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Biology Exam > Non-Mendelian Inheritance > Flashcards

Non-Mendelian Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-mendelian inheritance

A

Any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate according to Mendel’s laws

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2
Q

Extranuclear inheritance

A

Cytoplasmic (maternal) inheritance
Chloroplasts & mitochondria are present in cytoplasm of maternal gametes only
Phenotype traits linked to genes in chloroplasts/mitochondria are determined only by maternal parent
PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCAL CROSSES NOT VALID

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3
Q

cpDNA

A

20-80 copies of chromosomes in 1 chloroplast (180 000 bp)
ds cricular DNA without histones, HAS INTRONS
Contains structural genes, genes for rRNA & tRNA
Some others proteins are encoded by genes incorporated in nuclear DNA

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4
Q

mDNA

A

5-10 copies of chromosomes in 1 mitochondria (16 569 bp)
ds circular DNA without histones
COntains structural genes, genes for rRNA & tRNA
Some others proteins are encoded by genes incorporated in nuclear DNA

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5
Q

Example of chloroplast inheritance

A

Leaf variegation

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6
Q

Example of mitochondria inheritance

A

Affect cells of brain, nerves, muscles, kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, ears or pancreas
Manifestation is influenced by proportion of number of mitochondria with or without mutations

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7
Q

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

A

Caused by mutations in mDNA genes for ETC proteins
Defects in enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
ATP production is stopped
Degeneration of n. opticus
Visualloss

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8
Q

Kearns-Sayre syndrome

A

Results from deletions in mDNA
tRNA genes are removed, disrupting mitochondrial translation
Neuromuscular defects, paralysis of eye muscles, abnormal pigment accumulation on retina, chronic inflammation & degeneration of retina, heart disease

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9
Q

Usage of mDNA

A

Set ancestry of female ancestors/maternal line of descent

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10
Q

Y-chromosomal DNA

A

Used to set ancestry of male ancestors

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11
Q

Maternal Effect

A

Phenotype of offspring is influenced by genotype of mother

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12
Q

Maternal effect principle

A

Genes encoding special protein are located in nuclear chromosomes
Proteins are deposited in oocyte before fertilisation
This proteins influence orientation of mitotic spindle during 1st mitosis after fertilisation & thus influences coiling of shell of offspring

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13
Q

Infectious heredity

A

Infectious particles may infect host cells & continue to reside in cytoplasm of these cells
Presence of these particles can result in altered phenotypes
Phenotype can be transmitted uniparentally

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14
Q

Examples of infectious heredity

A

Killer phenomenon in yeast

Infection with viruses in Drosophila

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15
Q

Killer phenomenon in yeast

A

dsRNA viruses (L & M) are responsible for this phenotype
L virus codes capsid proteins & RNA polymerase of both viruses
M virus codes toxin which is secreted from cell & kills susceptible cell (uninfected/infected only with L virus) growing in proximity to host
-> Viruses are transferred after mating (killer phenotype pass to all offspring)

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16
Q

Infection with viruses in Drosophila

A

Wild flies after being anaesthetised with CO2
Sensitivity to CO2 due to infection with Sigma virus (rhabdovirus), certain lines of flies die after exposure to CO2
-> CO2 sensitivity is passed down from mothers to their offspring

17
Q

Parental imprinting

A

Genes are marked with imprints before gamete formation
Phenotype is determined by specific allele transmitted to offspring, but also by sex of parent that transmitted it
Genes for trait pass to progeny from both parents

18
Q

PWS

A

Genetic disorder in which 7 genes are missing/unexpressed on paternal chromosome 15
Only paternal copies of genes are expressed

19
Q

AS

A

Genetic disorder in which 7 genes are missing/unexpressed on maternal chromosome 15
Only maternal copies of genes are expressed

20
Q

Trinucleotide repeat disorder

A

Diseases are caused by expansion of microsatellite tandem repeats in gene

21
Q

Polyglutamine diseases

A

Progressive degeneration of nerve cells

Repeated CAG for glutamine

22
Q

HD

A

Inherited neurological disorder
Autosomal dominant disease caused by TRE in gene coding for Huntingtin protein
36 repeats of (CAG) in HD gene causes HD

23
Q

Complex (threshold) traits

A

Inherited quantitatively, but expressed qualitatively
Multiple genes, multiple genotypes & continual genetic variation
Role of environmental factors

24
Q

Quantitative genetics

A

Polygene heritability
Phenotype variability
Heritbility

25
Q

Polygene heritability

A

Multifactorial
Determined by many genes (polygenes) -> continual variability of phenotype
Measureable

26
Q

Heritability

A

Characteristic feature of population

Proportion of phenotype variation in population attributable to genetic variation among individuals

27
Q

How to study variability to quantitative traits in population?

A

Sampling
Arithmetic average
Variance & standard deviation
Correlation

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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