Architect/Engineer (A/E)

Answer 167

Ensure is to make certain in a way that eliminates the possibility of error.

Answer 168

Entitlement is defined as the right to benefits specified by law or contract.

Answer 169

Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 170

See Cost Estimate

Answer 171

Estimating methods used by the A/E during design include: order of magnitude, square foot or volume, assemblies/systems, and unit price.

Answer 172

Design Team;- Prepares detailed estimates of probable construction cost of a project;-May be a professional in independent practice or on the staff of the contractor.;

Answer 173

Contractor Team -The estimator performs measurement of materials for purposes of furnishing a bid for a project and ordering materials. The estimator performs a quantity survey on selected portions of the project, such as concrete, earthwork, or site work, which subcontractor forces will complete. The estimator contacts subcontractors, performs prebid inquiries to generate interest in bidding on the project, and works with subcontractors and suppliers to help ensure the contractor becomes the low bidder. In public bid projects, the contractor is often required to meet minority employment goals for the project, which may be part of the estimator's responsibility. In some companies, the estimator may also serve as the project manager

Answer 174

A provision of an insurance policy or bond referring to hazards, circumstances, or property not covered by the policy.

Answer 175

An investigation of an existing facility will help determine its suitability for adaptation to the owner's needs and goals, including: Functional evaluation, Facility systems evaluation, Structural evaluation, environmental evaluation, Accessibility evaluation.

Answer 176

Express warranties are created as follows: Any affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer that relates to the goods or installation and becomes a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the affirmation or promise; Any description of the goods or installation that is made a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description; Any sample or model that is made a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the whole of the goods or installation shall conform to the sample or model; It is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that the seller use formal words such as warrant or guarantee or that the seller have a specific intention to make a warranty. An affirmation of the value of the goods or a statement purporting to be merely the seller's opinion or commendation of the goods does not create a warranty.

Answer 177

The magnitude, form, function, and complexity of a project will have a direct bearing on the project delivery method and the number and role of the participants. Generally, the greater the magnitude of the project, the greater the number of participants, the more the construction process is compounded.

Answer 178

Design Team;- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the aesthetic and technical design of the building envelope enclosure; may be responsible for, or influence, the selection of materials and products;- May provide construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration

Answer 179

Extra stock materials are often required for exposed finish materials incorporated in the project, such as floor coverings, wall coverings, ceiling materials, and coatings. Extra stock is typically required for materials where finish color, texture, or pattern is critical and can vary by dye lot, where a custom mix has been provided, and where material color lines are subject to frequent changes. Extra stock materials are used by the owner to repair damaged or worn finish materials and finishes.

Answer 180

Assemblies in a location other than the project site, of various materials, products, and equipment into a form that can be more efficiently installed or constructed on the project site using fewer installing personnel and taking less time than would be necessary if the original materials and products not fabricated

Answer 181

"Fabrication Tolerances" establish a statistical range of acceptability for properties of products before they are incorporated into the project.

Answer 182

The completed project is a facility, which is a constructed entity or space designed to perform a certain function.

Answer 183

Facility evaluations address facility use, effectiveness, efficiency, operational cost, maintenance, and environment.

Answer 184

The life cycle of a facility, from concept through construction to use and eventual deconstruction (demolition), follows a number of stages: Project conception, project delivery methods, design, construction documents, bidding/negotiating/purchasing, construction, and facility management.

Answer 185

Facility management is the process of allocating resources for the operation and maintenance of a facility to allow continued performance of the facility's intended function.

Answer 186

The longest stage in the life cycle commences when the facility is put into use and maintained by the facility manager. Participants are generally limited to the owner, facility users, and facility manager; however, members of the original project team may be called upon by the owner for periodic evaluation of how components, systems, and subsystems are performing.

Answer 187

Implements maintenance and operations programs to ensure continuing facility function during occupancy and use, and participates in planning subsequent projects

Answer 188

According to the Facility Management Handbook, facility managers integrate the people of an organization with its purpose (work) and place (facilities). This staff position is frequently found in an owner's administration and finance department, and is included on the project team for new facilities and renovations because of their role in the ongoing operation. These professionals might have backgrounds in architecture, engineering, construction, real estate, or a related discipline and have experience and training in the development of facilities.

Answer 189

Project conception is often a creative stage for the owner; it requires a clear understanding of project values and goals which become the basis of many decisions. A facility program documents these decisions, resulting in a framework for future design decisions, operational procedures, and determining project feasibility.

Answer 190

A special consultant who assists the owner in identifying and documenting the project requirements in a facility program

Answer 191

Programming is a two phase process similar to and related to the two phases of design: schematic design and design development. The phases are as follows: Schematic programming, which involves identifying the broad visionary owner goals, user preferences, image, functional requirements, movement, activity adjacencies, and facility demographics. Program development, which includes the organization of the vast amount of detailed information collected in impact studies and site analysis during the initial stages of information collection. This is the detailed information the A/E requires to complete the second design phase, design development. The critical activity is transforming the owner's broad visionary goals into a physical form.

Answer 192

Uses the facility for its designed purpose and may provide input to the design process

Answer 193

Federal Acquisition Regulations

Answer 194

Fast track is the process of overlapping activities to permit portions of construction to start prior to completion of the overall design.

Answer 195

Feasibility studies test the various aspects of an owner's vision. If the vision is not financially viable, it must be substantially modified or abandoned. Feasibility studies address: The owner's financial conditions, Life cycle cost, Value of existing facilities, available studies, Timing.

Answer 196

Federal Aviation Administration

Answer 197

Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment

Answer 198

Federal Highway Administration

Answer 199

Field engineering consists of taking the measurements, facility placement, and layout from the contract drawings and laying them out on the project site. Field engineering includes site surveying and layout.

Answer 200

Site visits are documented in the form of a field observation report, with any observed deficiencies clearly noted. Keeping the owner informed of construction progress and events taking place on the construction site can be accomplished by sending copies of field observation reports to the owner.

Answer 201

EJCDC C-700 allows the engineer to authorize or order minor variations in the work when such changes do not involve a change in contract price or contract time. These orders must be in writing, but do not require an executed change order or the owner's signature.

Answer 202

Final acceptance of the work is indicated by issuance of final payment. Final payment is recommended by the A/E only after all project closeout procedures have been completed. Upon acceptance of final payment, the contractor waives all claims except those previously made in writing and according to the contract conditions against either the owner or the A/E. The owner, in making final payment, also waives all claims except claims arising from unsettled liens and defective work appearing after final inspection.

Answer 203

Final completion occurs when the contractor has completed the contract requirements, the A/E has inspected to determine completion, the owner has made final payment to the contractor, and the contractor has accepted final payment.

Answer 204

Final completion is when the project is complete according to the contract documents and the contractor is no longer involved on the project.

Answer 205

Final completion occurs when the contractor has completed the contract requirements, the A/E has inspected to determine completion, the owner has made final payment to the contractor, and the contractor has accepted final payment.

Answer 206

Final acceptance of the work is indicated by issuance of final payment. Final payment is recommended by the A/E only after all project closeout procedures have been completed. Upon acceptance of final payment, the contractor waives all claims except those previously made in writing and according to the contract conditions against either the owner or the A/E. The owner, in making final payment, also waives all claims except claims arising from unsettled liens and defective work appearing after final inspection.

Answer 207

Final inspection provides verification by the A/E that the contractor has satisfactorily performed all the identified tasks and corrected any deficiencies on the final punch list.

