Porter's Glossary Part I Flashcards
A.M. Best Company
The A.M. Best Company rates insurance companies. Best’s Key Rating Guide is published annually with rating classifications that range from an “A+” for a superior rating to a “C-“ for a fair rating. An “A-“ or better rating suggests that the carrier is financially excellent.
A/E (Architect/Engineer)
Design Team -Design professionals (including architects, engineers, specifiers, planners, programmers, and specialty consultants) act as a Team to provide planning, design, and construction administration services for the project. These entities may be contractually responsible to the owner or a design builder depending upon the project delivery method selected.
Project Designer (Architect)
Design Team -The designer works with the project A/E and the owner to interpret program requirements; assess spatial needs; design layouts, site work, and circulation; and address planning issues. During design the A/E usually requires input on product systems and specialty items that would be critical in meeting the owner’s needs.
Principle or Vice President (Architect)
Design Team -The principal, who is the owner/one of the owners/officer of the company, is involved throughout the life of the project and continues as the primary communicator with the project owner as decisions are made. As the major design executive for the project, the A/E principal usually signs agreements that bind the A/E to the contract requirements.
Principle-in-charge (Architect)
Design Team - Is Typically an owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision- maker for the firm;- Is Authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- May or may not seal the documents- Provides global “high -altitude” management and is not involved with day-to-day activities;- Represents the firm to others;- Usually is not involved in the details of design, documents, or construction;- Usually does not meet with product manufacturer representatives or suppliers
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACORD
Agency-Company Organization for Research and Development
Accountant
Contractor Team -Processes incoming invoices, monitors the disbursement of funds to suppliers and subcontractors, and assists with preparation of applications for payment
Acoustical Consultant
Design Team -Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the control, improvement, and containment of sounds and noise within the facility
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act
Addenda
Addenda are written or graphic documents issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the original procurement documents or in previous addenda.
Addenda
Addenda are modifications issued either prior to receipt of bids and proposals or in some cases prior to the time the agreement is executed.
Addenda
Addenda are written or graphic instruments issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the procurement documents or in previous addenda. Typically addenda are issued before the opening of bids
Addenda
Addenda are issued either prior to receipt of bids and proposals or prior to the time the agreements are executed, depending on the bidding requirements for the project. Addenda clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the procurement documents or in previous addenda. They are used to answer questions proposed by bidders; document new requirements, including changes to the work; and correct errors or omissions in procurement documents.
Administrative and Procedural Requirements
The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities. Administrative and procedural requirements are those relating to the process of contract administration, the assignment of contractual responsibilities, and the methods of communicating, and controlling and assuring quality.
ADR
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Advisors
Financial advisors and institutions that arrange for the project financing; attorneys who coordinate the legal and contractual issues of the project; insurance advisors and companies that provide risk coverage to the owner, contractor, and architect/engineer (A/E); development consultants; real estate agents; and appraisers to advise the owner about specific sites, costs, market types, and potential team participants
Affirmative Action
Public authorities might be required to set aside a percentage of a project for minority or disadvantaged business participation to ensure the goals of affirmative action are achieved. These requirements are provided by the owner and included in instructions to bidders and the conditions of the contract. Sometimes the names of eligible MBE/DBE business are provided by public agencies and included in the bidding documents as additional information.
AGC
Associated General Contractors
Agreement
The agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties. By reference the agreement includes all other contract documents, such as the drawings and specifications.
Agreement
A legal instrument executed by the owner and the contractor binding the parties to the terms of the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations between owner and contractor. It incorporates all other contract documents by reference.
Agreement
The agreement is the document that legally obligates the signing parties. It binds the documents together firmly and permanently, while allowing for the addition of modifications. The agreement defines relationships and obligations between the signers and incorporates, by reference, all of the other documents that make up the contract documents.
Agreement Form
Several organizations have standard agreement forms that are compatible with their respective contract conditions and are tailored to specific types of project delivery and basis of payment.
AHJ
Authorities Having Jurisdiction
AIA
American Institute of Architects
All Risk Insurance
Protection from loss arising out of any fortuitous cause other than those perils or causes specifically excluded by name. This is in contrast to other policies that name the peril or perils insured against. Refer to named peril.
Allowance
An allowance is a specified monetary sum or a specified quantity of work not otherwise defined by the specifications and drawings, but which the contractor is required to include in the bid or price. The contractor is asked to submit prices for work items that are un-determined at the time of bidding, but will be determined after the agreement has been executed. Two common allowance types are:Cash Allowance and Quantity Allowance.
Alternate
A defined portion of the work that is priced separately and thus provides an option for the owner in determining the final scope of the project. The alternate provides the owner with a choice between different products or it can define the addition or deletion of a portion of the work.
Alternate
An alternate is something that is named for which alternative pricing is requested
Alternates
When the extent of work is contingent upon the funds available, certain provisions may be necessary to obtain costs for specific portions of the work. These portions of the work can be defined as alternates that will permit separate costs to be determined. After a project is bid, the extent of work can be adjusted based upon the alternate bids and the owner’s priorities.
Alternates
Alternates are optional work items that may or may not be made part of the contracted work.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
ADR provisions can prevent a single party from initiating litigation and provide a suitable method for economically and expeditiously addressing disputes.
Application for payment
Most contracts specifically stipulate the requirements for preparation and delivery of the application for payment.
Approved (Submittal)
Work included in the submittal can proceed, provided the submittal complies with requirements of the contract documents.
Approved as Noted (Submittal)
Submittal is approved, provided modifications noted are properly incorporated. Resubmission is not usually necessary.
Article
A major subject within a PART of a section consisting of one or more related paragraphs
Article
A subject within a Part consisting of one or more related paragraphs and subparagraphs.
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
At-Risk
CMc is sometimes called “at-risk” construction management because the CMc is responsible for the completed project and bears the financial risk in the same manner as a contractor. See also CMc.
Attributes (Performance)
Attributes are the means by which performance characteristics are identified. An attribute can be defined as a characteristic of performance. There are three essential considerations of an attribute: Requirements, Criteria, and Tests.
Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
These authorities, including building code officials, zoning officials, inspectors, and regulatory agencies, protect the public’s health, safety, and welfare by administering laws, codes, and other regulations governing the project.
Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
Federal, state, county, and city authorities oversee the safety and welfare of the public they serve. In doing so, they verify that code and ordinance requirements have been met. The AHJs usually perform reviews of the contract documents before issuing permits. They verify that the regulatory requirements are being met by performing building, mechanical, electrical, elevator, fire, life safety, health, zoning, accessibility, and critical structural inspections at the project site.
Automobile Insurance
the liability for operation of owned or non-owned automobiles, including rented or hired vehicles, is generally secured through a business automobile coverage form.
Available Information
Information available to bidders regarding subsurface and existing conditions includes geotechnical reports, soil boring data, hazardous materials reports, descriptions of the site, resource drawings of existing buildings, and property survey information.
Award of Contract
The formal acceptance of the terms of negotiation by the participants.
Bar Chart (Schedule)
A bar chart is a graphic display of major activities in the form of bars overlaid on a calendar.
Basis of Design
Total project commissioning is a quality process utilizing an independent company providing services that may include monitoring the owner’s project requirements and verifying that the requirements are incorporated into the basis of design.
Basis of Design
Many manufacturers provide data and other informational sheets that can be included to illustrate the products being used as the basis of design in the project.
Basis of Payment
The three bases of payment are: Stipulated sum, Unit Price, and Cost-plus fee, and Cost-plus fee with guaranteed maximum price.
BEES
Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability
Bid
Bid is an offer to perform a contract for work and labor or supply materials or goods at a specific price. A bid is a response to a solicitation such as an invitation to bid or an advertisement for bid.
Bid
A bid states the price that the bidder will charge to perform the work and possibly the length of time to complete the project.
Bid Bond
The purpose of the bid bond is to protect the owner from losing the benefit of an accepted bid. Issuance of a bid bond commits the bidder to enter into a contract and, if required, provide performance and payment bonds. The bid bond is provided by the bidder at the time of bid and is submitted with the bid. The bid bond generally provides for a penal amount expressed either in dollars or as a percentage of the total amount of the bid. In the event that the selected bidder fails or refuses to enter into a contract for the price that was bid, the surety is obligated to pay the owner’s damages, up to the penal amount of the bid bond.
Bid Depository
A bid depository system receives subcontractor bids for identified units of work. The units of work are usually significant parts of the total project. These sub-bids, depending on location, are then either analyzed by the client agency with the selected sub-bids assigned to the general contractor, or the sub-bids may simply be deposited for delivery to the prime bidders.
Bid Form
The bid process requires a bid form that is prepared as a document that the bidder will submit to the owner. It contains blank spaces completed by the bidder and a place for the bidder’s signature (and for the seal of corporate entities) to indicate that the bidder agrees to all provisions.
Bid Security
Bid security guarantees that if a bid is accepted within the specified time, the bidder will enter into a formal agreement with the owner (usually 30 to 90 days from the opening of the bids) and will furnish the required construction performance and construction payment bonds. The purpose of the bid security is to compensate the owner for damages incurred if the selected bidder does not accept the contract award.
Bid Shopping
Bid shopping is the practice of revealing the sub-bid of one subcontractor to negotiate with another subcontractor to lower the cost for specific trades on a project. It occurs during the bidding/pricing process, following award of a prime contract, or both, when provisions restricting the practice are not included in bidding documents.
Bid Solicitation
Bid solicitations fall into two categories: invitations to bid and advertisements to bid.
Bidder (Successful)
Under the bidding process, the successful bidder is one of the several bidders (contractors) whose bid was the lowest responsive price.
Bidding Documents
The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents.
Bidding Requirements
See Procurement Requirements
Bidding/Negotiating/ Purchasing Stage
In a design-bid-build project, the link between design and execution of a project is an agreement between the owner and contractor. This is most often achieved through competitive bidding by an open or limited field of competitive bidders or through the process of negotiation with a prequalified contractor. The bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage allows the prospective contractor to examine bidding documents, visit the site, request clarifications and interpretations, propose substitutions, and, finally, prepare a bid or price for executing the work. The A/E’s responsibilities include responding to requests for information or clarifications, evaluating proposed substitutions, and issuing addenda to document changes made during the bidding/negotiating period. Acceptance of the contractor’s bid or negotiated sum and other conditions will result in award of a contract and commencement of work.
Bidding/Negotiating/ Purchasing Stage
The transition from the design to the construction stage of a project is the bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage. During this stage, owners make the proposed construction documents available to prospective contractors, through either direct selection or open solicitation. The prospective contractors assemble, calculate, and formally present to the owner their prices to complete the project described in the procurement documents. Construction prices become the financial basis of the contract for construction.
Binding Arbitration
Upon demand for arbitration the parties to the contract select a neutral arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, and the matter is submitted for a decision. The method is very similar to litigation, but offers more expeditious resolution.
Binding Dispute Resolution
Binding dispute resolution may be stipulated in the contract documents, whereby both parties agree to resolve disputes by the specified method and to honor the findings and award, usually without appeal. Methods include: Binding arbitration and judicial reference.
Boiler and Machinery Insurance
Insurance against loss arising from the operation of boilers and machinery. May cover loss suffered by the boilers and machinery itself or include damage done to other property and business interruption losses.
Bonds (Bid)
See Bid Bond
Bonds (Construction)
A performance bond provides a guaranty that if the contractor defaults or fails to perform, the surety will either complete the contract in accordance with its terms or provide sufficient funds up to the penal amount for such completion. A payment bond provides a guaranty that subcontractor, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material goods, and services to the project will be paid.
Builder’s Risk Insurance
Builder’s risk insurance covers losses during the construction phase arising from the insured risks of fire, windstorm, collapse, and theft. The policy is designed to cover all property that has been or will be incorporated into the project. Builder’s risk insurance is available in a named peril or an all-risk type policy.
