Porter's Glossary Part I Flashcards
A.M. Best Company
The A.M. Best Company rates insurance companies. Best’s Key Rating Guide is published annually with rating classifications that range from an “A+” for a superior rating to a “C-“ for a fair rating. An “A-“ or better rating suggests that the carrier is financially excellent.
A/E (Architect/Engineer)
Design Team -Design professionals (including architects, engineers, specifiers, planners, programmers, and specialty consultants) act as a Team to provide planning, design, and construction administration services for the project. These entities may be contractually responsible to the owner or a design builder depending upon the project delivery method selected.
Project Designer (Architect)
Design Team -The designer works with the project A/E and the owner to interpret program requirements; assess spatial needs; design layouts, site work, and circulation; and address planning issues. During design the A/E usually requires input on product systems and specialty items that would be critical in meeting the owner’s needs.
Principle or Vice President (Architect)
Design Team -The principal, who is the owner/one of the owners/officer of the company, is involved throughout the life of the project and continues as the primary communicator with the project owner as decisions are made. As the major design executive for the project, the A/E principal usually signs agreements that bind the A/E to the contract requirements.
Principle-in-charge (Architect)
Design Team - Is Typically an owner, principal, or officer of the firm that bears ultimate responsibility for the project and is final decision- maker for the firm;- Is Authorized to sign and commit the firm to binding contracts;- May or may not seal the documents- Provides global “high -altitude” management and is not involved with day-to-day activities;- Represents the firm to others;- Usually is not involved in the details of design, documents, or construction;- Usually does not meet with product manufacturer representatives or suppliers
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACORD
Agency-Company Organization for Research and Development
Accountant
Contractor Team -Processes incoming invoices, monitors the disbursement of funds to suppliers and subcontractors, and assists with preparation of applications for payment
Acoustical Consultant
Design Team -Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the control, improvement, and containment of sounds and noise within the facility
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act
Addenda
Addenda are written or graphic documents issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the original procurement documents or in previous addenda.
Addenda
Addenda are modifications issued either prior to receipt of bids and proposals or in some cases prior to the time the agreement is executed.
Addenda
Addenda are written or graphic instruments issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the procurement documents or in previous addenda. Typically addenda are issued before the opening of bids
Addenda
Addenda are issued either prior to receipt of bids and proposals or prior to the time the agreements are executed, depending on the bidding requirements for the project. Addenda clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the procurement documents or in previous addenda. They are used to answer questions proposed by bidders; document new requirements, including changes to the work; and correct errors or omissions in procurement documents.
Administrative and Procedural Requirements
The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities. Administrative and procedural requirements are those relating to the process of contract administration, the assignment of contractual responsibilities, and the methods of communicating, and controlling and assuring quality.
ADR
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Advisors
Financial advisors and institutions that arrange for the project financing; attorneys who coordinate the legal and contractual issues of the project; insurance advisors and companies that provide risk coverage to the owner, contractor, and architect/engineer (A/E); development consultants; real estate agents; and appraisers to advise the owner about specific sites, costs, market types, and potential team participants
Affirmative Action
Public authorities might be required to set aside a percentage of a project for minority or disadvantaged business participation to ensure the goals of affirmative action are achieved. These requirements are provided by the owner and included in instructions to bidders and the conditions of the contract. Sometimes the names of eligible MBE/DBE business are provided by public agencies and included in the bidding documents as additional information.
AGC
Associated General Contractors
Agreement
The agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties. By reference the agreement includes all other contract documents, such as the drawings and specifications.
Agreement
A legal instrument executed by the owner and the contractor binding the parties to the terms of the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations between owner and contractor. It incorporates all other contract documents by reference.
Agreement
The agreement is the document that legally obligates the signing parties. It binds the documents together firmly and permanently, while allowing for the addition of modifications. The agreement defines relationships and obligations between the signers and incorporates, by reference, all of the other documents that make up the contract documents.
Agreement Form
Several organizations have standard agreement forms that are compatible with their respective contract conditions and are tailored to specific types of project delivery and basis of payment.
AHJ
Authorities Having Jurisdiction
AIA
American Institute of Architects
All Risk Insurance
Protection from loss arising out of any fortuitous cause other than those perils or causes specifically excluded by name. This is in contrast to other policies that name the peril or perils insured against. Refer to named peril.