Answer 208

Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of active fire suppression systems, including the necessary equipment;- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the following:- Determining the need for passive fire protection materials and assemblies;- Functional design to protect life and property;- May provide construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration

Answer 209

If the seller has reason to know of any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller's skill or judgment to furnish suitable goods for that purpose, an implied warranty of fitness for that particular purpose arises

Answer 210

Float is the amount of extra time available to an activity when all activities begin as early as possible. Free float is uniquely available to an activity, while total float is the accumulation of the entire free float in a project.

Answer 211

Design Team;- Is responsible for planning and the technical design of commercial kitchens and the necessary equipment;- May prepare construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration;

Answer 212

Architects and Specification Writers: Part two June 29, 2017 When it comes to construction documentation, language and formatting are critical. Language and specification format By Cyrus Kabeer, CSP, NCARB, AIA, LEED AP As is the case for Part 1, this second article in a series on architects, specifiers, and construction documentation does not seek to offer an all-encompassing view of spec writing. (Readers should check out the resources offered by Construction Specifications Canada [CSC] for a more in-depth look.) This piece focuses on language and specification format. A basic tenet of a good set of construction documents is “Mention it once and in the right place.” The contract is between the owner and the contractor, and the specifications communicate to the latter what is required (without telling the contractor how to construct). The specifications define the administrative, qualitative, and workmanship considerations for the products in short and simple sentences. This means using the imperative mood whenever possible. In other words, one should write: “Provide low-VOC sealants,” instead of writing “The Contractor shall provide low-VOC sealants.” Specifications should not be addressed to the trades, as means and methods are the contractor’s responsibility. Abbreviations, symbols, and long, complicated sentences should be avoided. The Five Cs rule should be followed by being clear, concise, correct, complete, and co-ordinated. Specifiers in this country should add a sixth ‘C’ for Canadian spelling. Formats Depending on the size of the project, some project manuals can be made up of multiple volumes of booklets. To ensure consistent and efficient organization, CSC and its U.S. counterpart, the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI), have jointly developed standards like UniFormat, MasterFormat, and SectionFormat/PageFormat. UniFormat The organization standards used in the early stages of a project, UniFormat describes a project by its basic assemblies and systems. It is usually employed for describing project requirements for RFPs of a design-build delivery system and Preliminary Project Description (PPD) and Outline Specifications. UniFormat is divided into nine different categories: Introduction; Element A−Substructure; Element B−Shell; Element C−Interiors; Element D−Services; Element E−Equipment and Finishing; Element F−Special Construction and Demolition; Element G−Sitework; and Element Z−General (includes sustainability and administrative requirements). Different offices use different systems for their Outline Specifications, including how they approach UniFormat. This author’s preference is to use the same divisions of MasterFormat. MasterFormat The system used for organizing a project manual, MasterFormat has been divided into 50 divisions and six numbers for each individual section. Prior to 2004, there were 16 divisions and five-digit numbers for each individual section. While this should have been phased out, this author has seen some architectural firms and government organizations still using the old format. MasterFormat is further divided into two groups—the Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group has only one division (Division 00−Procurement and Contracting Requirements), while the Specifications Group includes Division 01–General Requirements and the technical specifications of Divisions 02 through 49. Contrary to the belief of some, MasterFormat is not designed to correspond with the work assigned to different trades, suppliers, or subcontractors, but to the contractor. SectionFormat/PageFormat Now available as a combined standard, SectionFormat/PageFormat encompasses the system used for organizing sections within the different divisions of the project manual. The written material in a section is divided into three parts: Part 1–General includes articles on references, submittals, delivery, quality assurance, warranty, and other administrative requirements; Part 2–Products includes articles that describe products, manufacturers’ names, conditions of substitutions, characteristics of material, finishes, accessories, and other product descriptions; and Part 3–Execution includes articles such as examination and verification, site preparation, erection requirements, protection, maintenance, cleaning, schedules, and other installation requirements. Each part is further divided into ‘articles,’ and then further subdivided into ‘paragraphs’ and ultimately ‘sub-paragraphs.’ Most Division 00 and 01 sections may be limited to Part 1–General, yet the specification writer should include both Part 2–Products and Part 3–Execution, listing them as “Not Used.” The PageFormat aspect is used to organize an acceptable standard within SectionFormat. It is one place where CSI differs from CSC. In Canada, the style in numeral forms (e.g. 1.1, 1.1.1) is preferred, while alpha-numeric forms (e.g. 1.01, 1.01.a) are used south of the border. This article series concludes with Part 3, which examines specification divisions and sections in greater detail. Cyrus Kabeer, CSP, NCARB, AIA, LEED AP, is an independent specification writer with an undergraduate degree in architecture and a master’s in urban planning, with over 35 years of experience. Now based in Vancouver, he has worked as an architect in the United States, Canada, the Middle East, and India, providing design, working drawings, specifications, and contract administration for institutional, transportation, industrial, military installations, commercial, and residential projects. Kabeer has been doing specifications since 2006, finding his passion for spec writing. He can be reached at cyrus.specifications@yahoo.com.

Answer 213

See Agreement Form

Answer 214

The four Cs for effective communication are:- CLEAR, Use proper grammar and simple sentence construction to avoid ambiguity.;- CONCISE, Eliminate unnecessary words, but not at the expense of clarity, correctness, or completeness;- CORRECT, Present information accurately and precisely. Carefully select words that convey exact meanings; - COMPLETE, Do not leave out important information.

Answer 215

The four principles of effective communication: clear, concise, correct, complete. (See Four C's)

Answer 216

Present information accurately and precisely. Carefully select words that convey exact meanings; COMPLETE, Do not leave out important information.

Answer 217

Furnish means to supply and deliver to project site, ready for installation.

Answer 218

Bar chart type schedule

Answer 219

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Answer 220

The maximum limit of liability payable during any given annual policy period by an insurer under the 1986 CGL policy on behalf of an insured for all losses other than those arising from the products and completed operations hazards.

Answer 221

The conditions of the contract are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies.

Answer 222

General conditions for a project can be any of a number of standard documents published that are applicable to the project delivery method. Provisions of general conditions have broad application and include practices common in the United States. Standard general conditions for construction are prepared and published by professional societies such as the AIA, EJCDC, and DBIA.

Answer 223

Under a general liability policy, often called public liability insurance or commercial general liability insurance, the insurance company agrees to pay all sums for which the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages. The insurance company also agrees to provide legal defense in any related suits brought against the contractor.

Answer 224

Unplanned maintenance of a "nuisance nature" requiring low skill levels for correction.

Answer 225

The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities. Administrative and procedural requirements are those relating to the process of contract administration, the assignment of contractual responsibilities, and the methods of communicating, verifying, and coordinating requirements for quality assurance. Temporary facilities and controls are those put into place for use only during the period of construction and that will be removed when no longer required for construction operations. Performance requirements are related to facility and system performance. Life cycle activities are related to commissioning, facility operation, facility maintenance, and facility decommissioning.

Answer 226

The general requirements in Division 01 of the specifications specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, and temporary facilities and controls. Division 01 sections govern the execution of the work specified in Divisions 02-49.

Answer 227

The term goods is used in purchasing specifications to designate the materials or equipment to be purchased. This term is also used in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which governs most purchasing contracts, so terminology is consistent between the specifications and applicable law.

Answer 228

Goods are products and equipment.

Answer 229

General Services Administration

Answer 230

A GMP may be negotiated when the project design is in the early design phase such as design development and may be only sufficiently complete to allow adequate project definition. A contingency amount in the project budget should be included to allow for the inevitable changes and a resulting increase to the GMP.

