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Biology Exam > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchov - cell theory

A

1) All living things are made of cells
2) Cell is the basic unit of structure & function in all organisms
3) Every cell comes from another cell that lived before it

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2
Q

Cell cycle

A

Replication of chromosomes (DNA) & cell growth
Separation of chromosomes
Cell division

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3
Q

Cell Cycle (Phases)

A 
Interphase
G1
S
G2
M=Mitosis
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4
Q

G1

A

First gap

Growth of cell - duplication f organelles, synthesis of proteins

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5
Q

S

A

Synthetic

Replication of nuclear DNA - duplication of chromosomes

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6
Q

G2

A

Second gap

Growth of cell continues

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell divides its nucleus

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8
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

Monitor & regulate cell cycle allowing verification of necessary phase processes & repair of DNA damage
Prevent uncontrolled cell division

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9
Q

Cyclins

A

Control cell cycle
Help drive events at certain phase
Group of related proteins
Increase level at stage where it is needed

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10
Q

Cdks

A

Control cell cycle
Inactive enzymes that phosphorylate (add P group) to specific target proteins
P group act like “switch” - make target protein more or less active
Control processes in the cell cycle

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11
Q

Promoting factors (complex)

A

Cyclins + Cdks

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12
Q

APC

A

Anaphase promoting complex

Starts destruction of cohesions thus allowing the sister chromatids to separate

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13
Q

G0 phase

A

Cell cycle is stopped in response to a lack of growth factors or nutrients
Cyclins & Cdks disappear

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of somatic cells, results in 2 daughter cells with identical genetic material (1 set of chromosomes from mother, the other from father)

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15
Q

Mitosis (mitochondria & chloroplasts)

A

Are duplicated & randomly distributed into the daughter cells

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16
Q

Mitosis (ER, GA)

A

Are fragmented & randomly distributed into the daughter cells

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17
Q

Prophase

A 
Identical sister chromatids (cohesions)
Chromosome condensation by CONDENSINS
Nucleolus become invisible
Kinetochore is formed
Mitotic spindle is formed
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18
Q

Mitotic spindle is composed of

A

Centrosome
Kinetochore microtubules
Polar microtubules
Astral microtubules

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19
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Kinetochore microtubules attach to sister chromatids

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20
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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21
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids by enzyme SEPARASE (previously blocked by SECURIN)
K MT pull chromatids to opposite poles
Identical sets of chromosomesd

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22
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope forms
Chromosomes decondense
Creates 2 daughter cells (cytok.)

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23
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm is dividing

Begins in anaphase & continues through telophase

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24
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cell

A

Cytoplasm is divided by a contractile ring of actin & myosin II - forms cleavage furrow

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25
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cell

A

Guided by phragmoplast
Vesicles from GA are transported along MT to the equator of phragmoplast
Vesicles fuse to form membrane enclosed structure, which expands until it reaches the plasma membrane & cell divides in 2

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26
Q

Phragmoplast

A

Formed by remains of polar microtubules at the equator of old mitotic spindle

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27
Q

Meiosis

A

Division of sexual cells (gametes)
Results in 4 daughter cells with non-identical genetic material
Haploid (1 set of chromosomes)

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28
Q

Meiosis I

A

Different from mitosis

Recombination of genetic information

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29
Q

Meiosis II

A

Similar like mitosis

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30
Q

Prophase I (“stages”)

A 
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
31
Q

Leptotene

A

Chromosomes begin to condense

32
Q

Zygotene

A

Homologous chromosomes combine to form bivalent (tetrad), forming synaptonemal complex (synapis)

33
Q

Pachytene

A

Nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes randomly exchange segments of genetic information -crossing over
Results in recombination of genetic information

34
Q

Diplotene

A

Synaptonemal complex degrades
Homologous chromosomes separate, a little
Chiasmata

35
Q

Diakinesis

A

Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear membrane disintegrates into vesicles
Mitotic spindle begins to form

36
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes align along an equatorial plane

37
Q

Anaphase I

A

K MT pull homologous chromosomes toward opposite poles (random segregation of chromosomes - recombination)
Nonk. MT lengthen, cell elongates

38
Q

Telophase I

A

Each daughter cell is haploid (half # of chromosomes each consisting of a pair of chromatids)
Cytokinesis completes the creation of 2 daughter cells