Allowance
An allowance is a specified monetary sum or a specified quantity of work not otherwise defined by the specifications and drawings, but which the contractor is required to include in the bid or price. The contractor is asked to submit prices for work items that are un-determined at the time of bidding, but will be determined after the agreement has been executed. Two common allowance types are:Cash Allowance and Quantity Allowance.
Alternate
A defined portion of the work that is priced separately and thus provides an option for the owner in determining the final scope of the project. The alternate provides the owner with a choice between different products or it can define the addition or deletion of a portion of the work.
Alternate
An alternate is something that is named for which alternative pricing is requested
Alternates
When the extent of work is contingent upon the funds available, certain provisions may be necessary to obtain costs for specific portions of the work. These portions of the work can be defined as alternates that will permit separate costs to be determined. After a project is bid, the extent of work can be adjusted based upon the alternate bids and the owner’s priorities.
Alternates
Alternates are optional work items that may or may not be made part of the contracted work.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
ADR provisions can prevent a single party from initiating litigation and provide a suitable method for economically and expeditiously addressing disputes.
Application for payment
Most contracts specifically stipulate the requirements for preparation and delivery of the application for payment.
Approved (Submittal)
Work included in the submittal can proceed, provided the submittal complies with requirements of the contract documents.
Approved as Noted (Submittal)
Submittal is approved, provided modifications noted are properly incorporated. Resubmission is not usually necessary.
Article
A major subject within a PART of a section consisting of one or more related paragraphs
Article
A subject within a Part consisting of one or more related paragraphs and subparagraphs.
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
At-Risk
CMc is sometimes called “at-risk” construction management because the CMc is responsible for the completed project and bears the financial risk in the same manner as a contractor. See also CMc.
Attributes (Performance)
Attributes are the means by which performance characteristics are identified. An attribute can be defined as a characteristic of performance. There are three essential considerations of an attribute: Requirements, Criteria, and Tests.
Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
These authorities, including building code officials, zoning officials, inspectors, and regulatory agencies, protect the public’s health, safety, and welfare by administering laws, codes, and other regulations governing the project.
Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
Federal, state, county, and city authorities oversee the safety and welfare of the public they serve. In doing so, they verify that code and ordinance requirements have been met. The AHJs usually perform reviews of the contract documents before issuing permits. They verify that the regulatory requirements are being met by performing building, mechanical, electrical, elevator, fire, life safety, health, zoning, accessibility, and critical structural inspections at the project site.
Automobile Insurance
the liability for operation of owned or non-owned automobiles, including rented or hired vehicles, is generally secured through a business automobile coverage form.
Available Information
Information available to bidders regarding subsurface and existing conditions includes geotechnical reports, soil boring data, hazardous materials reports, descriptions of the site, resource drawings of existing buildings, and property survey information.
Award of Contract
The formal acceptance of the terms of negotiation by the participants.
Bar Chart (Schedule)
A bar chart is a graphic display of major activities in the form of bars overlaid on a calendar.
Basis of Design
Total project commissioning is a quality process utilizing an independent company providing services that may include monitoring the owner’s project requirements and verifying that the requirements are incorporated into the basis of design.
Basis of Design
Many manufacturers provide data and other informational sheets that can be included to illustrate the products being used as the basis of design in the project.
Basis of Payment
The three bases of payment are: Stipulated sum, Unit Price, and Cost-plus fee, and Cost-plus fee with guaranteed maximum price.
BEES
Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability
Bid
Bid is an offer to perform a contract for work and labor or supply materials or goods at a specific price. A bid is a response to a solicitation such as an invitation to bid or an advertisement for bid.
Bid
A bid states the price that the bidder will charge to perform the work and possibly the length of time to complete the project.
Bid Bond
The purpose of the bid bond is to protect the owner from losing the benefit of an accepted bid. Issuance of a bid bond commits the bidder to enter into a contract and, if required, provide performance and payment bonds. The bid bond is provided by the bidder at the time of bid and is submitted with the bid. The bid bond generally provides for a penal amount expressed either in dollars or as a percentage of the total amount of the bid. In the event that the selected bidder fails or refuses to enter into a contract for the price that was bid, the surety is obligated to pay the owner’s damages, up to the penal amount of the bid bond.
Bid Depository
A bid depository system receives subcontractor bids for identified units of work. The units of work are usually significant parts of the total project. These sub-bids, depending on location, are then either analyzed by the client agency with the selected sub-bids assigned to the general contractor, or the sub-bids may simply be deposited for delivery to the prime bidders.