Builder’s Risk Insurance
Indemnifies for loss of or damage to a building under construction from specified perils. Insurance is normally written for a specified amount on the building and applies only in the course of construction. Coverage usually includes fire and extended coverage and vandalism and malicious mischief coverage. Builder’s risk coverage can be extended to an all-risk form as well. The builder’s risk policy also may include coverage for items in transit to the construction site (up to a certain percentage of value) as well as items stored at the site.
Building Codes
Building codes are minimum requirements for design and construction of new or remodeled structures, with an emphasis on buildings. Design documents must demonstrate compliance with those requirements.
Business Interruption Insurance
Loss-of-use insurance that protects against loss caused by the inability to occupy and use the project because of damage resulting from a covered peril. This coverage is available for a variety of risks, including fire, and can include compensation for additional business expense and for the rental of substitute facilities.
Buyer
The procedures for purchasing are similar to bidding and negotiating. Public owners are required to obtain goods at the most competitive price available at the time the purchase is made. Therefore public owners (hereinafter referred to as buyers) solicit purchasing proposals by legal advertisement and distribute documents to prospective supplying contractors (hereinafter referred to as sellers). Private buyers also need to purchase goods and special services at competitive prices.
Buyout
Buyout is one of the contractor’s preconstruction activities between award of the contract and the actual start of construction. Buyout can and often does extend past the start of construction, but the majority of these tasks are completed before it starts. During buyout, the contractor issues subcontracts, supply contracts, and purchase orders for the work to be done. Any final negotiating with suppliers and subcontractors is also done during buyout.
CAD
Computer-Aided Drafting
CAD Layer Guidelines
The CAD Layer Guidelines provide a hierarchical organization for describing drawing layers. The user can identify or name layers on the basis of the level of detail provided in each drawing layer. The guidelines define four data fields within layer names: Discipline Designator, major group, minor groups, status.
CADD
Computer-Aided Design & Drafting
Calendar Days
Working days and calendar days are the two most common methods of establishing contract time. See also Time.
Cash Allowance
A monetary sum that the bidder includes as part of the contract sum to account for certain items to be determined at a later time.
CCB
Administered by the National Institute of Building Science (NIBS), and found on the Whole Building Design Guide web site (www.wbdg.org/references/docs_refs.php), the CCB was developed for electronic dissemination of specifications, technical manuals, standards, electronic details, and other documents. Use of the CCB is intended to improve the quality of construction, decrease overlap and conflicts that exist among criteria, speed introduction of new technology into the construction process, and improve dissemination of design and construction information.
CC&R
Codes, Covenants and Restrictions
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Certificate of Substantial Completion
The A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the contractor and the owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project. The certificate of substantial completion also includes the specified time limit for the contractor to complete outstanding items of work.
Certificate of Substantial Completion
The date of substantial completion is established by the A/E and documented by the issuance of a certificate of substantial completion. The certificate of substantial completion is prepared by the A/E and signed by the A/E, contractor, and owner.
Certificates
Includes certificates of insurance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Certificates
Certificates may be required to certify quality or characteristics of materials, quality of fabrication, or quality of installation. Certifications may be required to attest to the performance and quality of a fabricated item or system. The specifications state the type of certification required, who is acceptable to certify, and when certificates need to be submitted. In most cases certifications are submitted after the work to be certified has been completed.
Certificates of Insurance
The owner establishes the project requirements for insurance in consultation with legal counsel and insurance advisors. The general and supplementary conditions state the requirements. The CSI Construction Specifications Practice Guide includes a description of types of insurance.
Certificate of Substantial Completion
If, after inspection, the A/E agrees that the project is substantially complete, the A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the contractor and the owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project.
Certify
To certify means to attest in writing or orally to the validity or contract compliance of an item; to assert as a matter of fact.
Change Directive
A construction change directive is a means of ordering changes in the work when the owner and contractor have not agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. With a construction change directive, the owner may, without invalidating the contract, order changes in the work within the general scope of the contract consisting of additions, deletions, or other revisions, the contract sum or contract time being adjusted accordingly. A construction change directive is used in the absence of total agreement on the terms of a change order.
Change Directive
Direct the contractor to make a change to the project before the owner and contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the owner and the contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established.
Change Order
Change orders are modifications issued after the agreement is executed.
Change Order
A change order is a written instruction to the contractor issued after execution of the agreement that authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision in the work or an adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time.
Change Order
A change order is a written instruction to the contractor issued after execution of the agreement. It authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision to the project in consideration of an adjustment in the contract sum, contract time, or both. A change order is used for changes to the contract documents that affect contract sum or time.
Change Order Request
A change order request may be used by the contractor to initiate proposed changes that the contractor deems necessary.
Civil Engineer
Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the site for the following:- Improvements, such as streets, roads, paving, plazas, and retaining walls;- Service utilities, such as water, sewer, energy, communications, and storm drainage;- Shaping the topography of the land, such as earthwork, cut and fill grading;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration
Claim
Used in reference to insurance, a claim may be a demand by an individual or corporation to recover, under a policy of insurance, for loss that may come within that policy.
Claim
Generally, a claim is a request for compensation for dealing with a situation that differs materially from what was anticipated by the parties at the time of entering into the contract.
Claimant
Commonly used to refer to a party who files a claim against the bond. This could be the owner or a subcontractor or supplier seeking recovery under the payment bond.
Claims-Made Policy
Policies written under a claims-made basis will cover claims made (reported or filed) during the year the policy is in force for any incidents that may occur that year or during any previous period the policyholder was insured under the claims-made contract. This form of coverage is in contrast to the occurrence policy that covers today’s incident regardless of when a claim is filed, even one or more years later.
Clarifications
Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contract by formal contract modifications. These documents include requests and proposals.
Class
A portion of a UniFormat project manual covering one or more segments of the work. Equivalent to a MasterFormat section, only those classes used are included.
Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act is a federal policy that affects design and construction by controlling the amount and type of pollutants that may be discharged into public waterways.
Closed proprietary specifications
Closed proprietary specifications do not allow for substitutions
Closeout Meeting
The closeout meeting is used to review requirements for the completion of the contract and to obtain submittal of the necessary final documents. Separate meetings may be required for substantial completion, final completion, and warranty inspections.
Closeout and Maintenance Submittals
At or near completion of a project, a number of submittals are processed, including: Written notices of substantial and final completion (prepared by the contractor) and delivered to the A/E, indicating when the contractor believes these milestones are reached; Final application for payment; Record documents (shop drawings, record drawings and specifications, addenda, change orders, field orders, photographs); O&M data; Spare parts and maintenance materials; Certificates of payment; Release of liens and waiver of debts and claims; Consent of surety to final payment; Special warranties; Keying.
CMa
Construction Management as Adviser
CMAA
Construction Management Association of America
CMc
Construction Manager as Contractor
Codes
Codes specify minimum requirements for the design and construction of new and renovated buildings for the safety of persons and the protection of property. Building codes are developed and maintained by model code-writing organizations.
Code Consultant
Design Team -Advises, assists, makes recommendations, and evaluates the design for compliance with the applicable building codes;- Assists with obtaining permits from AHJs
COE
Army Corps of Engineers
Combined Bid
Requirements for public projects with multiple-prime contractors often include provisions for combined bidding to reduce project management and coordination cost. The bid form is structured to allow bidders to submit bids for more than one major category of work with the potential for cost savings and reduced administrative burdens on the participants. If a combined bid is lower than the aggregate of individual bids, a combined contract can be awarded.
Commercial General Liability Policy
The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence type coverage.
Commissioning
The commissioning process is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the owner’s requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building.
Commissioning
There are two basic types of commissioning: total project commissioning and systems and equipment commissioning. Total project commissioning, also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the owner’s facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation. System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility.
Commissioning
Identifies process and requirements for facility, system, and component operation testing and checkout
Commissioning Agent
Entity engaged by the owner to ensure that the owner’s defined requirements are achieved and the completed facility functions as intended by the contract documents
Commissioning Agent
Total project commissioning engages the use of a specialist known as a commissioning agent. This is usually an independent firm not affiliated with the other members of project team. The commissioning agent is engaged by the owner to verify the quality of the project in relation to the owner’s project requirements.
Commissioning Authority
The role of the commissioning authority during project closeout varies, depending on the provisions of the commissioning authority’s contract with the owner. At one end of the spectrum, the total facility commissioning authority may be responsible for verifying compliance with the owner’s requirements, reviewing systems, equipment startup, and operational testing. At the other end of the spectrum, the building system commissioning authority may be responsible only for operational testing of one or more systems.
Commodities
A commodity can be defined as goods that can be uniformly and consistently produced by various manufacturers with the same predetermined quality. Materials become commodities when they are specified without a specific manufacturer being named, and material from any manufacturer will be acceptable
Competitive Bidding
Competitive bidding is the most effective method of determining the least cost for constructing the work that is described and defined by the bidding documents. Competitive bidding creates an environment where bidders at every level, contractor, subcontractor, and supplier, must carefully and seriously consider every aspect of their bid in the attempt to be awarded the work by providing a lower price than any of the other bidders. A bid states, or stipulates, the price the bidder will charge to perform the work (including overhead and profit) and may, if requested by the bidding documents, include the length of time required to complete the work. The project design is developed and bidding documents prepared by the A/E for the owner that are then made available to bidders.
Competitive Bidding
In competitive bidding, prospective contractors are invited to prepare and submit bids stating, in a specified format, the sum of money required to construct the project. It is a method of determining the lowest cost for accomplishing work defined by the procurement documents. The objective of bidding is to ensure that the cost of the project is reasonable and consistent with prevailing conditions in the construction industry.
Completed Operations
A form of liability insurance that provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising out of the operations that have been completed or abandoned provided the accident occurs away from the premises owned or rented by the insured
Completion
“Time is of the essence” is a key element of the agreement and may be an over-riding factor for completion. The time available is generally established by owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days.
Comprehensive General Liability Policy
The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence-type coverage
Comprehensive General Liability Policy
A broad form of liability insurance usually covering business organizations to protect them against liability claims for bodily injury and property damage arising from operations, products and completed operations, and independent contractors, but excluding coverage for liability arising from the use of automobiles
Comprehensive Policy
This term applies to a variety of policies that provide broad protection.
Concealed Conditions
Concealed conditions are conditions that are not documented or that could not have been observed at the site at the time of the pricing. These conditions may include: Subsurface soil conditions materially different from those represented in a geotechnical report; Concealed conditions uncovered during construction
Conditions of the Contract
The conditions of the contract are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies. Supplementary conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of a specific project.
Conditions of the Contract
Conditions of the contract define basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. Conditions of the contract consist of:
Conditions of the Contract
The conditions of the contract consist of the general conditions and the supplementary conditions. The conditions of the contract mirror responsibilities dictated in the owner - A/E agreement and the owner - contractor agreement. Of all the documents used in construction, the conditions of the contract most clearly establish the responsibilities for CCA and contractor project management. The conditions of the contract identify the basic rights, procedural and contractual responsibilities, and relationships between the parties involved in the performance of the contract.
Constructability Review
Constructability is a review of the design to determine if it is practical to construct with the means, methods, and products available at the proposed time of construction, within the owner’s budget and within the proposed time requirements for the project.
Construction
Constructing a project requires knowledge of the numerous components as well as management skills to ensure that participants work together in harmony to complete a facility. Construction
Construction
Construction is the execution of the work as required by the contract documents.
Construction Administrator (Architect)
Design Team;- Administers the construction contract;- Works with the owner and contractors during construction;- Generates and/or processes change orders, supplemental instructions, and change requests;- Reviews submittals, observes the work, responds to questions, and interprets the construction documents;- Reviews contractor’s applications for payment and requests for substitutions;- May have limited decision -making power about the project design
Construction Change Directive
IA Document G714, Construction Change Directive, and EJCDC C-940, Work Change Directive, direct the contractor to make a change to the project before the owner and contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the owner and the contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established.
Construction Contract
The necessary parts of a typical construction contract are as follows: The parties are identified in the contract; The parties make promises that constitute an offer; Both parties sign the contract indicating that they understand and agree to the terms and commit themselves to the offers made;
Construction Contract Administration
Activities related to administering the contract for construction, typically performed by the A/E.
