Gene Expression

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

Total complement of genetic material contained in an organism or cell
Includes both genes & noncoding sequences of DNA
Complete DNA sequence of 1 set of chromosomes

Question 2

Genomics

Answer 2

Study of genomes of related organisms

Question 3

Gene

Answer 3

Unit of heredity in living organisms
Encoded in a sequence nucleotide that make up a strand of DNA
Can have multiple different forms = alleles

Question 4

Structure of a gene

Answer 4

5’-3’ orientation
Coding strand & template strand
Composed of: Promoter, coding regions & enhancers

Question 5

Promoter

Answer 5

Initiates transcription

Question 6

Enhancer

Answer 6

Regulatory sequence that increases the likelihood that transcription of particular gene will occur

Question 7

TATA box

Answer 7

DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read & encoded

Question 8

Open Reading Frame (ORF)

Answer 8

Part of reading frame that has the potential to be translated & encode a protein

Question 9

Eukaryotic gene

Answer 9

Composed of exons & introns

1 gene is transcribed into 1 mRNA

Question 10

CAT box

Answer 10

For binding of transcription factors

Question 11

Prokaryotic gene

Answer 11

Without introns
Organized into operons
Several genes are transcribed into 1 mRNA

Question 12

Operon

Answer 12

Genes in an operon are transcribed as a group & have single promoter

Question 13

Coding Region

Answer 13

Portion of gene (RNA/DNA) composed of exons, that codes for a protein

Question 14

Sigma factor

Answer 14

Protein needed only for initiation of transcription

Enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene promoters

Question 15

Hairpin loop

Answer 15

Unpaired loop of mRNA that is created when an mRNA strand folds & forms base pairs with another section of the same strand

Question 16

Ribosome

Answer 16

Composed of rRNA & proteins
Found in cytoplasm
Found in matrix/stroma
Can be free/fixed (rER)

Question 17

Svedberg Coefficient

Answer 17

For measurement of relative size of particle by rate of sedimentation in centrifugal field

Question 18

Polysom

Answer 18

A cluster of ribosomes connected by a strand of mRNA & actively synthesising protein

Question 19

Chaperones

Answer 19

Proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding of proteins

Question 20

Constitutive expression

Answer 20

Constitutive genes are expressed continuously

Question 21

Regulation of Prokaryotic Expression

Answer 21

Constitutive expression

Adaptive expression

Question 22

Regulation of Eukaryotic Expression

Answer 22

Modification of DNA & histone
Transcriptional control
RNA Interference
RNA Processing control
RNA Transport control
Regulation of translation
Protein activity control

Question 23

Ubiquitination

Answer 23

Regulated degradation of proteins in cell
ATP is needed
ONLY IN EUKARYOTES

Question 24

Ubiquitin

Answer 24

Conserved small protein
Used to target proteins for destruction
IN ALL ORGANISMS

Question 25

Proteasome

Answer 25

Complex of enzymes that degrades endogenous proteins

Question 26

SUMP proteins

Answer 26

Compete for binding sites with ubiquitin
Influence protein activity
Do no lead to their degradation

Question 27

Homeobox genes

Answer 27

Regulatory genes that direct the development of particular body segments or structure

Question 28

Homeobox

Answer 28

DNA sequence within homeobox genes

Question 29

Hox genes

Answer 29

Highly conserved subset of homeobox genes

Determine the location of body segment in a developing fetus or larva

Question 30

Homeodomain

Answer 30

Protein domain

Acts as an on/off switch for gene transcription

Question 31

Post-translational modification

Answer 31

Formation of mature protein product

Question 32

RNA interference

Answer 32

RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralising targeted mRNA molecules