Bid Form
The bid process requires a bid form that is prepared as a document that the bidder will submit to the owner. It contains blank spaces completed by the bidder and a place for the bidder’s signature (and for the seal of corporate entities) to indicate that the bidder agrees to all provisions.
Bid Security
Bid security guarantees that if a bid is accepted within the specified time, the bidder will enter into a formal agreement with the owner (usually 30 to 90 days from the opening of the bids) and will furnish the required construction performance and construction payment bonds. The purpose of the bid security is to compensate the owner for damages incurred if the selected bidder does not accept the contract award.
Bid Shopping
Bid shopping is the practice of revealing the sub-bid of one subcontractor to negotiate with another subcontractor to lower the cost for specific trades on a project. It occurs during the bidding/pricing process, following award of a prime contract, or both, when provisions restricting the practice are not included in bidding documents.
Bid Solicitation
Bid solicitations fall into two categories: invitations to bid and advertisements to bid.
Bidder (Successful)
Under the bidding process, the successful bidder is one of the several bidders (contractors) whose bid was the lowest responsive price.
Bidding Documents
The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents.
Bidding Requirements
See Procurement Requirements
Bidding/Negotiating/ Purchasing Stage
In a design-bid-build project, the link between design and execution of a project is an agreement between the owner and contractor. This is most often achieved through competitive bidding by an open or limited field of competitive bidders or through the process of negotiation with a prequalified contractor. The bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage allows the prospective contractor to examine bidding documents, visit the site, request clarifications and interpretations, propose substitutions, and, finally, prepare a bid or price for executing the work. The A/E’s responsibilities include responding to requests for information or clarifications, evaluating proposed substitutions, and issuing addenda to document changes made during the bidding/negotiating period. Acceptance of the contractor’s bid or negotiated sum and other conditions will result in award of a contract and commencement of work.
Bidding/Negotiating/ Purchasing Stage
The transition from the design to the construction stage of a project is the bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage. During this stage, owners make the proposed construction documents available to prospective contractors, through either direct selection or open solicitation. The prospective contractors assemble, calculate, and formally present to the owner their prices to complete the project described in the procurement documents. Construction prices become the financial basis of the contract for construction.
Binding Arbitration
Upon demand for arbitration the parties to the contract select a neutral arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, and the matter is submitted for a decision. The method is very similar to litigation, but offers more expeditious resolution.
Binding Dispute Resolution
Binding dispute resolution may be stipulated in the contract documents, whereby both parties agree to resolve disputes by the specified method and to honor the findings and award, usually without appeal. Methods include: Binding arbitration and judicial reference.
Boiler and Machinery Insurance
Insurance against loss arising from the operation of boilers and machinery. May cover loss suffered by the boilers and machinery itself or include damage done to other property and business interruption losses.
Bonds (Bid)
See Bid Bond
Bonds (Construction)
A performance bond provides a guaranty that if the contractor defaults or fails to perform, the surety will either complete the contract in accordance with its terms or provide sufficient funds up to the penal amount for such completion. A payment bond provides a guaranty that subcontractor, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material goods, and services to the project will be paid.
Builder’s Risk Insurance
Builder’s risk insurance covers losses during the construction phase arising from the insured risks of fire, windstorm, collapse, and theft. The policy is designed to cover all property that has been or will be incorporated into the project. Builder’s risk insurance is available in a named peril or an all-risk type policy.
Builder’s Risk Insurance
Indemnifies for loss of or damage to a building under construction from specified perils. Insurance is normally written for a specified amount on the building and applies only in the course of construction. Coverage usually includes fire and extended coverage and vandalism and malicious mischief coverage. Builder’s risk coverage can be extended to an all-risk form as well. The builder’s risk policy also may include coverage for items in transit to the construction site (up to a certain percentage of value) as well as items stored at the site.
Building Codes
Building codes are minimum requirements for design and construction of new or remodeled structures, with an emphasis on buildings. Design documents must demonstrate compliance with those requirements.
Business Interruption Insurance
Loss-of-use insurance that protects against loss caused by the inability to occupy and use the project because of damage resulting from a covered peril. This coverage is available for a variety of risks, including fire, and can include compensation for additional business expense and for the rental of substitute facilities.
Buyer
The procedures for purchasing are similar to bidding and negotiating. Public owners are required to obtain goods at the most competitive price available at the time the purchase is made. Therefore public owners (hereinafter referred to as buyers) solicit purchasing proposals by legal advertisement and distribute documents to prospective supplying contractors (hereinafter referred to as sellers). Private buyers also need to purchase goods and special services at competitive prices.
