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Biology Exam > Population Genetics > Flashcards

Population Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

Group of organisms of 1 species that interbreed & live in the same place at the same time

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2
Q

Gamete fond

A

Set of gametes in population

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3
Q

Genofond (gene pool)

A

Set of genes (alleles) in population

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4
Q

Population parameters

A

Size (n)
Effective size
Generation interval
Genotype & allelic frequencies

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5
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

Frequency of alleles & genotypes in population will remain constant from generation to generation if population is stable & in genetic equilibrium

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6
Q

Conditions required in order for a population to remain at HW equilibrium

A

Population is large, panmitic & mating of individuals of same generation
NO natural selection, mutation, genetic drift or gene flow

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7
Q

Types of reproduction

A

Inbreeding
Autogamy
Outbreeding
Panmixia

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8
Q

Inbreeding

A

When close relatives mate

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9
Q

Autogamy

A

Self-fertilisation

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10
Q

Outbreeding

A

When unrelated individuals mate

SELECTION

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11
Q

Selection

A

Differential survival & reproduction of individuals in a population due to traits differences

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12
Q

Fitness

A

Reproductive efficiency

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Mechanism that can lead to adaptive evolution

trait under selection must be inheritable

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14
Q

Evolution

A

Process of change in allele frequencies over time

Can be caused by selection & other forces

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15
Q

Panmixia

A

Condition of HW equilibrium

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16
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in gene pool of small population due to errors in propagation of alleles from 1 generation to next

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17
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Population undergoes a drastic reduction in size as a result of genetic drift

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18
Q

Inbreeding & autogamy ->RESULTS

A

Allele frequencies are not changed
Genotype frequencies are changed
Reduction of f of heterozygotes
Increasing of f of homozygotes

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19
Q

Outbreeding -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic & genotype frequencies

Important for evolution

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20
Q

Mutation -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic frequencies

Important for evolution

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21
Q

Genetic drift -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic frequencies between generations (fixation of some alleles, elimination of some alleles)
Reduction of heterozygotes
Increasing of homozygotes
Decreasing of genetic variability

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22
Q

Bottleneck effects -> RESULTS

A

Changing of allelic frequencies

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23
Q

Gene flow

A

Occurs when alleles are exchanged between 2 populations

Gain or loss of alleles from a population due to migration of fertile individuals or from the transfer of gametes

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24
Q

Gene flow -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic & genotype frequencies

Increasing of genetic variability in population

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25
Q

Practical application of population genetics

A

Genetic diseases
Problems with small populations
Study of evolution

26
Q

Genetic diseases

A

Study of the frequencies of genetic diseases in populations

Treatment (prevention) of genetic disases

27
Q

Genetic diseases are influenced by

A 
Mutation
Selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Inbreeding
28
Q

Problems with small populations -> RESULTS

A

Fixation of unfavourable alleles
Increasing of homozygotes
Decreasing of genetic variability
Decreasing of fitness -> disease

29
Q

Study of evolution

A

Phylogenetic tree

Neutral mutation

30
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Illustrate evolutionary relationship among biological species under graphical form
Organisms are classified descending from common ancestor
Built from morphological data or molecular data

31
Q

Neutral Mutation

A

Change into pos./neg. mutation is influenced by genetic drift
Speed of change is known as molecular clock

32
Q

Biological evolution

A

Historical development of life forms, their origin & disappearance

33
Q

Biological evolution - levels of studies

A

Microevolution
Speciation
Macroevolution

34
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in populations of 1 species
Changes in frequencies of diff. allelic forms of genes within (small) population
Mechanisms: Inbreeding & genetic drift

35
Q

Speciation

A

Origin of new species

36
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution of higher taxa than species

Theory of punctuated equilibrium: alternation of stasigenesis & evolutionary activity

37
Q

Phylogeny

A

Historical development of organisms, ancestral lineages

38
Q

Ontogeny

A

Development of an individual (embryo, fetus, etc.)

39
Q

Lamarackism

A

Organisms possess inborn ability & will to change towards more perfect or complex forms

40
Q

Lamarackism - main postulates

A

1) Change of env. evokes active need for the change of organisms which is achieved by using organs
2) Acquired adaptions are transferred by heredity to offspring (neck of giraffe)

41
Q

Darwinism

A

Origin of species by means of natural & sexual selection

42
Q

Darwinism - main postulates

A 
Common origin of organisms
Permanent change
Gradualism
Multiplication of species 
Natural selection
Sexual selection
Heritable variation within populations
43
Q

Neo-darwinism

A

Synthesis of Mendelian genetics & population genetics
Population is important, individual is not important
Synthesis of mathematic, genetic, systematic, paleontology, biochemistry, ecology, etology…
Genecentric aspect - selection of alleles, evolution

44
Q

Basic mechanisms of evolution

A

Heritable variability
Changing environment
Natural (sexual) selection

45
Q

Heritable variability

A

Precondition for natural selection

Source of variability: mutations & recombinations

46
Q

Changing environment

A

Drives evolution by means of adaptions

47
Q

Natural (sexual) selection

A

Carriers of advantageous mutations have more offsprings

48
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Advantage in stable environment

49
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Advantage in changing environment
Greater genetic variability by recombination:
1) crossing-over during meiosis
2) segregation of chromosomes during meiosis
3) fertilisation

50
Q

Coevolution

A

Evolution of 2 or more species influenced by mutual relations

51
Q

Long term results of microevolution

A

Subpopulations with different natural selection -> subspecies _> new species

52
Q

Example of microevolution

A

Industrial melanism

53
Q

Biological species

A 
Closed reproducing group
Offspring belongs to the same species
Unique evolutionary origin & history
Unique phenotypic & genetic properties
Unique ecological niche
54
Q

Anagenesis

A

Changes in species without cleavage into evolution lines

55
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Cleavage of evolution lines

56
Q

Cladogenesis - allopatric

A

Geographic

Speciation with geographic isolation

57
Q

Cladogenesis -sympatric

A

Ecologic, competitive

Speciation within population without geographic isolation

58
Q

Syngenesis

A

Fusion of originally separate ancestral lineages

59
Q

Synklepton

A

Participating parental populations

Klepton can hybridise with parental generation

60
Q

Stasigenesis

A

Temporary evolutionary constancy (no development)

61
Q

Mass extinction

A

Climatic change
Change of rules -> new starting line
Free ecological niches - adaptive radiation

62
Q

Man as a source of evolutionary changes

A 
Man alters biosphere
Changes criteris 
New genotoxins
Genome manipulation 
Man threatens biodivery & further existence of life on Earth

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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