Answer 231

(Pricing Method) The prospective contractor's price includes the cost of the work as defined in the procurement documents and the prospective contractor's fee for administering construction, plus overhead and profit. The contractor's fee can be stated as a stipulated sum (fixed fee) or as a percentage of the cost of the work. The cost of the work combined with the contractor's fee is the GMP.

Answer 232

The person who makes a guaranty; one who becomes secondarily liable for another's debt or performance in contrast with a strict surety who is primarily liable with the principal debtor.

Answer 233

To undertake collaterally to answer for the payment of another's debt or the performance of another's duty, liability, or obligation; to assume the responsibility of a guarantor; to warrant

Answer 234

Many manufacturers offer suggested proprietary or guide specifications to relieve the A/E from some of the tasks of researching and writing a particular specification section.

Answer 235

Once a product has been selected, many electronic programs can be used to prepare a specification. In the simplest form, a product guide specification is edited by deleting irrelevant data from existing master text. Additional information and requirements can also be added to the electronic specification.

Answer 236

These surveys are conducted by experts to determine the extent of hazardous conditions on the site.

Answer 237

A contract under which legal liability of one party for damages is assumed by the other party to the contract. The basic types of such agreements are as follows: 1) Limited Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for his own negligent acts. Party B is, thus, protected when he is held vicariously responsible. 2) Intermediate Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for his own acts and agrees to share responsibility for joint and concurrent negligence of both parties. 3) Broad Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for all liability, including that arising out of the sole negligence of Party B.

Answer 238

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

Answer 239

International Electromechanical Commission

Answer 240

The feasibility of a project is also directly related to the impact it will have on the project site and surrounding community. Impact studies address: Operations, Relocation, Environmental Impact, Community and Public Facilities Impact, and Economic Impact

Answer 241

The imperative mood is the recommended method for instructions covering the installation of products and equipment. The verb that clearly defines the action becomes the first word in the sentence.

Answer 242

A promise arising by operation of law that something that is sold shall be merchantable and fit for the purpose for which the seller has reason to know that it is required.

Answer 243

Project delivery method -

Answer 244

To restore in whole or in part the victim of a loss by payment, repair, or replacement.

Answer 245

Restoration to the victim of a loss up to the amount of the loss

Answer 246

An agreement between the principal and the surety whereby the principal guarantees the surety that the surety will incur no loss by reason of its providing the bond.

Answer 247

See Hold Harmless Agreement.

Answer 248

Manufacturers may promote their products with internal sales employees or contract with independent sales representatives to provide this service. Independent sales representatives typically have established contacts with A/Es, contractors, subcontractors, and perhaps owners within a defined geographic area. The agreements between manufacturers and independent sales representatives usually stipulate a specific geographic area of activity.

Answer 249

Independent sales representatives do not actually handle the products they sell, but rather facilitate the process by conveying purchase orders to the manufacturer or arranging for the buyer to purchase directly from the manufacturer. The buyer may ask the independent sales representative for assistance in writing the purchase order or the independent sales representative may speak with the manufacturer regarding the purchase order specifically in question, but legally, the purchase order is between the buyer and the manufacturer. The independent sales representative works with the A/E to get the product specified and alerts the bidders to the project.

Answer 250

The indicative mood, passive voice requires the use of shall in nearly every statement. This sentence structure can cause unnecessary wordiness and monotony.

Answer 251

Informational submittals document information the A/E requires to verify performance and quality of project components, but do not require approval. They are also used as verification and certification that the installed work or portion of the work meets the specified requirements.

Answer 252

Inspect means to examine carefully and critically, especially for defects

Answer 253

"Inspection" may include a checklist of items to be verified by inspection of products at their source. The qualifications of the inspector are significant when inspections require judgments based upon experience and knowledge of a particular field.

Answer 254

The standard AIA and EJCDC documents limit the number of inspections required of the A/E to two. These inspections are to determine the dates of substantial and final completion, which are part of project closeout.

Answer 255

The standard owner-contractor agreements require the contractor to make inspections and to arrange for certain other inspections. The contractor: Inspects portions of work already completed to ensure they are ready for subsequent work; Obtains necessary inspections; required by the AHJ's and prepares the initial punch list for substantial completion.

Answer 256

Install means to place in position for service or use.

Answer 257

Usually written to cover machinery and equipment of all kinds during transit, installation, and testing at the purchaser's premises.

Answer 258

The instructions to bidders are the requirements with which bidders must comply before and during submission of bids.

Answer 259

An interest by the insured person in the value of the subject of insurance, including any legal or financial relationship. Insurable interest usually results from property rights, contract rights, and potential legal liability.

Answer 260

A contractual relationship that exists when one party (the insurer), for a consideration (the premium), agrees to reimburse another party (the insured) for loss to a specified subject (the risk) caused by designated contingencies (hazards or perils).

Answer 261

Insure is to issue or procure an insurance policy.

Answer 262

The person(s) protected under an insurance contract.

Answer 263

Indemnify participants against financial losses resulting from construction-related risks

Answer 264

The interior designer may become a member of the project design team in many ways. This person may be as an employee of the A/E, or hired by the A/E, or owner as a consultant. The interior designer provides recommendations on interior finishes, designs interior spaces and furniture layouts, prepares or reviews interior-related specifications for conformance with the design intention, and assists the A/E or owner with color selections.

Answer 265

Design Team - (Services may be provided by an interior design consultant outside the firm);- Creates the aesthetic design for the interiors of the project;- Makes recommendations for interior finishes including color coordination;- Designs interior spaces and furniture layouts;- Meets with product representatives or suppliers;- Selects materials and products and, subject to owner approval, has decision-making power for the interior design;- May or may not be involved with the construction documents or construction administration

Answer 266

The invitation to bid is intended to attract qualified bidders and to help prospective bidders decide whether to obtain the procurement documents.

Answer 267

The International Organization of Standardization (ISO) developed ISO 9000. It is a series of related standards, which has become an internationally accepted framework for developing internal

Answer 268

An isometric is a type of drawing that shows horizontal and vertical surfaces not in perspective, but equally foreshortened in all three dimensions.

Answer 269

Design Team;- Probably does not have client contact;- Works primarily for the project architect to produce the construction drawings; may direct the work of the drafters, but has no other management responsibilities;- Has no decision-making power or influence over the aesthetic design, construction documents, or construction administration

Answer 270

This process is provided for by statute in a number of states. The statutes establish the authority for an independent private party, usually a lawyer or retired judge, to be retained to decide the matter. Avenues of appeal are the same as if the case was heard and decided in the judicial system.

Answer 271

A standard page format provides an orderly and uniform arrangement of text for each page of a specification section.

Answer 272

A standard page format provides an orderly and uniform arrangement of text for each page of a specification section.

Answer 273

One or more statements, addressing a particular subject.

Answer 274

One or more statements addressing a particular subject.

Answer 275

Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical design and layout of parking areas and parking garages;- May prepare construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration

Answer 276

One of the three groups of related information that make up a section "GENERAL", "PRODUCTS," and "EXECUTION").

Answer 277

Describes materials, products, equipment, fabrications, mixes, systems, and assemblies that are required for incorporation into the project. Materials and products are included with the quality required.

Answer 278

Describes materials, products, equipment, fabrications, mixes, systems, and assemblies that are required for incorporation into the project. Materials and products are included with the quality required.

Answer 279

Describes the systems, assemblies, equipment, products, materials, fabrications, and mixes that are to be incorporated into the project.

Answer 280

Describes installation or application, including preparatory actions and post-installation cleaning and protection. Site-built assemblies and site-manufactured products and system are included.

Answer 281

Describes field/site installation or application, including preparatory actions and post-installation cleaning and protection. Field/site-built assemblies and field/site-manufactured products and systems are included.