Buyout
Buyout is one of the contractor’s preconstruction activities between award of the contract and the actual start of construction. Buyout can and often does extend past the start of construction, but the majority of these tasks are completed before it starts. During buyout, the contractor issues subcontracts, supply contracts, and purchase orders for the work to be done. Any final negotiating with suppliers and subcontractors is also done during buyout.
CAD
Computer-Aided Drafting
CAD Layer Guidelines
The CAD Layer Guidelines provide a hierarchical organization for describing drawing layers. The user can identify or name layers on the basis of the level of detail provided in each drawing layer. The guidelines define four data fields within layer names: Discipline Designator, major group, minor groups, status.
CADD
Computer-Aided Design & Drafting
Calendar Days
Working days and calendar days are the two most common methods of establishing contract time. See also Time.
Cash Allowance
A monetary sum that the bidder includes as part of the contract sum to account for certain items to be determined at a later time.
CCB
Administered by the National Institute of Building Science (NIBS), and found on the Whole Building Design Guide web site (www.wbdg.org/references/docs_refs.php), the CCB was developed for electronic dissemination of specifications, technical manuals, standards, electronic details, and other documents. Use of the CCB is intended to improve the quality of construction, decrease overlap and conflicts that exist among criteria, speed introduction of new technology into the construction process, and improve dissemination of design and construction information.
CC&R
Codes, Covenants and Restrictions
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Certificate of Substantial Completion
The A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the contractor and the owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project. The certificate of substantial completion also includes the specified time limit for the contractor to complete outstanding items of work.
Certificate of Substantial Completion
The date of substantial completion is established by the A/E and documented by the issuance of a certificate of substantial completion. The certificate of substantial completion is prepared by the A/E and signed by the A/E, contractor, and owner.
Certificates
Includes certificates of insurance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Certificates
Certificates may be required to certify quality or characteristics of materials, quality of fabrication, or quality of installation. Certifications may be required to attest to the performance and quality of a fabricated item or system. The specifications state the type of certification required, who is acceptable to certify, and when certificates need to be submitted. In most cases certifications are submitted after the work to be certified has been completed.
Certificates of Insurance
The owner establishes the project requirements for insurance in consultation with legal counsel and insurance advisors. The general and supplementary conditions state the requirements. The CSI Construction Specifications Practice Guide includes a description of types of insurance.
Certificate of Substantial Completion
If, after inspection, the A/E agrees that the project is substantially complete, the A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the contractor and the owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project.
Certify
To certify means to attest in writing or orally to the validity or contract compliance of an item; to assert as a matter of fact.
Change Directive
A construction change directive is a means of ordering changes in the work when the owner and contractor have not agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. With a construction change directive, the owner may, without invalidating the contract, order changes in the work within the general scope of the contract consisting of additions, deletions, or other revisions, the contract sum or contract time being adjusted accordingly. A construction change directive is used in the absence of total agreement on the terms of a change order.
Change Directive
Direct the contractor to make a change to the project before the owner and contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the owner and the contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established.
Change Order
Change orders are modifications issued after the agreement is executed.
Change Order
A change order is a written instruction to the contractor issued after execution of the agreement that authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision in the work or an adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time.
Change Order
A change order is a written instruction to the contractor issued after execution of the agreement. It authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision to the project in consideration of an adjustment in the contract sum, contract time, or both. A change order is used for changes to the contract documents that affect contract sum or time.
Change Order Request
A change order request may be used by the contractor to initiate proposed changes that the contractor deems necessary.
Civil Engineer
Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the site for the following:- Improvements, such as streets, roads, paving, plazas, and retaining walls;- Service utilities, such as water, sewer, energy, communications, and storm drainage;- Shaping the topography of the land, such as earthwork, cut and fill grading;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration
Claim
Used in reference to insurance, a claim may be a demand by an individual or corporation to recover, under a policy of insurance, for loss that may come within that policy.
Claim
Generally, a claim is a request for compensation for dealing with a situation that differs materially from what was anticipated by the parties at the time of entering into the contract.
Claimant
Commonly used to refer to a party who files a claim against the bond. This could be the owner or a subcontractor or supplier seeking recovery under the payment bond.
Claims-Made Policy
Policies written under a claims-made basis will cover claims made (reported or filed) during the year the policy is in force for any incidents that may occur that year or during any previous period the policyholder was insured under the claims-made contract. This form of coverage is in contrast to the occurrence policy that covers today’s incident regardless of when a claim is filed, even one or more years later.