Construction Contract Administrator
Interprets, administers, and enforces the terms of a construction contract during the construction of a project
Construction Contract Administrator
As a member of the design team the construction contract administrator is responsible for administering the construction contract for the A/E. This involves processing, and in some cases generating, the documents used during construction, such as change orders, construction observation reports, supplemental instructions or field orders, change proposals, and payment applications. The construction contract administrator also reviews and processes requests for interpretation, shop drawings, submittals, and substitution requests.
Construction Cost
This includes the estimates for the probable cost of constructing the project, including building permit fees, materials, labor, tools, and equipment, bonds, insurance, and initial maintenance agreements associated with construction. During the project conception stage, this cost is estimated. After bidding or negotiation the cost will be more clearly defined; however, the cost of construction will not be fully known until the project is completed.
Construction Documents
Construction documents are defined as the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the A/E for communicating the project design for construction and administering the construction contract. Construction documents include two major types of documents: Procurement documents and contract documents.
Construction Documents Stage (Life Cycle)
The construction documents stage (referred to as the final design phase in engineering projects) is based on the owner-approved design development documents and any further adjustments in the scope of the project or the project budget. During this stage the A/E prepares documents that will be used to file for permits and approvals from AHJs and to obtain prices upon which a bid or a negotiated contract can be based.
Construction Drawings
Construction drawings consist of contract drawings and resource drawings. Contract drawings are those that describe the work of the project. Resource drawings show existing conditions, or new construction related to the work, but are not included in the contract. Contract drawings are legally enforceable and, depending on the requirements of a project, may include drawings that show the following: Deconstruction/demolition of existing construction to be removed; Alterations of existing construction to be modified; and new construction.
Construction Management
Project delivery method -
Construction Management
Project delivery method -
Daily Log (Journal)
A full-time project representative normally keeps a daily log (journal) in which important events that transpire on the project site are recorded. The log should contain only facts related to the project.
Daily Report (Contractor)
The contractor’s project manager or superintendent prepares a daily report in which important events that transpire on the project site are recorded.
Days
See Contract Time
DBIA
Design Build Institute of America
Decommissioning/Deconstruction/Demolition Stage (Life Cycle)
This stage marks the end of the facility’s useful life and gives way to the beginning of an entire new project and facility life cycle.
Deferred Maintenance
Work delayed on a planned or unplanned basis, often due to a lack of funds.
Descriptive Specifying
Specifies properties of materials and methods of installation without using proprietary names. A descriptive specification is a detailed description of the characteristics, physical properties, and workmanship required for the proper installation of a product or material.
Design
Design is the arrangement of project elements and components, expressed in graphic and written documents, responding to: the owner’s program and budget; requirements of authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ); conditions at the site; available products; and the owner’s functional, aesthetic, and sustainability requirements.
Design Data
Specifications often require submittal of design data from manufacturers and fabricators documenting and affirming the design of products and systems. For example, the specifications might require the fabricator of a steel or wood truss member to submit engineering data stating loads transferred to other elements or a connection to a column or the capacity of the system to resist the design loads
Design Development
The design development phase follows the owner’s approval of the schematic design and any necessary program or budget adjustments. The emphasis shifts from overall relationships and functions to more technical issues of constructability and integration of systems and components. Aesthetic concerns move from massing and arrangement to materials, surfaces, and details. Design development phase documents fix and describe the size and character of the entire project, including architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical systems.
Design Phases
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC) defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The Design-Build Institute of America (DBIA) defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases:schematic and design development.
Design Services
Design services may range from early studies or surveys, master planning, and programming to complete design services including preparation of contract documents for obtaining construction services. Design services may involve only one discipline or be very complex and require an A/E and numerous licensed consultants with specific expertise
Design Stage (Life Cycle)
The AIA defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The EJCDC defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The DBIA defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases: schematic and design development.
Design Stage
During the design stage of the project life cycle, the A/E transforms the owner’s program into graphic and written documents that can be used to produce bidding and pricing documents in a subsequent stage. The architect/engineer (A/E) must account for many requirements and work with other participants to produce an affordable, practical, and attractive design ready for documentation. The two commonly recognized phases of design are schematic design and design development.
Design Team
The design team works with the owner to determine the project requirements, design the project, produce the construction documents, and administer the construction contract. The design team participants also review submittals and substitution requests before and after award of the construction contract. The design team is responsible for addressing planning issues, product research and selection, code research and compliance, quality control and assurance reviews, and construction contract administration.
Design-Bid-Build
A project delivery method -The design-bid-build project delivery method is the traditional method of moving a project from conception to completion. It is a linear sequence of activities generally occurring in the following order: project conception, design (including schematic and design development) construction documents, competitive bidding, and then construction. The basis of this delivery method is that design is completed prior to bidding/pricing and construction.
Design-Build
A project delivery method -In the design-build delivery method, the owner contracts with a single entity for the complete design and construction of a project. The design-builder may consist of one or more firms associated in a variety of ways. Regardless of its composition, the design-builder provides complete design service and performs the construction under a single contract with the owner.
Design-Builder
The entity contractually responsible (to the owner) for delivering the project design and construction. The design-builder can assume several organizational structures: an entity possessing design and construction resources in-house, a joint venture between A/E and contractor, a contractor-led team with the A/E in a subcontract role, or an A/E-led team with the contractor in a subcontractor role.
Design-Builder
The design-builder provides both the design and construction of a project. The design-builder’s obligation is to provide a completed project that meets the owner’s project description. Often a contractor takes the lead and either has an in-house architectural staff or hires an outside A/E to design a project conforming to the project description. Services provided to the owner are similar to those in a conventional design-bid-build project; however, the contractual relationships and responsibilities differ.
Design-Negotiate-Build
A project delivery method -If only one contractor is involved in developing the costs and negotiating a contract to construct a project, the process is referred to as design-negotiate-build. Although the design-negotiate-build is similar to design-bid-build, it is a more informal process and may not include specific procurement requirements or specific rules of engagement.
Designed Element (UniFormat)
The term designed elements refers to physical parts of buildings with a particular design, construction, or technical solution.
Details
Details show more specific information about a portion of a project component or element than can be provided by smaller scale drawings. Examples of detail drawings include joints and connections between materials and products.
Developer
A company that acquires a site for the purpose of creating a facility for an owner. The developer may act as a design-builder and provide a build-to-suit, turnkey, or a lease-back facility
Direct Selection (A/E)
Those with previous experience in design and construction may use direct selection as their primary means of obtaining design services. To the A/E this is known as a returning client. The direct selection process saves time and money for the participants involved. The client saves the efforts of research, interviews, and specific documentation of requirements. For the A/E, the process saves expenses of identifying markets, making presentations, and assessing capabilities and consultants required for the project. Direct selection may be the result of the A/E’s reputation in certain design types. Some A/Es have demonstrated creative solutions and unique use of materials in their designs. These solutions to problems have received recognition through awards and publication. Most A/E firms specialize in certain project types and have developed significant expertise in those markets.
Dispute Review Board
This process involves establishment of a three-member board of construction experts who periodically convene to review the status of the project in order to detect areas of potential conflict and make recommendations for resolution of issues before they become conflicts.
Disputes
Disputes are claims that cannot be resolved by the parties to the construction contract without the intervention of an independent third party.
Disputes
Disputes often occur when the A/E’s or initial decision maker’s decision on a claim is not accepted by one or both parties and the claim cannot be resolved through negotiation.
Distributor
Buys, inventories, and resells products to be incorporated in the project
Division
MasterFormat arranges related construction practices, or work results, into a series of Level 1 titles called Divisions
Division
A standard category of construction specifications; one of 50 Divisions defined by MasterFormat. Divisions form the framework for project specifications.
Division 01 - General Requirements
The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities.
Division 01 - General Requirements
The general requirements in Division 01 of the specifications specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, and temporary facilities and controls. Division 01 sections govern the execution of the work specified in Divisions 02-49.
DOD
Department of Defense
Drafter (Architect)
Design Team;- Does not have client contact;-Works for the job captain on the construction drawings, and has no management responsibilities Has no decision -making power or influence over the aesthetic design, construction documents, or construction administration
Drawings
Drawings are graphic and textual information organized on a two-dimensional surface for the purpose of conveying data about a specific portion of a project. Drawings convey design intent and may show multiple views, either of the whole project or of its parts. Drawings indicate relationships between elements and may show the following for each material, assembly, component, and accessory: Location, identification, dimension and size, details and diagrams of connections, shape and form.
EJCDC
Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee
Electrical Engineer
Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of lighting, power, and communication systems, including the necessary equipment;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration
Element
UniFormat is an arrangement of construction information based on physical parts of a facility called functional elements, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These elements are characterized by their function without identifying the work results that compose them.
Emergency Maintenance
Unscheduled work demanding immediate action to restore services or remove problems that could interrupt activities.
Employer’s Liability Insurance
Some states have enacted compensation laws that are not comprehensive for every injury or every category of recoverable damages. The resulting immunity gap is covered by a policy called employer’s liability insurance.
Employer’s Liability Insurance
This coverage is provided by Part 2 of the basic workers’ compensation policy and pays on behalf of the insured (employer) all sums that the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury by accident or disease sustained by any employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of his employment by the insure.
Endorsement
A form bearing the language necessary to record a change in an insurance policy.
Engineer
See Architect/Engineer (A/E)
Ensure
Ensure is to make certain in a way that eliminates the possibility of error.
Entitlement
Entitlement is defined as the right to benefits specified by law or contract.
Entity
See Party
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Estimated Costs
See Cost Estimate
Estimating Techniques
Estimating methods used by the A/E during design include: order of magnitude, square foot or volume, assemblies/systems, and unit price.
Estimator, Cost
Design Team;- Prepares detailed estimates of probable construction cost of a project;-May be a professional in independent practice or on the staff of the contractor.;
Estimator
Contractor Team -The estimator performs measurement of materials for purposes of furnishing a bid for a project and ordering materials. The estimator performs a quantity survey on selected portions of the project, such as concrete, earthwork, or site work, which subcontractor forces will complete. The estimator contacts subcontractors, performs prebid inquiries to generate interest in bidding on the project, and works with subcontractors and suppliers to help ensure the contractor becomes the low bidder. In public bid projects, the contractor is often required to meet minority employment goals for the project, which may be part of the estimator’s responsibility. In some companies, the estimator may also serve as the project manager
Exclusion
A provision of an insurance policy or bond referring to hazards, circumstances, or property not covered by the policy.
Existing Facility Evaluations
An investigation of an existing facility will help determine its suitability for adaptation to the owner’s needs and goals, including: Functional evaluation, Facility systems evaluation, Structural evaluation, environmental evaluation, Accessibility evaluation.
Express Warranty
Express warranties are created as follows: Any affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer that relates to the goods or installation and becomes a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the affirmation or promise; Any description of the goods or installation that is made a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description; Any sample or model that is made a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the whole of the goods or installation shall conform to the sample or model; It is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that the seller use formal words such as warrant or guarantee or that the seller have a specific intention to make a warranty. An affirmation of the value of the goods or a statement purporting to be merely the seller’s opinion or commendation of the goods does not create a warranty.
Extent (Project)
The magnitude, form, function, and complexity of a project will have a direct bearing on the project delivery method and the number and role of the participants. Generally, the greater the magnitude of the project, the greater the number of participants, the more the construction process is compounded.
Exterior Enclosure Consultant
Design Team;- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the aesthetic and technical design of the building envelope enclosure; may be responsible for, or influence, the selection of materials and products;- May provide construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration
Extra Stock Materials
Extra stock materials are often required for exposed finish materials incorporated in the project, such as floor coverings, wall coverings, ceiling materials, and coatings. Extra stock is typically required for materials where finish color, texture, or pattern is critical and can vary by dye lot, where a custom mix has been provided, and where material color lines are subject to frequent changes. Extra stock materials are used by the owner to repair damaged or worn finish materials and finishes.