Answer 282

Partial submittals are sometimes necessary to expedite the project. For example, on a fast track project, the concrete reinforcement shop drawings might be submitted on a floor-by-floor basis. Systems may sometimes be broken down into components and separate submittals prepared for each of several items, such as an exterior pole and standard, luminaire, and base. Partial submittals should be identified as such. For the concrete reinforcement submittal, for example, if only floors 1 and 2 of a 10-story building are being transmitted, the drawings should be clearly marked "Partial Submission - Floors 1 and 2 Only."

Answer 283

The agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties.

Answer 284

"Partnering" is a concept of "team work" or "team building." This concept may be required by the owner or construction/project manager to help ensure cooperative efforts and proactive solutions. This concept is usually implemented by having a managerial consultant bring the participants together for an interactive session. Team members (participants) set priorities and goals to achieve. This concept may also involve a pledge by those involved to make every attempt to resolve issues without conflict. Partnering as a concept attempts to make all team members partners in the process of executing the work and completing the facility.

Answer 285

Party refers to a signer of a contract, such as the owner and contractor in an owner-contractor agreement. When the intent is to include persons or companies, such as subcontractors and others who are involved in the construction process but are not signers of the contract, the generic entity should be used.

Answer 286

the disbursement of money proportionate to that quantity of work.

Answer 287

The payment bond, sometimes referred to as the labor and materials payment bond, guarantees that subcontractors, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material, and equipment to the project will be paid.

Answer 288

Common payment intervals are: Periodic progress payments; Provisional payments; Single payment.

Answer 289

Identifies when the contractor will submit applications for payment and when payment by the owner to the contractor will be made.

Answer 290

Establishes requirements for preparing and processing applications for payment. It establishes time periods for submitting applications and receiving payment. This article might also establish an interest rate for monies not paid when due.

Answer 291

Bonds are written with a limit on the amount of the guarantee. This limiting amount, frequently 100 percent of the contract amount, is called the penal sum or penal amount of the bond.

Answer 292

A clause providing a penalty of a daily amount for not completing the work in the allotted time or by the agreed-upon date can be included in the contract. However, if there is a penalty clause in the contract, it should be accompanied by language that pays the contractor a bonus/incentive amount for early completion. Usually the per-day amount for penalty and bonus/incentive are the same amount. (See Liquidated Damages)

Answer 293

A performance specification is a description of the required end result of a product or system and includes the criteria to be used for verification of proper installation. It is generally written to encourage the use of innovative construction techniques.

Answer 294

Performance specifying can be extended from a single attribute to an entire project with numerous variations in between. Performance specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements. Various codes and standards are moving toward more performance criteria.

Answer 295

Specifies the required results, the criteria by which the performance will be judged, and the method by which it can be verified. The contractor is free to choose materials and methods complying with the performance criteria.

Answer 296

Performance specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements.

Answer 297

The cause of a loss insured against in the policy; (e.g., fire, windstorm, explosion, etc.)

Answer 298

The calendar month is the most common payment interval. Monthly progress payments are appropriate for most projects, including those of long duration and high cost, where the rate of progress will vary from month to month. Twice-monthly or even weekly progress payments may be appropriate for small projects performed by small contractors or large fast-track projects where large amounts of money are expended over brief periods on a regular basis.

Answer 299

A perspective is a type of drawing that illustrates objects as they appear to the eye, with reference to relative distance and depth.

Answer 300

In the terminology of AIA and DBIA, the design stage consists of two phases: schematic design and design development. In EJCDC terminology, the design process consists of preliminary design and final design.

Answer 301

The decision-making process during this stage provides the foundation for successful progression through subsequent project stages. The process involves a series of repeated activities including identification, analysis, and refinement. Project conception is often a creative stage for the owner; it requires a clear understanding of project values and goals which become the basis of many decisions. A facility program documents these decisions, resulting in a framework for future design decisions, operational procedures, and determining project feasibility.

Answer 302

Design Team;- Is Responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of domestic water, removal of sewerage, directing rainwater off the roof, and medical gas systems for hospitals, including the necessary equipment;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration

Answer 303

The insurance policy is a contract or agreement between the insurer and the insured.

Answer 304

The period for which the mode premium has been paid.

Answer 305

The pre-bid meeting, normally convened at the site, allows the owner, A/E, and consultants to orient the prospective contractors to conditions affecting the project. The owner may make attendance a mandatory condition of bidding.

Answer 306

Precontract revisions include revisions made prior to signing the agreement. Addenda are written or graphic information issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the original procurement documents or in previous addenda. Typically, an addendum is issued prior to the receipt of bids or proposals. Other revisions may include bid or proposal revisions when permitted. Addenda items affecting the contract documents are contract document revisions and should be enforced during the administration of the contract.

Answer 307

Preconstruction meetings are important for introducing the project team, establishing the ground rules for communication, and explaining the administrative process. In many cases, a single meeting is all that is required; however, large, complex, or multi-prime contractor projects may require more than one meeting. A procedural meeting may cover administrative procedures, such as communication, submittals, testing, and inspection. A second mobilization meeting may address use of the site.

Answer 308

Generally, no work should begin until all required pre-construction submittals have been submitted by the contractor and reviewed by the A/E and owner. When the contractor receives the notice to proceed, preparation and delivery of the pre-construction submittals should begin as soon as possible. These submittals may include: Certificates of insurance and workers compensation coverage; Payment and performance bonds; Proposed subcontractor and product lists; Preliminary construction progress schedule; Submittal schedule with dates coordinated with construction progress schedule; Proposed use of the site and site logistics, including project identification signage; Erosion control plan; Pollution control plan; Traffic control plan; Sustainable project action plan.

Answer 309

Preinstallation meetings help to clarify installation procedures, phasing, and coordination of the participants and processes involved in the installation of a specific product or system. These meetings are usually specified to focus on specific concerns and do not relieve the contractor of the responsibility to coordinate the work.

Answer 310

Preparing the preliminary project description requires the design team to think the project through and document decisions and design criteria in broad terms. Changes can be made during development of the document and throughout subsequent refinement and value analysis stages, without disrupting the ongoing design process. The document should include information suitable for preliminary cost estimates, time schedules, and initial value analysis studies. The emphasis of the preliminary project description is on describing the physical requirements of the project, but it should not be considered as the first step in preparing the project specifications. Identification of actual materials to be used is often tentative and may change during later stages of design.

Answer 311

These descriptions based on systems and assemblies may have been created for a project during schematic design and can be used as a checklist in preparing the project specifications.

Answer 312

These due diligence studies are investigations carried out by the owner, independently or in consultation with a development consultant and other experts, to identify the conditions and influences that will shape the project concept and clarify the owner's values and goals.

Answer 313

A planned and controlled program of periodic inspection, adjustment, lubrication, and replacement of components, as well as performance testing and analysis.

Answer 314

A price is presented in one of two ways: 1) a bid that will be compared with other bids submitted by other prospective contractors in a competitive process; 2) an offer in the form of a proposal in a negotiation process.

Answer 315

Construction pricing is a complex evaluation process to determine construction cost and profit. Pricing involves a comprehensive cost analysis of the project requirements, based on the information contained in the procurement documents and other information obtained during the period preceding bidding or formal negotiation.

Answer 316

The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a negotiation process the documents are referred to as pricing documents.

Answer 317

Contractor Team;- Typically an owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision-maker for the firm;- Is Authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- Provides global "high -altitude" management and is not involved with day-to-day activities;- Represents the firm to others;- Usually is not involved in the details of construction

Answer 318

This meeting (often referred to as the preconstruction meeting) is held before the start of construction.