Clarifications
Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contract by formal contract modifications. These documents include requests and proposals.
Class
A portion of a UniFormat project manual covering one or more segments of the work. Equivalent to a MasterFormat section, only those classes used are included.
Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act is a federal policy that affects design and construction by controlling the amount and type of pollutants that may be discharged into public waterways.
Closed proprietary specifications
Closed proprietary specifications do not allow for substitutions
Closeout Meeting
The closeout meeting is used to review requirements for the completion of the contract and to obtain submittal of the necessary final documents. Separate meetings may be required for substantial completion, final completion, and warranty inspections.
Closeout and Maintenance Submittals
At or near completion of a project, a number of submittals are processed, including: Written notices of substantial and final completion (prepared by the contractor) and delivered to the A/E, indicating when the contractor believes these milestones are reached; Final application for payment; Record documents (shop drawings, record drawings and specifications, addenda, change orders, field orders, photographs); O&M data; Spare parts and maintenance materials; Certificates of payment; Release of liens and waiver of debts and claims; Consent of surety to final payment; Special warranties; Keying.
CMa
Construction Management as Adviser
CMAA
Construction Management Association of America
CMc
Construction Manager as Contractor
Codes
Codes specify minimum requirements for the design and construction of new and renovated buildings for the safety of persons and the protection of property. Building codes are developed and maintained by model code-writing organizations.
Code Consultant
Design Team -Advises, assists, makes recommendations, and evaluates the design for compliance with the applicable building codes;- Assists with obtaining permits from AHJs
COE
Army Corps of Engineers
Combined Bid
Requirements for public projects with multiple-prime contractors often include provisions for combined bidding to reduce project management and coordination cost. The bid form is structured to allow bidders to submit bids for more than one major category of work with the potential for cost savings and reduced administrative burdens on the participants. If a combined bid is lower than the aggregate of individual bids, a combined contract can be awarded.
Commercial General Liability Policy
The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence type coverage.
Commissioning
The commissioning process is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the owner’s requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building.
Commissioning
There are two basic types of commissioning: total project commissioning and systems and equipment commissioning. Total project commissioning, also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the owner’s facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation. System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility.
Commissioning
Identifies process and requirements for facility, system, and component operation testing and checkout
Commissioning Agent
Entity engaged by the owner to ensure that the owner’s defined requirements are achieved and the completed facility functions as intended by the contract documents
Commissioning Agent
Total project commissioning engages the use of a specialist known as a commissioning agent. This is usually an independent firm not affiliated with the other members of project team. The commissioning agent is engaged by the owner to verify the quality of the project in relation to the owner’s project requirements.
Commissioning Authority
The role of the commissioning authority during project closeout varies, depending on the provisions of the commissioning authority’s contract with the owner. At one end of the spectrum, the total facility commissioning authority may be responsible for verifying compliance with the owner’s requirements, reviewing systems, equipment startup, and operational testing. At the other end of the spectrum, the building system commissioning authority may be responsible only for operational testing of one or more systems.
Commodities
A commodity can be defined as goods that can be uniformly and consistently produced by various manufacturers with the same predetermined quality. Materials become commodities when they are specified without a specific manufacturer being named, and material from any manufacturer will be acceptable
Competitive Bidding
Competitive bidding is the most effective method of determining the least cost for constructing the work that is described and defined by the bidding documents. Competitive bidding creates an environment where bidders at every level, contractor, subcontractor, and supplier, must carefully and seriously consider every aspect of their bid in the attempt to be awarded the work by providing a lower price than any of the other bidders. A bid states, or stipulates, the price the bidder will charge to perform the work (including overhead and profit) and may, if requested by the bidding documents, include the length of time required to complete the work. The project design is developed and bidding documents prepared by the A/E for the owner that are then made available to bidders.
Competitive Bidding
In competitive bidding, prospective contractors are invited to prepare and submit bids stating, in a specified format, the sum of money required to construct the project. It is a method of determining the lowest cost for accomplishing work defined by the procurement documents. The objective of bidding is to ensure that the cost of the project is reasonable and consistent with prevailing conditions in the construction industry.
Completed Operations
A form of liability insurance that provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising out of the operations that have been completed or abandoned provided the accident occurs away from the premises owned or rented by the insured
Completion
“Time is of the essence” is a key element of the agreement and may be an over-riding factor for completion. The time available is generally established by owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days.