Fabricator
Assemblies in a location other than the project site, of various materials, products, and equipment into a form that can be more efficiently installed or constructed on the project site using fewer installing personnel and taking less time than would be necessary if the original materials and products not fabricated
Fabrication Tolerances
“Fabrication Tolerances” establish a statistical range of acceptability for properties of products before they are incorporated into the project.
Facility
The completed project is a facility, which is a constructed entity or space designed to perform a certain function.
Facility Evaluation
Facility evaluations address facility use, effectiveness, efficiency, operational cost, maintenance, and environment.
Facility Life Cycle
The life cycle of a facility, from concept through construction to use and eventual deconstruction (demolition), follows a number of stages: Project conception, project delivery methods, design, construction documents, bidding/negotiating/purchasing, construction, and facility management.
Facility Management
Facility management is the process of allocating resources for the operation and maintenance of a facility to allow continued performance of the facility’s intended function.
Facility Management Stage (Life Cycle)
The longest stage in the life cycle commences when the facility is put into use and maintained by the facility manager. Participants are generally limited to the owner, facility users, and facility manager; however, members of the original project team may be called upon by the owner for periodic evaluation of how components, systems, and subsystems are performing.
Facility Manager
Implements maintenance and operations programs to ensure continuing facility function during occupancy and use, and participates in planning subsequent projects
Facility Manager
According to the Facility Management Handbook, facility managers integrate the people of an organization with its purpose (work) and place (facilities). This staff position is frequently found in an owner’s administration and finance department, and is included on the project team for new facilities and renovations because of their role in the ongoing operation. These professionals might have backgrounds in architecture, engineering, construction, real estate, or a related discipline and have experience and training in the development of facilities.
Facility Program
Project conception is often a creative stage for the owner; it requires a clear understanding of project values and goals which become the basis of many decisions. A facility program documents these decisions, resulting in a framework for future design decisions, operational procedures, and determining project feasibility.
Programmer (Architect)
A special consultant who assists the owner in identifying and documenting the project requirements in a facility program
Facility Programming
Programming is a two phase process similar to and related to the two phases of design: schematic design and design development. The phases are as follows: Schematic programming, which involves identifying the broad visionary owner goals, user preferences, image, functional requirements, movement, activity adjacencies, and facility demographics. Program development, which includes the organization of the vast amount of detailed information collected in impact studies and site analysis during the initial stages of information collection. This is the detailed information the A/E requires to complete the second design phase, design development. The critical activity is transforming the owner’s broad visionary goals into a physical form.
Facility User
Uses the facility for its designed purpose and may provide input to the design process
FAR
Federal Acquisition Regulations
Fast Track
Fast track is the process of overlapping activities to permit portions of construction to start prior to completion of the overall design.
Feasibility Studies
Feasibility studies test the various aspects of an owner’s vision. If the vision is not financially viable, it must be substantially modified or abandoned. Feasibility studies address: The owner’s financial conditions, Life cycle cost, Value of existing facilities, available studies, Timing.
FFA
Federal Aviation Administration
FF&E
Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment
FHWA
Federal Highway Administration
Field Engineering
Field engineering consists of taking the measurements, facility placement, and layout from the contract drawings and laying them out on the project site. Field engineering includes site surveying and layout.
Field Observation Reports
Site visits are documented in the form of a field observation report, with any observed deficiencies clearly noted. Keeping the owner informed of construction progress and events taking place on the construction site can be accomplished by sending copies of field observation reports to the owner.
Field Order
EJCDC C-700 allows the engineer to authorize or order minor variations in the work when such changes do not involve a change in contract price or contract time. These orders must be in writing, but do not require an executed change order or the owner’s signature.
Final Acceptance
Final acceptance of the work is indicated by issuance of final payment. Final payment is recommended by the A/E only after all project closeout procedures have been completed. Upon acceptance of final payment, the contractor waives all claims except those previously made in writing and according to the contract conditions against either the owner or the A/E. The owner, in making final payment, also waives all claims except claims arising from unsettled liens and defective work appearing after final inspection.
Final Completion
Final completion occurs when the contractor has completed the contract requirements, the A/E has inspected to determine completion, the owner has made final payment to the contractor, and the contractor has accepted final payment.
Final Completion
Final completion is when the project is complete according to the contract documents and the contractor is no longer involved on the project.
Final Completion
Final completion occurs when the contractor has completed the contract requirements, the A/E has inspected to determine completion, the owner has made final payment to the contractor, and the contractor has accepted final payment.
Final Completion (Final Acceptance)
Final acceptance of the work is indicated by issuance of final payment. Final payment is recommended by the A/E only after all project closeout procedures have been completed. Upon acceptance of final payment, the contractor waives all claims except those previously made in writing and according to the contract conditions against either the owner or the A/E. The owner, in making final payment, also waives all claims except claims arising from unsettled liens and defective work appearing after final inspection.
Final Inspection
Final inspection provides verification by the A/E that the contractor has satisfactorily performed all the identified tasks and corrected any deficiencies on the final punch list.
Fire Protection Engineer
Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of active fire suppression systems, including the necessary equipment;- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the following:- Determining the need for passive fire protection materials and assemblies;- Functional design to protect life and property;- May provide construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration
Fitness for a particular purpose
If the seller has reason to know of any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to furnish suitable goods for that purpose, an implied warranty of fitness for that particular purpose arises
Float (Schedule)
Float is the amount of extra time available to an activity when all activities begin as early as possible. Free float is uniquely available to an activity, while total float is the accumulation of the entire free float in a project.
Food Service Consultant
Design Team;- Is responsible for planning and the technical design of commercial kitchens and the necessary equipment;- May prepare construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration;
Formats
Architects and Specification Writers: Part two
June 29, 2017
When it comes to construction documentation, language and formatting are critical.
Language and specification format
By Cyrus Kabeer, CSP, NCARB, AIA, LEED AP
https://www.constructioncanada.net/architects-and-specification-writers-part-two/
Architects and Specification Writers: Part two
June 29, 2017
When it comes to construction documentation, language and formatting are critical.
Language and specification format
By Cyrus Kabeer, CSP, NCARB, AIA, LEED AP
As is the case for Part 1, this second article in a series on architects, specifiers, and construction documentation does not seek to offer an all-encompassing view of spec writing. (Readers should check out the resources offered by Construction Specifications Canada [CSC] for a more in-depth look.) This piece focuses on language and specification format.
A basic tenet of a good set of construction documents is “Mention it once and in the right place.” The contract is between the owner and the contractor, and the specifications communicate to the latter what is required (without telling the contractor how to construct). The specifications define the administrative, qualitative, and workmanship considerations for the products in short and simple sentences. This means using the imperative mood whenever possible. In other words, one should write: “Provide low-VOC sealants,” instead of writing “The Contractor shall provide low-VOC sealants.” Specifications should not be addressed to the trades, as means and methods are the contractor’s responsibility.
Abbreviations, symbols, and long, complicated sentences should be avoided. The Five Cs rule should be followed by being clear, concise, correct, complete, and co-ordinated. Specifiers in this country should add a sixth ‘C’ for Canadian spelling.
Formats
Depending on the size of the project, some project manuals can be made up of multiple volumes of booklets. To ensure consistent and efficient organization, CSC and its U.S. counterpart, the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI), have jointly developed standards like UniFormat, MasterFormat, and SectionFormat/PageFormat.
UniFormat
The organization standards used in the early stages of a project, UniFormat describes a project by its basic assemblies and systems. It is usually employed for describing project requirements for RFPs of a design-build delivery system and Preliminary Project Description (PPD) and Outline Specifications.
UniFormat is divided into nine different categories:
Introduction;
Element A−Substructure;
Element B−Shell;
Element C−Interiors;
Element D−Services;
Element E−Equipment and Finishing;
Element F−Special Construction and Demolition;
Element G−Sitework; and
Element Z−General (includes sustainability and administrative requirements).
Different offices use different systems for their Outline Specifications, including how they approach UniFormat. This author’s preference is to use the same divisions of MasterFormat.
MasterFormat
The system used for organizing a project manual, MasterFormat has been divided into 50 divisions and six numbers for each individual section. Prior to 2004, there were 16 divisions and five-digit numbers for each individual section. While this should have been phased out, this author has seen some architectural firms and government organizations still using the old format.
MasterFormat is further divided into two groups—the Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group has only one division (Division 00−Procurement and Contracting Requirements), while the Specifications Group includes Division 01–General Requirements and the technical specifications of Divisions 02 through 49. Contrary to the belief of some, MasterFormat is not designed to correspond with the work assigned to different trades, suppliers, or subcontractors, but to the contractor.
SectionFormat/PageFormat
Now available as a combined standard, SectionFormat/PageFormat encompasses the system used for organizing sections within the different divisions of the project manual. The written material in a section is divided into three parts:
Part 1–General includes articles on references, submittals, delivery, quality assurance, warranty, and other administrative requirements;
Part 2–Products includes articles that describe products, manufacturers’ names, conditions of substitutions, characteristics of material, finishes, accessories, and other product descriptions; and
Part 3–Execution includes articles such as examination and verification, site preparation, erection requirements, protection, maintenance, cleaning, schedules, and other installation requirements.
Each part is further divided into ‘articles,’ and then further subdivided into ‘paragraphs’ and ultimately ‘sub-paragraphs.’ Most Division 00 and 01 sections may be limited to Part 1–General, yet the specification writer should include both Part 2–Products and Part 3–Execution, listing them as “Not Used.”
The PageFormat aspect is used to organize an acceptable standard within SectionFormat. It is one place where CSI differs from CSC. In Canada, the style in numeral forms (e.g. 1.1, 1.1.1) is preferred, while alpha-numeric forms (e.g. 1.01, 1.01.a) are used south of the border.
This article series concludes with Part 3, which examines specification divisions and sections in greater detail.
Cyrus Kabeer, CSP, NCARB, AIA, LEED AP, is an independent specification writer with an undergraduate degree in architecture and a master’s in urban planning, with over 35 years of experience. Now based in Vancouver, he has worked as an architect in the United States, Canada, the Middle East, and India, providing design, working drawings, specifications, and contract administration for institutional, transportation, industrial, military installations, commercial, and residential projects. Kabeer has been doing specifications since 2006, finding his passion for spec writing. He can be reached at cyrus.specifications@yahoo.com.
Form of Agreement
See Agreement Form
Four Cs
The four Cs for effective communication are:- CLEAR, Use proper grammar and simple sentence construction to avoid ambiguity.;- CONCISE, Eliminate unnecessary words, but not at the expense of clarity, correctness, or completeness;- CORRECT, Present information accurately and precisely. Carefully select words that convey exact meanings; - COMPLETE, Do not leave out important information.
Four Principles
The four principles of effective communication: clear, concise, correct, complete. (See Four C’s)
Full Warranty
Present information accurately and precisely. Carefully select words that convey exact meanings; COMPLETE, Do not leave out important information.
Furnish
Furnish means to supply and deliver to project site, ready for installation.
GANTT
Bar chart type schedule
GATT
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
General Aggregate Limit
The maximum limit of liability payable during any given annual policy period by an insurer under the 1986 CGL policy on behalf of an insured for all losses other than those arising from the products and completed operations hazards.
General Conditions
The conditions of the contract are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies.
General Conditions
General conditions for a project can be any of a number of standard documents published that are applicable to the project delivery method. Provisions of general conditions have broad application and include practices common in the United States. Standard general conditions for construction are prepared and published by professional societies such as the AIA, EJCDC, and DBIA.
General Liability Policy
Under a general liability policy, often called public liability insurance or commercial general liability insurance, the insurance company agrees to pay all sums for which the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages. The insurance company also agrees to provide legal defense in any related suits brought against the contractor.
General Maintenance
Unplanned maintenance of a “nuisance nature” requiring low skill levels for correction.
General Requirements
The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities. Administrative and procedural requirements are those relating to the process of contract administration, the assignment of contractual responsibilities, and the methods of communicating, verifying, and coordinating requirements for quality assurance. Temporary facilities and controls are those put into place for use only during the period of construction and that will be removed when no longer required for construction operations. Performance requirements are related to facility and system performance. Life cycle activities are related to commissioning, facility operation, facility maintenance, and facility decommissioning.