Answer 319

Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group is the location within MasterFormat for introductory information and procurement information as well as the location for information defining the relationships, responsibilities, and processes for construction.

Answer 320

The procurement documents consist of the procurement and contracting requirements and the proposed contract documents. They are used to solicit pricing, that is, bids or proposals from prospective contractors.

Answer 321

The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents. In a negotiation process the documents are referred to as pricing documents.

Answer 322

Procurement requirements instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Typically, procurement requirements include the following documents: Solicitation, instructions for procurement, available information, procurement forms and supplements, and addenda.

Answer 323

Procurement requirements instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Contracting requirements, though not specifications, are legal documents that describe contractual requirements. Contracting requirements define the processes, rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties to the contract.

Answer 324

Product data includes illustrations, standard schedules, diagrams, performance charts, instructions, and brochures that illustrate physical appearance, size, and other characteristics of materials and equipment for some portion of the work.

Answer 325

Standard AIA general conditions require the contractor to submit lists of proposed subcontractors. Some owners may require these to be submitted with the contractor's bid or proposal. In order for the owner and A/E to verify acceptability, the lists are required before work begins. These lists are prepared by the contractor, submitted to the A/E for review, and forwarded by the A/E to the owner for final approval. Product lists are a means for the A/E to verify that the contractor uses only specified products or approved substitutions. They are also valuable to the contractor in verifying that suppliers and subcontractors use products that comply with the specified requirements.

Answer 326

Advises design professionals, owners, contractors, and subcontractors on products and systems to be incorporated into the project

Answer 327

Individuals and companies involved in the promotion and sale of construction products and systems are product representatives.

Answer 328

Design Team - (Services may be provided by a programming consultant outside the firm);- Is generally reserved for large complex projects such as hospitals;- Meets with the owner and user groups to interprets the design requirements and develops a program that will be used to arrange the spatial relationships between functions and areas of the project;- Usually is not involved with the construction documents or construction administration;- Does not meet with product representatives or suppliers

Answer 329

Profit is the financial benefit that the contractor will realize after all costs and claims for the project are paid. It is often calculated as a percentage of the total costs.

Answer 330

Progress meetings concern the progress of the work. They provide a forum in which matters pertinent to the timely completion of the work can be discussed. The frequency and length of progress meetings depend on the extent of the project and the project delivery method.

Answer 331

See Periodic Progress Payments

Answer 332

The contractor is responsible for preparing a construction progress schedule that shows the estimated start and completion dates of the major activities of the construction process. The schedule may take any of several forms. The two most frequently used construction schedule formats are the Gantt or bar chart and network analysis diagram, more commonly referred to as the critical path method (CPM) chart.

Answer 333

The project is the process of planning, design, documentation, contracting, construction, and management of a facility. The completed project is a facility, which is a constructed entity or space designed to perform a certain function.

Answer 334

Design Team;- Provides some "low -altitude" management of the architect's staff;- Directs, manages, and coordinates the day-to-day activities of the production of the construction documents;- Coordinates the construction documents with the engineers and consultants;- Meets with product representatives or suppliers;- Generally determines the assembly of materials and products;- Has some amount of decision-making power, which is usually limited to the documents

Answer 335

The project budget should include projections of all of the costs associated with the entire project. A project budget may consider initial construction cost only or may include projected costs of operation. Including the operations and maintenance costs in a project budget will provide a better understanding of the total life cycle costs.

Answer 336

Construction contract administration culminates in project closeout and includes activities involved with the orderly transfer of the completed project from the contractor to the owner. The closeout process begins with starting and adjusting systems, and ends with the contractor accepting final payment from the owner.

Answer 337

Project conception consists of activities that transform the needs or aspirations of the owner into a clear concept upon which the project can be designed and built.

Answer 338

Project conception is the stage in the facility life cycle in which an owner's needs and requirements are identified, preliminary studies are performed, a site is selected, and a preliminary budget and schedule are established.

Answer 339

Project cost includes: Cost of preliminary studies; Site cost; Project design cost; Cost for obtaining permits and approvals for the project; Cost of construction; Cost of furniture, furnishings, and equipment; Relocation cost

Answer 340

Project delivery is the contractual relationships between the owner, architect/engineer, contractor(s), and the management services utilized to design and construct a project. Project delivery moves a project from a concept to a completed facility. Project delivery methods include design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, construction management, design-build, and owner-build. Each delivery method can have variations in types of contract payments (such as lump sum, unit price, and costplus,) scheduling (such as fast track), and number of contracts (such as single or multiple-prime contracts). Competitive market forces compel most owners to select a project delivery method that will achieve a balance between the elements of project extent, cost, and time.

Answer 341

At some point in the process the owner needs to determine the project delivery method to be used: design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, design-build, construction management, or owner-build.

Answer 342

Project delivery methods include design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, construction management, design-build, and owner-build. Each delivery method can have variations in types of contract payments (such as lump sum, unit price, and cost-plus,) scheduling (such as fast track), and number of contracts (such as single or multiple-prime contracts).

Answer 343

Design Team;- Creates the aesthetic design for the project which may be limited to the exterior if an interior designer is part of the design team;- Meets with product representatives or suppliers;- Selects materials and products and, subject to owner approval, has decision-making power for the exterior design;- Usually is not involved with the construction documents or construction administration

Answer 344

Design Team;- May or may not be an owner or principal of the firm, but is usually an officer;- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- May or may not seal the documents;- Provides general "middle -altitude" management of the architect's staff, engineers, and consultants, and is involved with day-to-day activities;- Guides the project through the design portion of the project delivery method;- Has controlling responsibility for the various phases and activities of the design process;- May or may not meet with product manufacturer representatives or suppliers

Answer 345

Contractor Team;- May or may not be an owner or principal of the firm, but is usually an officer;- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- Provides general "middle -altitude" management of the contractor's staff, suppliers, and subcontractors, and is involved with day-to-day activities;- Guides the project through the construction portion of the project delivery method

Answer 346

The documents commonly referred to as the specifications normally contain much more than that name implies. The procurement requirements, contracting forms, and conditions of the contract are usually included, but they are not specifications. This information is, in fact, a collection of certain written construction documents and project requirements whose contents and functions are best implied by the title Project Manual.

Answer 347

The written construction documents prepared for procuring a construction contract and for constructing a project. The Project Manual contains procurement requirements, contract forms, conditions of the contract, and specifications.

Answer 348

Record documents are construction documents that are subsequently modified to show actual construction. In addition to the modified contract documents, record documents include reviewed shop drawings, product data, samples, field test reports, inspection certificates, manufacturer's certificates, inspection reports from AHJs, documentation of special foundation depths, special measurements or adjustments, surveys, design mixes, and project photographs and videos.

Answer 349

Usually an additional service that provides the owner with more extensive or full-time on-site representation during construction. The owner may retain the A/E to provide this service.

Answer 350

A well-prepared project schedule can make the difference between a project that progresses smoothly and one that is characterized by delays and other problems. It serves as a road map, plotting out a logical succession of steps, from which a series of smaller, more specific tasks emanate. It also serves as a script showing the interactions of key project participants.

Answer 351

Several different levels of construction progress schedules are used in projects. One or more of these schedule levels may be used in a single project. The more complex the project, the more likely that a combination of schedule levels will be used.

Answer 352

The life cycle of a facility, from concept through construction, to use and eventual deconstruction (demolition), follows a number of stages: Project conception; Project Delivery; Design; Construction Documents; Bidding/Negotiating/Purchasing; Construction; Facility Management.