Comprehensive General Liability Policy
The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence-type coverage
Comprehensive General Liability Policy
A broad form of liability insurance usually covering business organizations to protect them against liability claims for bodily injury and property damage arising from operations, products and completed operations, and independent contractors, but excluding coverage for liability arising from the use of automobiles
Comprehensive Policy
This term applies to a variety of policies that provide broad protection.
Concealed Conditions
Concealed conditions are conditions that are not documented or that could not have been observed at the site at the time of the pricing. These conditions may include: Subsurface soil conditions materially different from those represented in a geotechnical report; Concealed conditions uncovered during construction
Conditions of the Contract
The conditions of the contract are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies. Supplementary conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of a specific project.
Conditions of the Contract
Conditions of the contract define basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. Conditions of the contract consist of:
Conditions of the Contract
The conditions of the contract consist of the general conditions and the supplementary conditions. The conditions of the contract mirror responsibilities dictated in the owner - A/E agreement and the owner - contractor agreement. Of all the documents used in construction, the conditions of the contract most clearly establish the responsibilities for CCA and contractor project management. The conditions of the contract identify the basic rights, procedural and contractual responsibilities, and relationships between the parties involved in the performance of the contract.
Constructability Review
Constructability is a review of the design to determine if it is practical to construct with the means, methods, and products available at the proposed time of construction, within the owner’s budget and within the proposed time requirements for the project.
Construction
Constructing a project requires knowledge of the numerous components as well as management skills to ensure that participants work together in harmony to complete a facility. Construction
Construction
Construction is the execution of the work as required by the contract documents.
Construction Administrator (Architect)
Design Team;- Administers the construction contract;- Works with the owner and contractors during construction;- Generates and/or processes change orders, supplemental instructions, and change requests;- Reviews submittals, observes the work, responds to questions, and interprets the construction documents;- Reviews contractor’s applications for payment and requests for substitutions;- May have limited decision -making power about the project design
Construction Change Directive
IA Document G714, Construction Change Directive, and EJCDC C-940, Work Change Directive, direct the contractor to make a change to the project before the owner and contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the owner and the contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established.
Construction Contract
The necessary parts of a typical construction contract are as follows: The parties are identified in the contract; The parties make promises that constitute an offer; Both parties sign the contract indicating that they understand and agree to the terms and commit themselves to the offers made;
Construction Contract Administration
Activities related to administering the contract for construction, typically performed by the A/E.
Construction Contract Administrator
Interprets, administers, and enforces the terms of a construction contract during the construction of a project
Construction Contract Administrator
As a member of the design team the construction contract administrator is responsible for administering the construction contract for the A/E. This involves processing, and in some cases generating, the documents used during construction, such as change orders, construction observation reports, supplemental instructions or field orders, change proposals, and payment applications. The construction contract administrator also reviews and processes requests for interpretation, shop drawings, submittals, and substitution requests.
Construction Cost
This includes the estimates for the probable cost of constructing the project, including building permit fees, materials, labor, tools, and equipment, bonds, insurance, and initial maintenance agreements associated with construction. During the project conception stage, this cost is estimated. After bidding or negotiation the cost will be more clearly defined; however, the cost of construction will not be fully known until the project is completed.
Construction Documents
Construction documents are defined as the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the A/E for communicating the project design for construction and administering the construction contract. Construction documents include two major types of documents: Procurement documents and contract documents.
Construction Documents Stage (Life Cycle)
The construction documents stage (referred to as the final design phase in engineering projects) is based on the owner-approved design development documents and any further adjustments in the scope of the project or the project budget. During this stage the A/E prepares documents that will be used to file for permits and approvals from AHJs and to obtain prices upon which a bid or a negotiated contract can be based.
Construction Drawings
Construction drawings consist of contract drawings and resource drawings. Contract drawings are those that describe the work of the project. Resource drawings show existing conditions, or new construction related to the work, but are not included in the contract. Contract drawings are legally enforceable and, depending on the requirements of a project, may include drawings that show the following: Deconstruction/demolition of existing construction to be removed; Alterations of existing construction to be modified; and new construction.
Construction Management
Project delivery method -
Construction Management
Project delivery method -
Daily Log (Journal)
A full-time project representative normally keeps a daily log (journal) in which important events that transpire on the project site are recorded. The log should contain only facts related to the project.
Daily Report (Contractor)
The contractor’s project manager or superintendent prepares a daily report in which important events that transpire on the project site are recorded.