General Requirements
The general requirements in Division 01 of the specifications specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, and temporary facilities and controls. Division 01 sections govern the execution of the work specified in Divisions 02-49.
Goods
The term goods is used in purchasing specifications to designate the materials or equipment to be purchased. This term is also used in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which governs most purchasing contracts, so terminology is consistent between the specifications and applicable law.
Goods
Goods are products and equipment.
GSA
General Services Administration
Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
A GMP may be negotiated when the project design is in the early design phase such as design development and may be only sufficiently complete to allow adequate project definition. A contingency amount in the project budget should be included to allow for the inevitable changes and a resulting increase to the GMP.
Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
(Pricing Method) The prospective contractor’s price includes the cost of the work as defined in the procurement documents and the prospective contractor’s fee for administering construction, plus overhead and profit. The contractor’s fee can be stated as a stipulated sum (fixed fee) or as a percentage of the cost of the work. The cost of the work combined with the contractor’s fee is the GMP.
Guarantor
The person who makes a guaranty; one who becomes secondarily liable for another’s debt or performance in contrast with a strict surety who is primarily liable with the principal debtor.
Guaranty
To undertake collaterally to answer for the payment of another’s debt or the performance of another’s duty, liability, or obligation; to assume the responsibility of a guarantor; to warrant
Guide Specification
Many manufacturers offer suggested proprietary or guide specifications to relieve the A/E from some of the tasks of researching and writing a particular specification section.
Guide Specifications
Once a product has been selected, many electronic programs can be used to prepare a specification. In the simplest form, a product guide specification is edited by deleting irrelevant data from existing master text. Additional information and requirements can also be added to the electronic specification.
Hazardous Material Surveys
These surveys are conducted by experts to determine the extent of hazardous conditions on the site.
Hold Harmless Agreements
A contract under which legal liability of one party for damages is assumed by the other party to the contract. The basic types of such agreements are as follows: 1) Limited Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for his own negligent acts. Party B is, thus, protected when he is held vicariously responsible. 2) Intermediate Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for his own acts and agrees to share responsibility for joint and concurrent negligence of both parties. 3) Broad Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for all liability, including that arising out of the sole negligence of Party B.
HVAC
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
IEC
International Electromechanical Commission
Impact Studies
The feasibility of a project is also directly related to the impact it will have on the project site and surrounding community. Impact studies address: Operations, Relocation, Environmental Impact, Community and Public Facilities Impact, and Economic Impact
Imperative Mood
The imperative mood is the recommended method for instructions covering the installation of products and equipment. The verb that clearly defines the action becomes the first word in the sentence.
Implied Warranty
A promise arising by operation of law that something that is sold shall be merchantable and fit for the purpose for which the seller has reason to know that it is required.
Integrated Project Delivery
Project delivery method -
Indemnify
To restore in whole or in part the victim of a loss by payment, repair, or replacement.
Indemnity
Restoration to the victim of a loss up to the amount of the loss
Indemnity Agreement
An agreement between the principal and the surety whereby the principal guarantees the surety that the surety will incur no loss by reason of its providing the bond.
Indemnity Clause
See Hold Harmless Agreement.
Independent Sales Representatives
Manufacturers may promote their products with internal sales employees or contract with independent sales representatives to provide this service. Independent sales representatives typically have established contacts with A/Es, contractors, subcontractors, and perhaps owners within a defined geographic area. The agreements between manufacturers and independent sales representatives usually stipulate a specific geographic area of activity.
Independent Sales Representatives
Independent sales representatives do not actually handle the products they sell, but rather facilitate the process by conveying purchase orders to the manufacturer or arranging for the buyer to purchase directly from the manufacturer. The buyer may ask the independent sales representative for assistance in writing the purchase order or the independent sales representative may speak with the manufacturer regarding the purchase order specifically in question, but legally, the purchase order is between the buyer and the manufacturer. The independent sales representative works with the A/E to get the product specified and alerts the bidders to the project.
Indicative Mood
The indicative mood, passive voice requires the use of shall in nearly every statement. This sentence structure can cause unnecessary wordiness and monotony.
Informational Submittals
Informational submittals document information the A/E requires to verify performance and quality of project components, but do not require approval. They are also used as verification and certification that the installed work or portion of the work meets the specified requirements.
Inspect
Inspect means to examine carefully and critically, especially for defects
Inspection (Quality Control)
“Inspection” may include a checklist of items to be verified by inspection of products at their source. The qualifications of the inspector are significant when inspections require judgments based upon experience and knowledge of a particular field.
Inspections (A/E)
The standard AIA and EJCDC documents limit the number of inspections required of the A/E to two. These inspections are to determine the dates of substantial and final completion, which are part of project closeout.
Inspections (Contractor)
The standard owner-contractor agreements require the contractor to make inspections and to arrange for certain other inspections. The contractor: Inspects portions of work already completed to ensure they are ready for subsequent work; Obtains necessary inspections; required by the AHJ’s and prepares the initial punch list for substantial completion.
Install
Install means to place in position for service or use.
Installation Floater
Usually written to cover machinery and equipment of all kinds during transit, installation, and testing at the purchaser’s premises.
Instructions for Procurement
The instructions to bidders are the requirements with which bidders must comply before and during submission of bids.
Insurable Interest
An interest by the insured person in the value of the subject of insurance, including any legal or financial relationship. Insurable interest usually results from property rights, contract rights, and potential legal liability.
Insurance
A contractual relationship that exists when one party (the insurer), for a consideration (the premium), agrees to reimburse another party (the insured) for loss to a specified subject (the risk) caused by designated contingencies (hazards or perils).
Insure
Insure is to issue or procure an insurance policy.
Insured
The person(s) protected under an insurance contract.
Insurers
Indemnify participants against financial losses resulting from construction-related risks
Interior Designer (Architect)
The interior designer may become a member of the project design team in many ways. This person may be as an employee of the A/E, or hired by the A/E, or owner as a consultant. The interior designer provides recommendations on interior finishes, designs interior spaces and furniture layouts, prepares or reviews interior-related specifications for conformance with the design intention, and assists the A/E or owner with color selections.
Interior Designer (Architect)
Design Team - (Services may be provided by an interior design consultant outside the firm);- Creates the aesthetic design for the interiors of the project;- Makes recommendations for interior finishes including color coordination;- Designs interior spaces and furniture layouts;- Meets with product representatives or suppliers;- Selects materials and products and, subject to owner approval, has decision-making power for the interior design;- May or may not be involved with the construction documents or construction administration
Invitation to Bid
The invitation to bid is intended to attract qualified bidders and to help prospective bidders decide whether to obtain the procurement documents.
ISO 9000
The International Organization of Standardization (ISO) developed ISO 9000. It is a series of related standards, which has become an internationally accepted framework for developing internal
Isometric
An isometric is a type of drawing that shows horizontal and vertical surfaces not in perspective, but equally foreshortened in all three dimensions.
Job Captain (Architect)
Design Team;- Probably does not have client contact;- Works primarily for the project architect to produce the construction drawings; may direct the work of the drafters, but has no other management responsibilities;- Has no decision-making power or influence over the aesthetic design, construction documents, or construction administration
Judicial Reference
This process is provided for by statute in a number of states. The statutes establish the authority for an independent private party, usually a lawyer or retired judge, to be retained to decide the matter. Avenues of appeal are the same as if the case was heard and decided in the judicial system.
PageFormat
A standard page format provides an orderly and uniform arrangement of text for each page of a specification section.
PageFormat
A standard page format provides an orderly and uniform arrangement of text for each page of a specification section.
Paragraph
One or more statements, addressing a particular subject.
Paragraph
One or more statements addressing a particular subject.
Parking Consultant
Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical design and layout of parking areas and parking garages;- May prepare construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration
PART
One of the three groups of related information that make up a section “GENERAL”, “PRODUCTS,” and “EXECUTION”).
PART 1 GENERAL
Describes materials, products, equipment, fabrications, mixes, systems, and assemblies that are required for incorporation into the project. Materials and products are included with the quality required.
PART 2 PRODUCTS
Describes materials, products, equipment, fabrications, mixes, systems, and assemblies that are required for incorporation into the project. Materials and products are included with the quality required.
PART 2 PRODUCTS
Describes the systems, assemblies, equipment, products, materials, fabrications, and mixes that are to be incorporated into the project.
PART 3 EXECUTION
Describes installation or application, including preparatory actions and post-installation cleaning and protection. Site-built assemblies and site-manufactured products and system are included.
PART 3 EXECUTION
Describes field/site installation or application, including preparatory actions and post-installation cleaning and protection. Field/site-built assemblies and field/site-manufactured products and systems are included.
Partial Submittals
Partial submittals are sometimes necessary to expedite the project. For example, on a fast track project, the concrete reinforcement shop drawings might be submitted on a floor-by-floor basis. Systems may sometimes be broken down into components and separate submittals prepared for each of several items, such as an exterior pole and standard, luminaire, and base. Partial submittals should be identified as such. For the concrete reinforcement submittal, for example, if only floors 1 and 2 of a 10-story building are being transmitted, the drawings should be clearly marked “Partial Submission - Floors 1 and 2 Only.”
Parties to the Contract
The agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties.
Partnering
“Partnering” is a concept of “team work” or “team building.” This concept may be required by the owner or construction/project manager to help ensure cooperative efforts and proactive solutions. This concept is usually implemented by having a managerial consultant bring the participants together for an interactive session. Team members (participants) set priorities and goals to achieve. This concept may also involve a pledge by those involved to make every attempt to resolve issues without conflict. Partnering as a concept attempts to make all team members partners in the process of executing the work and completing the facility.
Party
Party refers to a signer of a contract, such as the owner and contractor in an owner-contractor agreement. When the intent is to include persons or companies, such as subcontractors and others who are involved in the construction process but are not signers of the contract, the generic entity should be used.
Payment
the disbursement of money proportionate to that quantity of work.
Payment Bond
The payment bond, sometimes referred to as the labor and materials payment bond, guarantees that subcontractors, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material, and equipment to the project will be paid.
Payment Intervals
Common payment intervals are: Periodic progress payments; Provisional payments; Single payment.
Payment Procedures
Identifies when the contractor will submit applications for payment and when payment by the owner to the contractor will be made.
Payment Procedures
Establishes requirements for preparing and processing applications for payment. It establishes time periods for submitting applications and receiving payment. This article might also establish an interest rate for monies not paid when due.
Penal Amount
Bonds are written with a limit on the amount of the guarantee. This limiting amount, frequently 100 percent of the contract amount, is called the penal sum or penal amount of the bond.
Penalty/Bonus Clause
A clause providing a penalty of a daily amount for not completing the work in the allotted time or by the agreed-upon date can be included in the contract. However, if there is a penalty clause in the contract, it should be accompanied by language that pays the contractor a bonus/incentive amount for early completion. Usually the per-day amount for penalty and bonus/incentive are the same amount. (See Liquidated Damages)
Performance Specification
A performance specification is a description of the required end result of a product or system and includes the criteria to be used for verification of proper installation. It is generally written to encourage the use of innovative construction techniques.
Performance Specifying
Performance specifying can be extended from a single attribute to an entire project with numerous variations in between. Performance specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements. Various codes and standards are moving toward more performance criteria.
Performance Specifying
Specifies the required results, the criteria by which the performance will be judged, and the method by which it can be verified. The contractor is free to choose materials and methods complying with the performance criteria.
Performance Specifying
Performance specifying is a method of indicating characteristics and requirements with measurable properties. By specifying the end result, performance specifying provides flexibility in optional solutions that all meet the same requirements.
Peril
The cause of a loss insured against in the policy; (e.g., fire, windstorm, explosion, etc.)
Periodic Progress Payments
The calendar month is the most common payment interval. Monthly progress payments are appropriate for most projects, including those of long duration and high cost, where the rate of progress will vary from month to month. Twice-monthly or even weekly progress payments may be appropriate for small projects performed by small contractors or large fast-track projects where large amounts of money are expended over brief periods on a regular basis.