Answer 353

The construction of a facility is the culmination of the collective needs, ideas, talents, and services of a diverse group of individuals. These individuals can be categorized into four basic teams: owner team, design team, contractor team, and supplier team

Answer 354

The project time limit provisions are normally established by the date of commencement stated in the agreement. The date of commencement may be established by a notice to proceed. The agreement for a design-build (D-B) project or a negotiated contract that has the contractor performing value analysis and constructability reviews during the design stage may not establish the construction start time or duration. In this case, the notice to proceed issued by the owner to the contractor establishes the construction start date and the construction duration.

Answer 355

As defined in the general liability policy, property damage means (1) physical injury to or destruction of tangible property that occurs during the policy period, including the loss of use thereof at any time there from, or (2) loss of use of tangible property that has not been physically injured or destroyed, provided such loss of use is caused by an occurrence during the policy period.

Answer 356

Property insurance compensates the insureds for damages to covered property caused by insured perils. Builder's risk insurance is the cornerstone of the project's property insurance.

Answer 357

Insurance that indemnifies the person with an interest in the physical property for its loss or the loss of its income-producing ability. This is first-party insurance, which provides coverage for the insured's property damaged or destroyed by an insured peril, as contrasted with liability insurance, which covers the insured's legal liability to others. Examples of property insurance include builder's risk and fire insurance.

Answer 358

Proposal is an offer from one entity to another, of terms and conditions with reference to some work, which if accepted can form a contract. A proposal implies an opportunity for more consideration by the recipient and is sometimes utilized when project cost or other conditions will be determined by negotiation. A proposal is usually in response to a request for proposal.

Answer 359

A proposal request is a written document, usually prepared by the A/E, that describes a proposed change to the project. The proposal request is sent to the contractor for evaluation of how the proposed change will affect the contract sum and time.

Answer 360

Proprietary products and systems are often unique, high-performance materials without comparable competitive products.

Answer 361

Proprietary specifications identify the desired products by manufacturer's name, brand name, model number, type designation, or other unique characteristics.

Answer 362

Specifies actual brand names, model numbers, and other proprietary information. A proprietary specification describes products and materials by manufacturer's name, brand name, model number, or unique characteristic. Closed proprietary specifications do not allow for substitutions, but open proprietary specifications allow for alternative products.

Answer 363

Provisional payments are predetermined partial amounts of the total contract sum tied to the attainment of identifiable milestones. The milestones may be percentages of the total quantities in the project, or they may be certain portions of the entire project that have been assigned a predetermined value.

Answer 364

A comprehensive list of incomplete or non-conforming work to be completed or corrected.

Answer 365

The punch list identifies incomplete work and items requiring correction.

Answer 366

Punch lists are lists of items requiring correction or completion by the contractor. The initial punch list is prepared by the contractor prior to requesting substantial completion. During the A/E's inspection to determine substantial completion, the A/E prepares a supplemental punch list. These two punch lists combined are the final punch list.

Answer 367

Purchase orders are forms used primarily to execute the sale of a product. Purchase orders are usually utilized between the supplier team and the owner, contractor, or subcontractor.

Answer 368

A purchase order outlines the terms under which the product is purchased, fabricated, delivered, and installed. The purchase order may also includes provisions for payment. Purchase orders are signed at different times between different construction participants depending on the project delivery method.

Answer 369

Purchasing is the direct acquisition of materials and equipment by an owner for the owner's use or for installation in the owner's project.

Answer 370

Purchasing is the direct acquisition of materials and equipment, and in some cases special services, by the owner (referred to as the buyer) for installation in the project or use in the constructed facility. Materials and equipment acquired under a purchasing contract may include supplies, furnishings, or equipment necessary for the facility to function during the facility management stage. The supplier is not normally engaged in project-site installation, except when special services are provided.

Answer 371

Purchasing is the direct acquisition by the owner of supplies, materials, furniture, furnishings, or special services necessary for one or more of the following: Installation by a contractor for the project, referred to as owner-furnished and contractor-installed; Installation by the owner's personnel or a separate contractor engaged by the owner, referred to as owner-furnished and owner installed; Use in the operation of the completed project during the facility management stage.

Answer 372

It is common for specifications to require qualification statements from fabricators, erectors, and installers. These statements are used by the A/E to determine that the company and the individual doing the work is qualified. These qualification statements may consist of a description of the company's experience, along with a list of past projects and references. The specifications may require certification by a material supplier or a certification organization that the installer has been trained and is qualified to install the particular material or system or that a particular individual has been trained in a certain professional manner (e.g., welding).

Answer 373

The factors of extent, time and cost will establish the quality of the project and its component parts.

Answer 374

Quality refers to the project requirements established in the contract documents. The contract documents will be prepared resulting from the design process.

Answer 375

The A/E prepares construction documents that set forth the requirements for construction of the project. These documents are based on the agreed-upon requirements, schedule, and budget. These requirements establish the project quality. The A/E's ability to administer quality assurance and quality control during construction depends on how clearly these requirements are stated in the contract documents.

Answer 376

Quality refers to the project requirements established by the contract documents.

Answer 377

Quality assurance (QA) refers to the procedures for guarding against defects and deficiencies before and during the execution of the work

Answer 378

QA refers to the procedures for discovering defects and deficiencies or deviations to the contract documents before and during the execution of the work. It includes submittals, certifications, and other actions to ensure that the proposed products and services meet the contract requirements.

Answer 379

Quality control (QC) refers to the procedures for evaluating completed activities and elements of the design for conformance with the requirements.

Answer 380

QC refers to the procedures for evaluating completed activities and elements of the work for conformance with contract requirements. Procedures include testing and inspection. Contractual agreements may include the responsibility and authority to find and correct causes of unsatisfactory performance.

Answer 381

In each step of the process, the previous quality control becomes part of quality assurance for the next step. This process is referred to as a quality loop or quality spiral by the American Society for Quality Control.

Answer 382

A specified quantity of a product or assembly that the bidder includes in the scope of the work even though the location of the product is not defined on the drawings or in the specifications

Answer 383

To recommend is to commend to the favorable attention of another, such as the A/E recommending to the owner to make payment to the contractor.

Answer 384

Project record construction documents include drawings, the project manual, addenda, contract modifications, submittals, product data, shop drawings, samples, startup logs, commissioning reports, test reports, and certifications.

Answer 385

Record documents are the project submittals, startup logs, and construction documents (drawings and project manual) modified to include revisions made during the construction stage.

Answer 386

Record documents include the construction submittals, record drawings, record specifications, addenda, contract modifications, photographs, startup logs, test reports, certifications and other documents, which are assembled by the contractor.

Answer 387

Record documents are construction documents that are subsequently modified to show actual construction.

Answer 388

Record drawings are marked-up or corrected contract drawings that identify changes incorporated into the work during construction. These changes include field changes, modifications, and supplemental drawings.

Answer 389

The contract documents may require record drawings. Often the contractor marks up the contract drawings to indicate changes and field conditions. The contract documents indicate the type of information required to be included on the record drawings

Answer 390

Record drawings include contract modifications, which in turn include addenda, change directives, minor changes in the work, and change orders. They also include locations of concealed elements of the work.

Answer 391

Record drawings include: Modifications made to the drawings by addenda, change orders, supplemental instructions, and field orders; Revisions to materials, detailing, and dimensions incorporated into the project; Revised locations of structural elements, mechanical equipment, controls cabling and equipment, piping, valves, filters, cleanouts, access panels, electrical raceway, cabling, and junction boxes; Locations of underground utilities with horizontal and vertical dimensions.

Answer 392

The project manual may also be revised to include modifications. In addition, the contract documents may require the specifications to be revised to identify the selected manufacturer, model name or number, and finishes of materials incorporated in the work.