Days
See Contract Time
DBIA
Design Build Institute of America
Decommissioning/Deconstruction/Demolition Stage (Life Cycle)
This stage marks the end of the facility’s useful life and gives way to the beginning of an entire new project and facility life cycle.
Deferred Maintenance
Work delayed on a planned or unplanned basis, often due to a lack of funds.
Descriptive Specifying
Specifies properties of materials and methods of installation without using proprietary names. A descriptive specification is a detailed description of the characteristics, physical properties, and workmanship required for the proper installation of a product or material.
Design
Design is the arrangement of project elements and components, expressed in graphic and written documents, responding to: the owner’s program and budget; requirements of authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ); conditions at the site; available products; and the owner’s functional, aesthetic, and sustainability requirements.
Design Data
Specifications often require submittal of design data from manufacturers and fabricators documenting and affirming the design of products and systems. For example, the specifications might require the fabricator of a steel or wood truss member to submit engineering data stating loads transferred to other elements or a connection to a column or the capacity of the system to resist the design loads
Design Development
The design development phase follows the owner’s approval of the schematic design and any necessary program or budget adjustments. The emphasis shifts from overall relationships and functions to more technical issues of constructability and integration of systems and components. Aesthetic concerns move from massing and arrangement to materials, surfaces, and details. Design development phase documents fix and describe the size and character of the entire project, including architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical systems.
Design Phases
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC) defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The Design-Build Institute of America (DBIA) defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases:schematic and design development.
Design Services
Design services may range from early studies or surveys, master planning, and programming to complete design services including preparation of contract documents for obtaining construction services. Design services may involve only one discipline or be very complex and require an A/E and numerous licensed consultants with specific expertise
Design Stage (Life Cycle)
The AIA defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The EJCDC defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The DBIA defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases: schematic and design development.
Design Stage
During the design stage of the project life cycle, the A/E transforms the owner’s program into graphic and written documents that can be used to produce bidding and pricing documents in a subsequent stage. The architect/engineer (A/E) must account for many requirements and work with other participants to produce an affordable, practical, and attractive design ready for documentation. The two commonly recognized phases of design are schematic design and design development.
Design Team
The design team works with the owner to determine the project requirements, design the project, produce the construction documents, and administer the construction contract. The design team participants also review submittals and substitution requests before and after award of the construction contract. The design team is responsible for addressing planning issues, product research and selection, code research and compliance, quality control and assurance reviews, and construction contract administration.
Design-Bid-Build
A project delivery method -The design-bid-build project delivery method is the traditional method of moving a project from conception to completion. It is a linear sequence of activities generally occurring in the following order: project conception, design (including schematic and design development) construction documents, competitive bidding, and then construction. The basis of this delivery method is that design is completed prior to bidding/pricing and construction.
Design-Build
A project delivery method -In the design-build delivery method, the owner contracts with a single entity for the complete design and construction of a project. The design-builder may consist of one or more firms associated in a variety of ways. Regardless of its composition, the design-builder provides complete design service and performs the construction under a single contract with the owner.
Design-Builder
The entity contractually responsible (to the owner) for delivering the project design and construction. The design-builder can assume several organizational structures: an entity possessing design and construction resources in-house, a joint venture between A/E and contractor, a contractor-led team with the A/E in a subcontract role, or an A/E-led team with the contractor in a subcontractor role.
Design-Builder
The design-builder provides both the design and construction of a project. The design-builder’s obligation is to provide a completed project that meets the owner’s project description. Often a contractor takes the lead and either has an in-house architectural staff or hires an outside A/E to design a project conforming to the project description. Services provided to the owner are similar to those in a conventional design-bid-build project; however, the contractual relationships and responsibilities differ.
Design-Negotiate-Build
A project delivery method -If only one contractor is involved in developing the costs and negotiating a contract to construct a project, the process is referred to as design-negotiate-build. Although the design-negotiate-build is similar to design-bid-build, it is a more informal process and may not include specific procurement requirements or specific rules of engagement.
Designed Element (UniFormat)
The term designed elements refers to physical parts of buildings with a particular design, construction, or technical solution.
Details
Details show more specific information about a portion of a project component or element than can be provided by smaller scale drawings. Examples of detail drawings include joints and connections between materials and products.