Perspective
A perspective is a type of drawing that illustrates objects as they appear to the eye, with reference to relative distance and depth.
Phases (Of Design)
In the terminology of AIA and DBIA, the design stage consists of two phases: schematic design and design development. In EJCDC terminology, the design process consists of preliminary design and final design.
Planning / Pre-design
The decision-making process during this stage provides the foundation for successful progression through subsequent project stages. The process involves a series of repeated activities including identification, analysis, and refinement. Project conception is often a creative stage for the owner; it requires a clear understanding of project values and goals which become the basis of many decisions. A facility program documents these decisions, resulting in a framework for future design decisions, operational procedures, and determining project feasibility.
Plumbing Engineer
Design Team;- Is Responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of domestic water, removal of sewerage, directing rainwater off the roof, and medical gas systems for hospitals, including the necessary equipment;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration
Policy
The insurance policy is a contract or agreement between the insurer and the insured.
Policy Term
The period for which the mode premium has been paid.
Pre-Bid Meeting
The pre-bid meeting, normally convened at the site, allows the owner, A/E, and consultants to orient the prospective contractors to conditions affecting the project. The owner may make attendance a mandatory condition of bidding.
Precontract Revisions
Precontract revisions include revisions made prior to signing the agreement. Addenda are written or graphic information issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the original procurement documents or in previous addenda. Typically, an addendum is issued prior to the receipt of bids or proposals. Other revisions may include bid or proposal revisions when permitted. Addenda items affecting the contract documents are contract document revisions and should be enforced during the administration of the contract.
Preconstruction Meetings
Preconstruction meetings are important for introducing the project team, establishing the ground rules for communication, and explaining the administrative process. In many cases, a single meeting is all that is required; however, large, complex, or multi-prime contractor projects may require more than one meeting. A procedural meeting may cover administrative procedures, such as communication, submittals, testing, and inspection. A second mobilization meeting may address use of the site.
Preconstruction Submittals
Generally, no work should begin until all required pre-construction submittals have been submitted by the contractor and reviewed by the A/E and owner. When the contractor receives the notice to proceed, preparation and delivery of the pre-construction submittals should begin as soon as possible. These submittals may include: Certificates of insurance and workers compensation coverage; Payment and performance bonds; Proposed subcontractor and product lists; Preliminary construction progress schedule; Submittal schedule with dates coordinated with construction progress schedule; Proposed use of the site and site logistics, including project identification signage; Erosion control plan; Pollution control plan; Traffic control plan; Sustainable project action plan.
Preinstallation Meetings
Preinstallation meetings help to clarify installation procedures, phasing, and coordination of the participants and processes involved in the installation of a specific product or system. These meetings are usually specified to focus on specific concerns and do not relieve the contractor of the responsibility to coordinate the work.
Preliminary Project Description (PPD)
Preparing the preliminary project description requires the design team to think the project through and document decisions and design criteria in broad terms. Changes can be made during development of the document and throughout subsequent refinement and value analysis stages, without disrupting the ongoing design process. The document should include information suitable for preliminary cost estimates, time schedules, and initial value analysis studies. The emphasis of the preliminary project description is on describing the physical requirements of the project, but it should not be considered as the first step in preparing the project specifications. Identification of actual materials to be used is often tentative and may change during later stages of design.
Preliminary Project Description (PPD)
These descriptions based on systems and assemblies may have been created for a project during schematic design and can be used as a checklist in preparing the project specifications.
Preliminary Studies
These due diligence studies are investigations carried out by the owner, independently or in consultation with a development consultant and other experts, to identify the conditions and influences that will shape the project concept and clarify the owner’s values and goals.
Preventative Maintenance
A planned and controlled program of periodic inspection, adjustment, lubrication, and replacement of components, as well as performance testing and analysis.
Price
A price is presented in one of two ways: 1) a bid that will be compared with other bids submitted by other prospective contractors in a competitive process; 2) an offer in the form of a proposal in a negotiation process.
Pricing
Construction pricing is a complex evaluation process to determine construction cost and profit. Pricing involves a comprehensive cost analysis of the project requirements, based on the information contained in the procurement documents and other information obtained during the period preceding bidding or formal negotiation.
Pricing Documents
The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a negotiation process the documents are referred to as pricing documents.
Principal-in-Charge
Contractor Team;- Typically an owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision-maker for the firm;- Is Authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- Provides global “high -altitude” management and is not involved with day-to-day activities;- Represents the firm to others;- Usually is not involved in the details of construction
Procedural Meeting
This meeting (often referred to as the preconstruction meeting) is held before the start of construction.
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group is the location within MasterFormat for introductory information and procurement information as well as the location for information defining the relationships, responsibilities, and processes for construction.
Procurement Documents
The procurement documents consist of the procurement and contracting requirements and the proposed contract documents. They are used to solicit pricing, that is, bids or proposals from prospective contractors.
Procurement Documents
The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents. In a negotiation process the documents are referred to as pricing documents.
Procurement Requirements
Procurement requirements instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Typically, procurement requirements include the following documents: Solicitation, instructions for procurement, available information, procurement forms and supplements, and addenda.
Procurement and Contracting Requirements, Division 00
Procurement requirements instruct the bidders or proposers about the established procedures for preparing and submitting their bids or proposals. Procurement requirements are addressed to prospective bidders or proposers interested in the project. Although not necessarily part of a contract, the procurement requirements are usually bound with other written construction documents into a project manual. Contracting requirements, though not specifications, are legal documents that describe contractual requirements. Contracting requirements define the processes, rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties to the contract.
Product Data
Product data includes illustrations, standard schedules, diagrams, performance charts, instructions, and brochures that illustrate physical appearance, size, and other characteristics of materials and equipment for some portion of the work.
Product Lists
Standard AIA general conditions require the contractor to submit lists of proposed subcontractors. Some owners may require these to be submitted with the contractor’s bid or proposal. In order for the owner and A/E to verify acceptability, the lists are required before work begins. These lists are prepared by the contractor, submitted to the A/E for review, and forwarded by the A/E to the owner for final approval. Product lists are a means for the A/E to verify that the contractor uses only specified products or approved substitutions. They are also valuable to the contractor in verifying that suppliers and subcontractors use products that comply with the specified requirements.
Product Representative
Advises design professionals, owners, contractors, and subcontractors on products and systems to be incorporated into the project
Product Representative
Individuals and companies involved in the promotion and sale of construction products and systems are product representatives.
Programmer
Design Team - (Services may be provided by a programming consultant outside the firm);- Is generally reserved for large complex projects such as hospitals;- Meets with the owner and user groups to interprets the design requirements and develops a program that will be used to arrange the spatial relationships between functions and areas of the project;- Usually is not involved with the construction documents or construction administration;- Does not meet with product representatives or suppliers
Profit
Profit is the financial benefit that the contractor will realize after all costs and claims for the project are paid. It is often calculated as a percentage of the total costs.
Progress Meetings
Progress meetings concern the progress of the work. They provide a forum in which matters pertinent to the timely completion of the work can be discussed. The frequency and length of progress meetings depend on the extent of the project and the project delivery method.
Progress Payments
See Periodic Progress Payments
Progress Schedule
The contractor is responsible for preparing a construction progress schedule that shows the estimated start and completion dates of the major activities of the construction process. The schedule may take any of several forms. The two most frequently used construction schedule formats are the Gantt or bar chart and network analysis diagram, more commonly referred to as the critical path method (CPM) chart.
Project
The project is the process of planning, design, documentation, contracting, construction, and management of a facility. The completed project is a facility, which is a constructed entity or space designed to perform a certain function.
Project Architect (Architect)
Design Team;- Provides some “low -altitude” management of the architect’s staff;- Directs, manages, and coordinates the day-to-day activities of the production of the construction documents;- Coordinates the construction documents with the engineers and consultants;- Meets with product representatives or suppliers;- Generally determines the assembly of materials and products;- Has some amount of decision-making power, which is usually limited to the documents
Project Budget
The project budget should include projections of all of the costs associated with the entire project. A project budget may consider initial construction cost only or may include projected costs of operation. Including the operations and maintenance costs in a project budget will provide a better understanding of the total life cycle costs.
Project Closeout
Construction contract administration culminates in project closeout and includes activities involved with the orderly transfer of the completed project from the contractor to the owner. The closeout process begins with starting and adjusting systems, and ends with the contractor accepting final payment from the owner.
Project Conception Stage (Life Cycle)
Project conception consists of activities that transform the needs or aspirations of the owner into a clear concept upon which the project can be designed and built.
Project Conception Stage (Life Cycle)
Project conception is the stage in the facility life cycle in which an owner’s needs and requirements are identified, preliminary studies are performed, a site is selected, and a preliminary budget and schedule are established.
Project Cost
Project cost includes: Cost of preliminary studies; Site cost; Project design cost; Cost for obtaining permits and approvals for the project; Cost of construction; Cost of furniture, furnishings, and equipment; Relocation cost
Project Delivery
Project delivery is the contractual relationships between the owner, architect/engineer, contractor(s), and the management services utilized to design and construct a project. Project delivery moves a project from a concept to a completed facility. Project delivery methods include design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, construction management, design-build, and owner-build. Each delivery method can have variations in types of contract payments (such as lump sum, unit price, and costplus,) scheduling (such as fast track), and number of contracts (such as single or multiple-prime contracts). Competitive market forces compel most owners to select a project delivery method that will achieve a balance between the elements of project extent, cost, and time.
Project Delivery (Life Cycle)
At some point in the process the owner needs to determine the project delivery method to be used: design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, design-build, construction management, or owner-build.
Project Delivery Methods
Project delivery methods include design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build, construction management, design-build, and owner-build. Each delivery method can have variations in types of contract payments (such as lump sum, unit price, and cost-plus,) scheduling (such as fast track), and number of contracts (such as single or multiple-prime contracts).
Project Designer (A/E)
Design Team;- Creates the aesthetic design for the project which may be limited to the exterior if an interior designer is part of the design team;- Meets with product representatives or suppliers;- Selects materials and products and, subject to owner approval, has decision-making power for the exterior design;- Usually is not involved with the construction documents or construction administration
Project Manager (Architect)
Design Team;- May or may not be an owner or principal of the firm, but is usually an officer;- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- May or may not seal the documents;- Provides general “middle -altitude” management of the architect’s staff, engineers, and consultants, and is involved with day-to-day activities;- Guides the project through the design portion of the project delivery method;- Has controlling responsibility for the various phases and activities of the design process;- May or may not meet with product manufacturer representatives or suppliers
Project Manager
Contractor Team;- May or may not be an owner or principal of the firm, but is usually an officer;- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- Provides general “middle -altitude” management of the contractor’s staff, suppliers, and subcontractors, and is involved with day-to-day activities;- Guides the project through the construction portion of the project delivery method
Project Manual
The documents commonly referred to as the specifications normally contain much more than that name implies. The procurement requirements, contracting forms, and conditions of the contract are usually included, but they are not specifications. This information is, in fact, a collection of certain written construction documents and project requirements whose contents and functions are best implied by the title Project Manual.
Project Manual
The written construction documents prepared for procuring a construction contract and for constructing a project. The Project Manual contains procurement requirements, contract forms, conditions of the contract, and specifications.
Project Record Documents
Record documents are construction documents that are subsequently modified to show actual construction. In addition to the modified contract documents, record documents include reviewed shop drawings, product data, samples, field test reports, inspection certificates, manufacturer’s certificates, inspection reports from AHJs, documentation of special foundation depths, special measurements or adjustments, surveys, design mixes, and project photographs and videos.
Project Representation
Usually an additional service that provides the owner with more extensive or full-time on-site representation during construction. The owner may retain the A/E to provide this service.
Project Schedule
A well-prepared project schedule can make the difference between a project that progresses smoothly and one that is characterized by delays and other problems. It serves as a road map, plotting out a logical succession of steps, from which a series of smaller, more specific tasks emanate. It also serves as a script showing the interactions of key project participants.