39
Q

Interkinesis

A

Interphase II

Period of rest, no DNA replication

40
Q

Prophase II

A

Disappearance of nucleoli & nuclear envelope
Shortening & thickening of chromatids
Centrosomes move to poles & arrange spindle fibers

41
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align along an equatorial plane

42
Q

Anaphase II

A

Centromeres are cleaved

MT to pull sister chromatids apart (sister chromatids -> sister chromosomes)

43
Q

Telophase II

A

Uncoiling & lengthening of chromosomes
Disappearance of MT
Nuclear envelopes are formed
Cytokinesis produces a total of 4 daughter cells

44
Q

Significance of meiosis

A

1) Meiosis facilitates stable sexual production

2) Meiosis produces genetic variety in gametes

45
Q

Regulation of cell # in multicellular organisms

A

By signals for proliferation & differentiation of cell

By programmed cell death

46
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death (“cellular suicide”) -> tidy

47
Q

Apoptosis manifestation

A

Cell shrink & develop “blebs” on surface
DNA in nucleus is chopped up into pieces & some organelles (i.e. ER) break down into fragments
Entire cell splits up into chunks, each enclosed in a package of membrane
Chunks release signals that attract cells from immune system (phagocytes) which eats them
NO INFLAMMATION
Apoptic bodies = “chunks”

48
Q

Necrosis

A

Accidental cell death (cells die due to injury) - messy

49
Q

Necrosis manifestation

A

Cells damaged by harmful factors “spill their guts” as they die
Cell swells up due to no control in passage of water & ions
Damaged plasma membrane explodes & release its contents through holes in membrane
OFTEN cause INFLAMMATION in tissue surrounding the dead cell

Severe damage of 1 system in the cell leads to secondary damage in other systems

50
Q

Apoptosis triggers

A

Internal signals
External signals
Apoptosis-inducing factors

51
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Cell size - large enough
Nutrients - enough energy reserves
Growth factors
DNA damage

52
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

DNA damage

DNA replication completeness (from S phase)

53
Q

Error/damage)

A

Repair

If irreparable: apoptosis

54
Q

M checkpoint

A

Chromosome attachment to spindle at metaphase plate

55
Q

Proteasome

A

Protein complexes that degrade unneeded/damaged proteins by proteolysis (chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds)

56
Q

Attachment of cyclin to Cdk

A

Activates Cdk as a kinase

Directs Cdk to specific target proteins

57
Q

Cdk process (G1)

A

G1 cyclin send Cdks to S phase target

Promote DNA replication

58
Q

Cdk process (M)

A

M cyclins send Cdk to M phase targets

Make nuclear membrane break down

59
Q

Cue

A

Signal for an action

60
Q

Positive cue (cell regulation) example

A

Growth factors

Normally increase activity of Cdks & cyclins

61
Q

Negative cue (cell regulation) example

A

DNA damage

Normally decrease or block activity

62
Q

Kinase

A

Enzyme that adds P groups to other molecules

63
Q

Condensins

A

Large protein complex

Play central role in chromosome assembly & segregation during mitosis & meiosis

64
Q

Cohesions

A

Hold 2 sister chromatids together

65
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division
Allows for attachment of MT on a chromosome

66
Q

Anaphase (APC/C) process

A

APC/C adds Ub tag to protein securin (normally binds to inactive separase)
When securin is sent for recycling, separase become active & can do its “job”
-> Separase chops up cohesion that holds sister chromatids together = allow them to separate

67
Q

Synapsis

A

Fusion of chromosome pairs (zygotes)

68
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Holds together homologous chromosomes

69
Q

Crossing-over

A

Exchange of genetic material

PACHYTENE

70
Q

Role of nonkinetochore microtubules

A

Lengthen & push centrioles further apart

71
Q

Proliferation

A

Increase in number of cells

Balance between cell divison & cell loss through cell death or differentiation

72
Q

Proliferation process

A

Growth factors
Receptors
Signalling molecules (transmit message from receptor to nucleus)
Transcription factors (binds to DNA, turn on/off production of proteins)

73
Q

Differentiation

A

Less specialized cells -> more specialized cells
OFTEN during development of multicellular organisms
Change from single zygote to complex system of tissues & cell types

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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