Answer 393

Record project manuals include: Modifications made to the project manual by addenda, change orders, supplemental instructions, and field orders; Identification of materials and systems incorporated in construction, rather than all acceptable manufacturers, materials, and systems identified in the contract documents.

Answer 394

Record submittals include a complete set of shop drawings, product data, test reports, and other information on materials, equipment, and systems incorporated into the project.

Answer 395

Specifies product or processes by established standards. A reference standard specification uses recognized product and material standards rather than individually written product or installation criteria. Standards must be reviewed carefully to avoid duplications, optional requirements, and contradictions

Answer 396

A standard is a document established by consensus that provides rules, guidelines, or characteristics for activities or their results as defined in the International Standards Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Guide 2. These standards are "incorporated by reference" into the specifications and thus become commonly known as reference standards. They are published by trade associations, professional societies, standards-writing organizations, governments, and institutional organizations.

Answer 397

Laws and regulations governing construction are enforced at federal, state, and local levels of government to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public and ensure the integrity of completed projects.

Answer 398

A policy designed for use when values of the insured property fluctuate during the policy term. Usually an adequate limit of liability is set, and then the insured reports the values actually on hand on a given day of each month. At the end of the year or policy term, these reported values are averaged and the premium adjusted accordingly.

Answer 399

Product representatives are valuable assests to the design and construction process and there is a dual nature regarding their function and role. Consultant: Provider of technical information necessary for properly incorporating materials and products into a project; can advise owners, A/Es, contractors, and subcontractors of product options, limitations, cost, installation, and maintenance Sales: As is the case with every business, representatives are looking for opportunities to sale the products they represent

Answer 400

A request for qualifications may be issued prior to the RFP or at the same time. The information received in response to the request for qualifications helps the owner discern the qualifications of those who may be considered for the project. The owner may want to have this information before the RFP is sent. This may help to narrow the field as the RFP is sent only to those who have been approved or prequalified.

Answer 401

The acronym RFI is sometimes used to mean request for information. RFI's should be limited to requesting an interpretation of the documents or may be a request for information that may be missing.

Answer 402

Specify general performance applicable to the entire facility such as sustainability, energy, and environmental design requirements.

Answer 403

These are the drawings furnished during the procurement stage that generally show existing conditions such as roads, buildings, and current construction circumstances. These may be drawings that were prepared for the construction of existing facilities. Drawings of this nature rarely show exact as-built conditions and may be record drawings from the previous contractor. Resource drawings are generally furnished for reference only and are not contract documents.

Answer 404

The facility manager requires a variety of resource materials to ensure efficient and effective operations and maintenance (O&M). The storage and archiving of these materials is best organized into four categories: Permanent record set; Regular use set; Equipment and systems information; Cleaning and regular maintenance information

Answer 405

Progress payments are usually subject to the Retainage of a prescribed percentage of the amount due for payment. This Retainage is not to force the contractor to perform. It protects the owner against errors in estimating the value of work completed, or defective work and is used to settle other participant (third-party) claims against the contractor before the release of final payment.

Answer 406

If agreeable to the owner, the contractor may choose to submit a bond to the owner in lieu of having the owner withhold retainage from payments due to the contractor. The bond provides protection to the owner similar to the protection that withholding retainage offers.

Answer 407

Under the terms of the contract between the owner and the contractor, the A/E is responsible for reviewing certain submittals from the contractor. These submittals include shop drawings, product data, samples, test reports, and other types of informational submittals. At the conclusion of the project, the A/E usually reviews the record documents, operations and maintenance (O&M) data, and other closeout submittals before they are sent to the owner.

Answer 408

Modifications are required prior to approval. Work cannot proceed until the submittal is revised and resubmitted to the A/E for review and approval.

Answer 409

Pre-contract revisions include revisions made prior to signing the agreement. Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contact by formal contract modifications. Contract modifications include modifications after the construction agreement has been signed and may include additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work to be done.

Answer 410

Request for Interpretation

Answer 411

The owner has the right to award separate contracts. The owner is also responsible for coordinating the activities of the various contractors, unless this responsibility is contractually delegated to a construction manager or one of the contractors.

Answer 412

If the contractor defaults or neglects to perform the work according to the terms of the contract documents, or fails to commence work within a stipulated period of time, the owner has the right to terminate the contract and complete the project by other means.

Answer 413

If the contractor does not maintain the project site free from waste materials and rubbish as required by the contract documents, the owner may, after written notification to the contractor, clean the site and receive reimbursement for the cost of the cleaning by adjusting the contract amount with a deductive change order.

Answer 414

The owner may occupy a portion of the project if agreed to by the contractor and the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs). However, partial occupancy does not constitute acceptance of work not complying with the contract documents.

Answer 415

The owner may perform construction with the owner's own forces, but in such cases the owner is responsible for coordinating the work of the owner's forces with the contractor's work and schedule.

Answer 416

A significant right of the owner during construction is the right to stop the work for good cause. This responsibility cannot be delegated to the A/E.

Answer 417

The owner may terminate the contract without cause.

Answer 418

An important part of the contractor's responsibility during construction is to supervise the work.

Answer 419

The standard general conditions of the contract require the contractor to supervise and direct those who are performing the work and to be responsible for construction means, methods, techniques, sequences, and procedures.

Answer 420

Contractor Team;- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- Directs, manages, and coordinates the day-to-day activities of the contractor's staff, suppliers, and subcontractors, and is involved with day-to-day activities

Answer 421

Supplementary conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of a specific project.

Answer 422

Specially prepared to modify and expand the general conditions as needed to accommodate the unique requirements of a specific project.

Answer 423

The requirements of the general conditions can be modified or expanded in the supplementary conditions to accommodate specific project conditions, owner's requirements, or unusual aspects relating to the roles, rights, duties, and responsibilities of the parties to the contract for construction. Supplementary conditions are not standard for every project and must be prepared based on requirements of the specific project.

Answer 424

Furnishes or supplies products or services for the project, but does not perform labor at the site

Answer 425

The supplier team consists of individuals, organizations, and companies involved in the manufacture, promotion, and sale of construction products and systems. Effective interaction by the supplier team requires expert knowledge to educate the other project team members about available products, systems, and installation methods; provide technical assistance during project design and construction; and ensure proper installation and use of products and systems. The supplier team works with the owner and design teams to identify products that are suitable for particular project conditions and requirements. The supplier team works with the contractor team by providing information necessary for proper delivery, storage, and installation of products and systems.

Answer 426

Provides guaranty of contractual performance of certain project participants

Answer 427

Also referred to as the bonding company, the surety is the party that guarantees the principal's performance. In essence, the surety agrees to be bound to the obligations of the principal should the principal fail to perform them.

Answer 428

The surety bond is the written document given by the surety and principal to the obligee to guarantee a specific obligation.

Answer 429

Sustainable design is based on theoretical models in which the documented environmental impact of individual building products, systems, subsystems, and whole structures is extrapolated to a point in the future to predict their life cycle impacts. The emphasis of sustainable design is the environmental performance of a facility over the course of its life cycle.

Answer 430

Design Team;- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for being environmentally sensitive and for sustainable properties of materials and products;- Assists with evaluations and decision making if the project is seeking a specific rating, such as a LEED™ rating;- May participate in construction administration

Answer 431

Contractor Team;- Recommends opportunities for being environmentally sensitive and advises about the sustainability properties of materials and products;- Assists with evaluations and decision making if the project is seeking a specific rating, such as a LEED™ rating

Answer 432

Design Team;- Is Responsible for the aesthetic and technical design of the materials, products, finishes, and equipment to control water in a design feature ;- May prepare construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration

Answer 433

With building systems commissioning, the commissioning authority typically becomes involved in the project near the end of the construction stage and is responsible for ensuring that designated systems are properly tested and will perform in accordance with the design.