Project Schedule
Several different levels of construction progress schedules are used in projects. One or more of these schedule levels may be used in a single project. The more complex the project, the more likely that a combination of schedule levels will be used.
Project Stages (Facility Life Cycle)
The life cycle of a facility, from concept through construction, to use and eventual deconstruction (demolition), follows a number of stages: Project conception; Project Delivery; Design; Construction Documents; Bidding/Negotiating/Purchasing; Construction; Facility Management.
Project Team
The construction of a facility is the culmination of the collective needs, ideas, talents, and services of a diverse group of individuals. These individuals can be categorized into four basic teams: owner team, design team, contractor team, and supplier team
Project Time Limit
The project time limit provisions are normally established by the date of commencement stated in the agreement. The date of commencement may be established by a notice to proceed. The agreement for a design-build (D-B) project or a negotiated contract that has the contractor performing value analysis and constructability reviews during the design stage may not establish the construction start time or duration. In this case, the notice to proceed issued by the owner to the contractor establishes the construction start date and the construction duration.
Property Damage
As defined in the general liability policy, property damage means (1) physical injury to or destruction of tangible property that occurs during the policy period, including the loss of use thereof at any time there from, or (2) loss of use of tangible property that has not been physically injured or destroyed, provided such loss of use is caused by an occurrence during the policy period.
Property Insurance
Property insurance compensates the insureds for damages to covered property caused by insured perils. Builder’s risk insurance is the cornerstone of the project’s property insurance.
Property Insurance
Insurance that indemnifies the person with an interest in the physical property for its loss or the loss of its income-producing ability. This is first-party insurance, which provides coverage for the insured’s property damaged or destroyed by an insured peril, as contrasted with liability insurance, which covers the insured’s legal liability to others. Examples of property insurance include builder’s risk and fire insurance.
Proposal
Proposal is an offer from one entity to another, of terms and conditions with reference to some work, which if accepted can form a contract. A proposal implies an opportunity for more consideration by the recipient and is sometimes utilized when project cost or other conditions will be determined by negotiation. A proposal is usually in response to a request for proposal.
Proposal Requests
A proposal request is a written document, usually prepared by the A/E, that describes a proposed change to the project. The proposal request is sent to the contractor for evaluation of how the proposed change will affect the contract sum and time.
Proprietary Products
Proprietary products and systems are often unique, high-performance materials without comparable competitive products.
Proprietary Specifications
Proprietary specifications identify the desired products by manufacturer’s name, brand name, model number, type designation, or other unique characteristics.
Proprietary Specifying
Specifies actual brand names, model numbers, and other proprietary information. A proprietary specification describes products and materials by manufacturer’s name, brand name, model number, or unique characteristic. Closed proprietary specifications do not allow for substitutions, but open proprietary specifications allow for alternative products.
Provisional Payments
Provisional payments are predetermined partial amounts of the total contract sum tied to the attainment of identifiable milestones. The milestones may be percentages of the total quantities in the project, or they may be certain portions of the entire project that have been assigned a predetermined value.
Punch List
A comprehensive list of incomplete or non-conforming work to be completed or corrected.
Punch List
The punch list identifies incomplete work and items requiring correction.
Punch Lists
Punch lists are lists of items requiring correction or completion by the contractor. The initial punch list is prepared by the contractor prior to requesting substantial completion. During the A/E’s inspection to determine substantial completion, the A/E prepares a supplemental punch list. These two punch lists combined are the final punch list.
Purchase Order
Purchase orders are forms used primarily to execute the sale of a product. Purchase orders are usually utilized between the supplier team and the owner, contractor, or subcontractor.
Purchase Order
A purchase order outlines the terms under which the product is purchased, fabricated, delivered, and installed. The purchase order may also includes provisions for payment. Purchase orders are signed at different times between different construction participants depending on the project delivery method.
Purchasing
Purchasing is the direct acquisition of materials and equipment by an owner for the owner’s use or for installation in the owner’s project.
Purchasing
Purchasing is the direct acquisition of materials and equipment, and in some cases special services, by the owner (referred to as the buyer) for installation in the project or use in the constructed facility. Materials and equipment acquired under a purchasing contract may include supplies, furnishings, or equipment necessary for the facility to function during the facility management stage. The supplier is not normally engaged in project-site installation, except when special services are provided.
Purchasing
Purchasing is the direct acquisition by the owner of supplies, materials, furniture, furnishings, or special services necessary for one or more of the following: Installation by a contractor for the project, referred to as owner-furnished and contractor-installed; Installation by the owner’s personnel or a separate contractor engaged by the owner, referred to as owner-furnished and owner installed; Use in the operation of the completed project during the facility management stage.
Qualification Statements
It is common for specifications to require qualification statements from fabricators, erectors, and installers. These statements are used by the A/E to determine that the company and the individual doing the work is qualified. These qualification statements may consist of a description of the company’s experience, along with a list of past projects and references. The specifications may require certification by a material supplier or a certification organization that the installer has been trained and is qualified to install the particular material or system or that a particular individual has been trained in a certain professional manner (e.g., welding).
Quality
The factors of extent, time and cost will establish the quality of the project and its component parts.
Quality
Quality refers to the project requirements established in the contract documents. The contract documents will be prepared resulting from the design process.
Quality
The A/E prepares construction documents that set forth the requirements for construction of the project. These documents are based on the agreed-upon requirements, schedule, and budget. These requirements establish the project quality. The A/E’s ability to administer quality assurance and quality control during construction depends on how clearly these requirements are stated in the contract documents.
Quality
Quality refers to the project requirements established by the contract documents.
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance (QA) refers to the procedures for guarding against defects and deficiencies before and during the execution of the work
Quality Assurance
QA refers to the procedures for discovering defects and deficiencies or deviations to the contract documents before and during the execution of the work. It includes submittals, certifications, and other actions to ensure that the proposed products and services meet the contract requirements.
Quality Control
Quality control (QC) refers to the procedures for evaluating completed activities and elements of the design for conformance with the requirements.
Quality Control
QC refers to the procedures for evaluating completed activities and elements of the work for conformance with contract requirements. Procedures include testing and inspection. Contractual agreements may include the responsibility and authority to find and correct causes of unsatisfactory performance.
Quality Loop (Quality Spiral)
In each step of the process, the previous quality control becomes part of quality assurance for the next step. This process is referred to as a quality loop or quality spiral by the American Society for Quality Control.
Quantity Allowance
A specified quantity of a product or assembly that the bidder includes in the scope of the work even though the location of the product is not defined on the drawings or in the specifications
Recommend
To recommend is to commend to the favorable attention of another, such as the A/E recommending to the owner to make payment to the contractor.
Record Construction Documents
Project record construction documents include drawings, the project manual, addenda, contract modifications, submittals, product data, shop drawings, samples, startup logs, commissioning reports, test reports, and certifications.
Record Documents
Record documents are the project submittals, startup logs, and construction documents (drawings and project manual) modified to include revisions made during the construction stage.
Record Documents
Record documents include the construction submittals, record drawings, record specifications, addenda, contract modifications, photographs, startup logs, test reports, certifications and other documents, which are assembled by the contractor.
Record Documents
Record documents are construction documents that are subsequently modified to show actual construction.
Record Drawings
Record drawings are marked-up or corrected contract drawings that identify changes incorporated into the work during construction. These changes include field changes, modifications, and supplemental drawings.
Record Drawings
The contract documents may require record drawings. Often the contractor marks up the contract drawings to indicate changes and field conditions. The contract documents indicate the type of information required to be included on the record drawings
Record Drawings
Record drawings include contract modifications, which in turn include addenda, change directives, minor changes in the work, and change orders. They also include locations of concealed elements of the work.
Record Drawings
Record drawings include: Modifications made to the drawings by addenda, change orders, supplemental instructions, and field orders; Revisions to materials, detailing, and dimensions incorporated into the project; Revised locations of structural elements, mechanical equipment, controls cabling and equipment, piping, valves, filters, cleanouts, access panels, electrical raceway, cabling, and junction boxes; Locations of underground utilities with horizontal and vertical dimensions.
Record Project Manual
The project manual may also be revised to include modifications. In addition, the contract documents may require the specifications to be revised to identify the selected manufacturer, model name or number, and finishes of materials incorporated in the work.
Record Project Manual
Record project manuals include: Modifications made to the project manual by addenda, change orders, supplemental instructions, and field orders; Identification of materials and systems incorporated in construction, rather than all acceptable manufacturers, materials, and systems identified in the contract documents.
Record Submittals
Record submittals include a complete set of shop drawings, product data, test reports, and other information on materials, equipment, and systems incorporated into the project.
Reference Standard Specifying
Specifies product or processes by established standards. A reference standard specification uses recognized product and material standards rather than individually written product or installation criteria. Standards must be reviewed carefully to avoid duplications, optional requirements, and contradictions
Reference Standards
A standard is a document established by consensus that provides rules, guidelines, or characteristics for activities or their results as defined in the International Standards Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Guide 2. These standards are “incorporated by reference” into the specifications and thus become commonly known as reference standards. They are published by trade associations, professional societies, standards-writing organizations, governments, and institutional organizations.
Regulatory Requirements
Laws and regulations governing construction are enforced at federal, state, and local levels of government to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public and ensure the integrity of completed projects.
Reporting Form
A policy designed for use when values of the insured property fluctuate during the policy term. Usually an adequate limit of liability is set, and then the insured reports the values actually on hand on a given day of each month. At the end of the year or policy term, these reported values are averaged and the premium adjusted accordingly.
Representation, Dual Nature of Supplier Team
Product representatives are valuable assests to the design and construction process and there is a dual nature regarding their function and role. Consultant: Provider of technical information necessary for properly incorporating materials and products into a project; can advise owners, A/Es, contractors, and subcontractors of product options, limitations, cost, installation, and maintenance Sales: As is the case with every business, representatives are looking for opportunities to sale the products they represent
Request for Qualifications (RFQ)
A request for qualifications may be issued prior to the RFP or at the same time. The information received in response to the request for qualifications helps the owner discern the qualifications of those who may be considered for the project. The owner may want to have this information before the RFP is sent. This may help to narrow the field as the RFP is sent only to those who have been approved or prequalified.
Requests for Interpretations (RFIs)
The acronym RFI is sometimes used to mean request for information. RFI’s should be limited to requesting an interpretation of the documents or may be a request for information that may be missing.
Requirements (Performance)
Specify general performance applicable to the entire facility such as sustainability, energy, and environmental design requirements.
Resource Drawings
These are the drawings furnished during the procurement stage that generally show existing conditions such as roads, buildings, and current construction circumstances. These may be drawings that were prepared for the construction of existing facilities. Drawings of this nature rarely show exact as-built conditions and may be record drawings from the previous contractor. Resource drawings are generally furnished for reference only and are not contract documents.
Resource Materials (Operations and Maintenance)
The facility manager requires a variety of resource materials to ensure efficient and effective operations and maintenance (O&M). The storage and archiving of these materials is best organized into four categories: Permanent record set; Regular use set; Equipment and systems information; Cleaning and regular maintenance information
Retainage
Progress payments are usually subject to the Retainage of a prescribed percentage of the amount due for payment. This Retainage is not to force the contractor to perform. It protects the owner against errors in estimating the value of work completed, or defective work and is used to settle other participant (third-party) claims against the contractor before the release of final payment.
Retainage Bond
If agreeable to the owner, the contractor may choose to submit a bond to the owner in lieu of having the owner withhold retainage from payments due to the contractor. The bond provides protection to the owner similar to the protection that withholding retainage offers.
Review Submittals
Under the terms of the contract between the owner and the contractor, the A/E is responsible for reviewing certain submittals from the contractor. These submittals include shop drawings, product data, samples, test reports, and other types of informational submittals. At the conclusion of the project, the A/E usually reviews the record documents, operations and maintenance (O&M) data, and other closeout submittals before they are sent to the owner.
Revise and Resubmit (Submittal)
Modifications are required prior to approval. Work cannot proceed until the submittal is revised and resubmitted to the A/E for review and approval.