Developer
A company that acquires a site for the purpose of creating a facility for an owner. The developer may act as a design-builder and provide a build-to-suit, turnkey, or a lease-back facility
Direct Selection (A/E)
Those with previous experience in design and construction may use direct selection as their primary means of obtaining design services. To the A/E this is known as a returning client. The direct selection process saves time and money for the participants involved. The client saves the efforts of research, interviews, and specific documentation of requirements. For the A/E, the process saves expenses of identifying markets, making presentations, and assessing capabilities and consultants required for the project. Direct selection may be the result of the A/E’s reputation in certain design types. Some A/Es have demonstrated creative solutions and unique use of materials in their designs. These solutions to problems have received recognition through awards and publication. Most A/E firms specialize in certain project types and have developed significant expertise in those markets.
Dispute Review Board
This process involves establishment of a three-member board of construction experts who periodically convene to review the status of the project in order to detect areas of potential conflict and make recommendations for resolution of issues before they become conflicts.
Disputes
Disputes are claims that cannot be resolved by the parties to the construction contract without the intervention of an independent third party.
Disputes
Disputes often occur when the A/E’s or initial decision maker’s decision on a claim is not accepted by one or both parties and the claim cannot be resolved through negotiation.
Distributor
Buys, inventories, and resells products to be incorporated in the project
Division
MasterFormat arranges related construction practices, or work results, into a series of Level 1 titles called Divisions
Division
A standard category of construction specifications; one of 50 Divisions defined by MasterFormat. Divisions form the framework for project specifications.
Division 01 - General Requirements
The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities.
Division 01 - General Requirements
The general requirements in Division 01 of the specifications specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, and temporary facilities and controls. Division 01 sections govern the execution of the work specified in Divisions 02-49.
DOD
Department of Defense
Drafter (Architect)
Design Team;- Does not have client contact;-Works for the job captain on the construction drawings, and has no management responsibilities Has no decision -making power or influence over the aesthetic design, construction documents, or construction administration
Drawings
Drawings are graphic and textual information organized on a two-dimensional surface for the purpose of conveying data about a specific portion of a project. Drawings convey design intent and may show multiple views, either of the whole project or of its parts. Drawings indicate relationships between elements and may show the following for each material, assembly, component, and accessory: Location, identification, dimension and size, details and diagrams of connections, shape and form.
EJCDC
Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee
Electrical Engineer
Design Team;- Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of lighting, power, and communication systems, including the necessary equipment;- Provides construction drawings and specifications;- Participates in construction administration
Element
UniFormat is an arrangement of construction information based on physical parts of a facility called functional elements, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These elements are characterized by their function without identifying the work results that compose them.
Emergency Maintenance
Unscheduled work demanding immediate action to restore services or remove problems that could interrupt activities.
Employer’s Liability Insurance
Some states have enacted compensation laws that are not comprehensive for every injury or every category of recoverable damages. The resulting immunity gap is covered by a policy called employer’s liability insurance.
Employer’s Liability Insurance
This coverage is provided by Part 2 of the basic workers’ compensation policy and pays on behalf of the insured (employer) all sums that the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury by accident or disease sustained by any employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of his employment by the insure.
Endorsement
A form bearing the language necessary to record a change in an insurance policy.
Engineer
See Architect/Engineer (A/E)
Ensure
Ensure is to make certain in a way that eliminates the possibility of error.
Entitlement
Entitlement is defined as the right to benefits specified by law or contract.
Entity
See Party
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Estimated Costs
See Cost Estimate
Estimating Techniques
Estimating methods used by the A/E during design include: order of magnitude, square foot or volume, assemblies/systems, and unit price.
Estimator, Cost
Design Team;- Prepares detailed estimates of probable construction cost of a project;-May be a professional in independent practice or on the staff of the contractor.;
Estimator
Contractor Team -The estimator performs measurement of materials for purposes of furnishing a bid for a project and ordering materials. The estimator performs a quantity survey on selected portions of the project, such as concrete, earthwork, or site work, which subcontractor forces will complete. The estimator contacts subcontractors, performs prebid inquiries to generate interest in bidding on the project, and works with subcontractors and suppliers to help ensure the contractor becomes the low bidder. In public bid projects, the contractor is often required to meet minority employment goals for the project, which may be part of the estimator’s responsibility. In some companies, the estimator may also serve as the project manager
Exclusion
A provision of an insurance policy or bond referring to hazards, circumstances, or property not covered by the policy.
Existing Facility Evaluations
An investigation of an existing facility will help determine its suitability for adaptation to the owner’s needs and goals, including: Functional evaluation, Facility systems evaluation, Structural evaluation, environmental evaluation, Accessibility evaluation.