Answer 434

System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility.

Answer 435

These systems and assemblies are characterized by their function without identifying the products that compose them.

Answer 436

Temporary facilities and controls are those put into place for use only during the period of construction and that will be removed when no longer required for construction operations.

Answer 437

The owner may terminate the contract without cause.

Answer 438

Test and evaluation reports are submitted to the A/E to document required testing. For example, reports from a testing agency inspecting and testing shop welding of fabricated structural steel are routinely required

Answer 439

Product testing and certification requirements may be required by AHJs to verify requirements with regulatory requirements and by the owner or A/E for quality assurance or quality control purposes

Answer 440

Provide quality assurance and quality control by verifying that specific project elements and components comply with the contract and code requirements

Answer 441

Means of verifying conformance with performance criteria and a measure of actual or predicted performance level. A test will be associated with each criterion and may be based on a recognized industry test method, calculation or engineering analysis, observation, or professional judgment. Test results may be evaluated by conducting the specified test, or simply by submitting certified results of previous testing.

Answer 442

"Tests" may include compression tests for verification of a concrete mix design; sieve analysis of natural materials, such as aggregates or soil; and test curves for fabricated units, such as electrical switchgear.

Answer 443

A claim initiated by someone other than a party to the construction contract. Generally, third-party claims arise from construction activities that affect the interests of others in areas adjacent to or in the vicinity of the project.

Answer 444

The time available is generally established by owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days. On certain projects, days might be defined as working days, nonweekend along with listing of holidays. See also Completion.

Answer 445

The AIA standard general conditions state that time limits in the contract documents are of the essence. The time limit usually is the period of time allotted in the contract documents to achieve substantial completion of the project.

Answer 446

Tolerances are a QC requirements specified for construction items in the specifications, or by references to various industry or trade association standards related to product or equipment. Tolerances vary depending on the material and its use. Tolerances may be industry standards or they may be special project requirements. Material tolerances are as important as construction tolerances. The specifications also normally consider the tolerances and clearances required for constructability.

Answer 447

Total project commissioning is a quality process utilizing an independent company providing services that may include monitoring the owner's project requirements and verifying that the requirements are incorporated into the basis of design. Commissioning continues through the construction stage of the project providing certain QA/QC services.

Answer 448

The commissioning process is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the owner's requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building. Total project commissioning begins during conception and extends into facility management and use. The purpose of total project commissioning is to document the owner's project requirements (program/expectations) and to verify that it is achieved and placed into proper operation.

Answer 449

With total project commissioning, the commissioning authority is already part of the project team when construction begins and is typically involved throughout the construction stage.

Answer 450

Total project commissioning, also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the owner's facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation.

Answer 451

Trade associations are organizations established by manufacturers, fabricators, or installers to promote an industry segment. Trade associations are organized to promote the proper installation, application, and use of a product; enforce industry standards and develop new standards; and occasionally lobby on political issues that affect the particular trade.

Answer 452

Tripartite relationship among the owner, contractor, and A/E. This relationship is created by obligations to third parties to the contract. For example, the owner-A/E agreement may require certain duties of the A/E acting on behalf of the owner. The contractor has a right to rely on the proper performance of these duties. The A/E, similarly, relies on the contractor to perform certain duties identified in the owner-contractor agreement, even though the A/E is not a party to that contract. The A/E relationship to the contractor in the owner-contractor agreement is a third-party relationship. These third-party relationships create the third side of the triangle in the construction process.

Answer 453

Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (DOD, NASA)

Answer 454

The umbrella excess liability policy provides a layer of insurance above the limits carried in the contractor's other liability coverage.

Answer 455

The UCC governs contracts dealing with the sale of goods and, with minor variations, is the law in every state except Louisiana. The purpose of the UCC is to facilitate commerce by providing certainty and consistency in commercial transactions.

Answer 456

The U.S. National CAD Standard for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (NCS), including the Uniform Drawing System (UDS), provides a standard for defining and locating information on the drawings, including the identification of standard symbols, abbreviations, and notations.

Answer 457

UniFormat organizes construction information based on the elements of a facility, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These systems and assemblies are characterized by their function without identifying the products that compose the system.

Answer 458

UniFormat is a uniform classification system for organizing preliminary construction information into a standard order or sequence on the basis of elements and systems.

Answer 459

A price can be stipulated or quoted by a bidder or proposer for a single, specified unit of work. Unit prices are useful where the type of work is defined, but the extent of the work is not known or is likely to change. Unit prices are also utilized when quantity allowances are specified, providing a means of adjusting the contract sum once the full extent of the work becomes known.

Answer 460

Payment is made at a stipulated rate multiplied by the quantity completed. Unit prices are used in cases where the exact extent or quantity of work cannot be calculated accurately or otherwise determined in advance of actually performing the work. The unit price basis of payment is commonly used for civil engineering projects where the types of work, such as unsuitable soil or rock excavation, can be identified during the design of the project but the actual quantities of such work items can only be estimated.

Answer 461

The contract documents are not perfect and the architect/engineer (A/E) is normally called upon for interpretations, clarifications, and modifications. Some changes, such as those resulting from concealed and unknown conditions, cannot be avoided. Part of the A/E's construction contract administration responsibility is having orderly procedures for managing these situations, whenever they occur.

Answer 462

Unknown conditions may arise that were not anticipated during the preparation of documents or pricing. Alterations work often uncovers previously undetected conditions or hazardous materials. A soils report may not indicate certain items that interfere with the excavation or grading, or soil conditions may be encountered that are different, resulting in increased or decreased cost.

Answer 463

A term used to describe business interruption coverage which is caused by boiler and machinery occurrences. Use and occupancy coverage can be added to a boiler and machinery policy by endorsement.

Answer 464

The United States Green Building Council

Answer 465

Public or regulated private participant providing sewer, water, fuel, electricity, or communication services to the project

Answer 466

Value analysis, also called value-enhanced design or value engineering, is the process of evaluating documented design to identify potential alternative methods, systems, or materials that will benefit the owner by enhancing the life cycle value of the project. To be effective, it requires a high level of cooperation among project participants, each of whom can contribute valuable perspective in achieving the most effective design for the owner's requirements.

Answer 467

Properly implemented, value analysis is composed of a series of phases, including: data-gathering phase, investigation phase, analytical / development phase, reporting phase, implementation phase, and evaluation phase

Answer 468

See Value Analysis

Answer 469

See Value Analysis

Answer 470

All design and construction drawings, however, can be classified as one of two types of views: scaled or nonscaled.

Answer 471

Each type of view or drawing of a concept represents a portion of a project in a unique way. Each view is selected for its ability to show desired information in the most logical and understandable way. Views can represent a whole project, or only portions of it. Each type of view or drawing of a concept represents a portion of a project in a unique way.

Answer 472

The relinquishment by an insurance carrier of the right to collect for damages paid on behalf of the policyholder.

Answer 473

There are two basic types of warranties used in construction projects: 1) construction warranties or guaranties, which cover products and workmanship and 2) warranties which cover products only. Construction warranties are usually extended warranties specified in various specification sections

Answer 474

One who makes a warranty; any supplier or other person who gives or offers to give a written warranty or who is or may be obligated under an implied warranty.

Answer 475

A promise that a proposition of fact is true; a promise that certain facts are truly as they are represented to be and that they will remain so, subject to any specified limitations. In certain circumstances a warranty will be presumed; this is known as an implied warranty.