Revisions, Clarifications, and Modifications
Pre-contract revisions include revisions made prior to signing the agreement. Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contact by formal contract modifications. Contract modifications include modifications after the construction agreement has been signed and may include additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work to be done.
RFI
Request for Interpretation
Right to Award Separate Contracts
The owner has the right to award separate contracts. The owner is also responsible for coordinating the activities of the various contractors, unless this responsibility is contractually delegated to a construction manager or one of the contractors.
Right to Carry Out the Work
If the contractor defaults or neglects to perform the work according to the terms of the contract documents, or fails to commence work within a stipulated period of time, the owner has the right to terminate the contract and complete the project by other means.
Right to Clean
If the contractor does not maintain the project site free from waste materials and rubbish as required by the contract documents, the owner may, after written notification to the contractor, clean the site and receive reimbursement for the cost of the cleaning by adjusting the contract amount with a deductive change order.
Right to Partial Occupancy
The owner may occupy a portion of the project if agreed to by the contractor and the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs). However, partial occupancy does not constitute acceptance of work not complying with the contract documents.
Right to Perform Construction
The owner may perform construction with the owner’s own forces, but in such cases the owner is responsible for coordinating the work of the owner’s forces with the contractor’s work and schedule.
Right to Stop the Work
A significant right of the owner during construction is the right to stop the work for good cause. This responsibility cannot be delegated to the A/E.
Right to Terminate Without Cause (Termination for Convenience)
The owner may terminate the contract without cause.
Supervise
An important part of the contractor’s responsibility during construction is to supervise the work.
Supervise
The standard general conditions of the contract require the contractor to supervise and direct those who are performing the work and to be responsible for construction means, methods, techniques, sequences, and procedures.
Supervisor
Contractor Team;- May or may not be authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- Directs, manages, and coordinates the day-to-day activities of the contractor’s staff, suppliers, and subcontractors, and is involved with day-to-day activities
Supplementary Conditions
Supplementary conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of a specific project.
Supplementary Conditions
Specially prepared to modify and expand the general conditions as needed to accommodate the unique requirements of a specific project.
Supplementary Conditions
The requirements of the general conditions can be modified or expanded in the supplementary conditions to accommodate specific project conditions, owner’s requirements, or unusual aspects relating to the roles, rights, duties, and responsibilities of the parties to the contract for construction. Supplementary conditions are not standard for every project and must be prepared based on requirements of the specific project.
Supplier
Furnishes or supplies products or services for the project, but does not perform labor at the site
Supplier Team
The supplier team consists of individuals, organizations, and companies involved in the manufacture, promotion, and sale of construction products and systems. Effective interaction by the supplier team requires expert knowledge to educate the other project team members about available products, systems, and installation methods; provide technical assistance during project design and construction; and ensure proper installation and use of products and systems. The supplier team works with the owner and design teams to identify products that are suitable for particular project conditions and requirements. The supplier team works with the contractor team by providing information necessary for proper delivery, storage, and installation of products and systems.
Surety
Provides guaranty of contractual performance of certain project participants
Surety
Also referred to as the bonding company, the surety is the party that guarantees the principal’s performance. In essence, the surety agrees to be bound to the obligations of the principal should the principal fail to perform them.
Surety Bond
The surety bond is the written document given by the surety and principal to the obligee to guarantee a specific obligation.
Sustainable Design Principles
Sustainable design is based on theoretical models in which the documented environmental impact of individual building products, systems, subsystems, and whole structures is extrapolated to a point in the future to predict their life cycle impacts. The emphasis of sustainable design is the environmental performance of a facility over the course of its life cycle.
Sustainablitity Consultant
Design Team;- Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for being environmentally sensitive and for sustainable properties of materials and products;- Assists with evaluations and decision making if the project is seeking a specific rating, such as a LEED™ rating;- May participate in construction administration
Sustainablitity Consultant
Contractor Team;- Recommends opportunities for being environmentally sensitive and advises about the sustainability properties of materials and products;- Assists with evaluations and decision making if the project is seeking a specific rating, such as a LEED™ rating
Swimming Pool, Fountain, and Water Feature Consultant (A/E)
Design Team;- Is Responsible for the aesthetic and technical design of the materials, products, finishes, and equipment to control water in a design feature ;- May prepare construction drawings and specifications;- May participate in construction administration
Systems Commissioning
With building systems commissioning, the commissioning authority typically becomes involved in the project near the end of the construction stage and is responsible for ensuring that designated systems are properly tested and will perform in accordance with the design.
Systems Commissioning
System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility.
Systems and Assemblies (UniFormat)
These systems and assemblies are characterized by their function without identifying the products that compose them.
Temporary facilities and controls
Temporary facilities and controls are those put into place for use only during the period of construction and that will be removed when no longer required for construction operations.
Termination without Cause (Termination for Convenience)
The owner may terminate the contract without cause.
Test Reports
Test and evaluation reports are submitted to the A/E to document required testing. For example, reports from a testing agency inspecting and testing shop welding of fabricated structural steel are routinely required
Testing and Certification
Product testing and certification requirements may be required by AHJs to verify requirements with regulatory requirements and by the owner or A/E for quality assurance or quality control purposes
Testing and Inspection Agencies
Provide quality assurance and quality control by verifying that specific project elements and components comply with the contract and code requirements
Tests
Means of verifying conformance with performance criteria and a measure of actual or predicted performance level. A test will be associated with each criterion and may be based on a recognized industry test method, calculation or engineering analysis, observation, or professional judgment. Test results may be evaluated by conducting the specified test, or simply by submitting certified results of previous testing.
Tests
“Tests” may include compression tests for verification of a concrete mix design; sieve analysis of natural materials, such as aggregates or soil; and test curves for fabricated units, such as electrical switchgear.
Third Party Claims
A claim initiated by someone other than a party to the construction contract. Generally, third-party claims arise from construction activities that affect the interests of others in areas adjacent to or in the vicinity of the project.
Time
The time available is generally established by owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days. On certain projects, days might be defined as working days, nonweekend along with listing of holidays. See also Completion.
Time Limit
The AIA standard general conditions state that time limits in the contract documents are of the essence. The time limit usually is the period of time allotted in the contract documents to achieve substantial completion of the project.
Tolerances
Tolerances are a QC requirements specified for construction items in the specifications, or by references to various industry or trade association standards related to product or equipment. Tolerances vary depending on the material and its use. Tolerances may be industry standards or they may be special project requirements. Material tolerances are as important as construction tolerances. The specifications also normally consider the tolerances and clearances required for constructability.
Total Project Commissioning
Total project commissioning is a quality process utilizing an independent company providing services that may include monitoring the owner’s project requirements and verifying that the requirements are incorporated into the basis of design. Commissioning continues through the construction stage of the project providing certain QA/QC services.
Total Project Commissioning
The commissioning process is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the owner’s requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building. Total project commissioning begins during conception and extends into facility management and use. The purpose of total project commissioning is to document the owner’s project requirements (program/expectations) and to verify that it is achieved and placed into proper operation.
Total Project Commissioning
With total project commissioning, the commissioning authority is already part of the project team when construction begins and is typically involved throughout the construction stage.
Total Project Commissioning
Total project commissioning, also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the owner’s facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation.
Trade Associations
Trade associations are organizations established by manufacturers, fabricators, or installers to promote an industry segment. Trade associations are organized to promote the proper installation, application, and use of a product; enforce industry standards and develop new standards; and occasionally lobby on political issues that affect the particular trade.
Tripartite Relationship
Tripartite relationship among the owner, contractor, and A/E. This relationship is created by obligations to third parties to the contract. For example, the owner-A/E agreement may require certain duties of the A/E acting on behalf of the owner. The contractor has a right to rely on the proper performance of these duties. The A/E, similarly, relies on the contractor to perform certain duties identified in the owner-contractor agreement, even though the A/E is not a party to that contract. The A/E relationship to the contractor in the owner-contractor agreement is a third-party relationship. These third-party relationships create the third side of the triangle in the construction process.
UFGS
Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (DOD, NASA)
Umbrella Excess Liability Insurance
The umbrella excess liability policy provides a layer of insurance above the limits carried in the contractor’s other liability coverage.
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
The UCC governs contracts dealing with the sale of goods and, with minor variations, is the law in every state except Louisiana. The purpose of the UCC is to facilitate commerce by providing certainty and consistency in commercial transactions.
Uniform Drawing System (UDS)
The U.S. National CAD Standard for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (NCS), including the Uniform Drawing System (UDS), provides a standard for defining and locating information on the drawings, including the identification of standard symbols, abbreviations, and notations.
UniFormat
UniFormat organizes construction information based on the elements of a facility, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These systems and assemblies are characterized by their function without identifying the products that compose the system.
UniFormat
UniFormat is a uniform classification system for organizing preliminary construction information into a standard order or sequence on the basis of elements and systems.
Unit Price
A price can be stipulated or quoted by a bidder or proposer for a single, specified unit of work. Unit prices are useful where the type of work is defined, but the extent of the work is not known or is likely to change. Unit prices are also utilized when quantity allowances are specified, providing a means of adjusting the contract sum once the full extent of the work becomes known.
Unit Price (Payment)
Payment is made at a stipulated rate multiplied by the quantity completed. Unit prices are used in cases where the exact extent or quantity of work cannot be calculated accurately or otherwise determined in advance of actually performing the work. The unit price basis of payment is commonly used for civil engineering projects where the types of work, such as unsuitable soil or rock excavation, can be identified during the design of the project but the actual quantities of such work items can only be estimated.
Unknown Conditions
The contract documents are not perfect and the architect/engineer (A/E) is normally called upon for interpretations, clarifications, and modifications. Some changes, such as those resulting from concealed and unknown conditions, cannot be avoided. Part of the A/E’s construction contract administration responsibility is having orderly procedures for managing these situations, whenever they occur.
Unknown Conditions
Unknown conditions may arise that were not anticipated during the preparation of documents or pricing. Alterations work often uncovers previously undetected conditions or hazardous materials. A soils report may not indicate certain items that interfere with the excavation or grading, or soil conditions may be encountered that are different, resulting in increased or decreased cost.
Use and Occupancy Insurance
A term used to describe business interruption coverage which is caused by boiler and machinery occurrences. Use and occupancy coverage can be added to a boiler and machinery policy by endorsement.
USGBC
The United States Green Building Council
Utility Provider
Public or regulated private participant providing sewer, water, fuel, electricity, or communication services to the project
Value Analysis
Value analysis, also called value-enhanced design or value engineering, is the process of evaluating documented design to identify potential alternative methods, systems, or materials that will benefit the owner by enhancing the life cycle value of the project. To be effective, it requires a high level of cooperation among project participants, each of whom can contribute valuable perspective in achieving the most effective design for the owner’s requirements.
Value Analysis Process
Properly implemented, value analysis is composed of a series of phases, including: data-gathering phase, investigation phase, analytical / development phase, reporting phase, implementation phase, and evaluation phase
Value Engineering
See Value Analysis
Value Enhanced Design
See Value Analysis
Views
All design and construction drawings, however, can be classified as one of two types of views: scaled or nonscaled.
Views
Each type of view or drawing of a concept represents a portion of a project in a unique way. Each view is selected for its ability to show desired information in the most logical and understandable way. Views can represent a whole project, or only portions of it. Each type of view or drawing of a concept represents a portion of a project in a unique way.
Waiver of Subrogation
The relinquishment by an insurance carrier of the right to collect for damages paid on behalf of the policyholder.
Warranties (Two Basic Types)
There are two basic types of warranties used in construction projects: 1) construction warranties or guaranties, which cover products and workmanship and 2) warranties which cover products only. Construction warranties are usually extended warranties specified in various specification sections
Warrantor
One who makes a warranty; any supplier or other person who gives or offers to give a written warranty or who is or may be obligated under an implied warranty.
Warranty
A promise that a proposition of fact is true; a promise that certain facts are truly as they are represented to be and that they will remain so, subject to any specified limitations. In certain circumstances a warranty will be presumed; this is known as an implied warranty.
