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Biology Exam > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments placed in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Allows cell to change its shape, move organelles & move from place to place

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3
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Rope-like fibrous proteins
Least dynamic
10nm in diameter

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4
Q

Function of intermediate filaments

A

Provide cell shape & structural reinforcement
Anchor organelles
Keep nucleus in place

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5
Q

Actin filaments

A

Made of globular protein actin
7nm in diameter
ATP dependent, filament is polar, dynamic instability

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6
Q

Molecular motors of actin filaments

A

Myosin I & II

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7
Q

Function of actin filaments

A

Structural
Movement (amoeboid, muscle)
Mitosis (contractile ring)

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8
Q

Microtubules

A

Tubes of globular protein tubulin
25nm in diameter
GTP dependent, polar, dynamic instability

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9
Q

Microtubule organising centers

A

Centrosome
Mitotic spindle
Basal body

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10
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Maintain cell shape
Anchor organelles
Movement (ciliar, flagellar, intracellular)
Mitosis ( mitotic spindle)

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11
Q

The principle of mvement

A

Transformation of chemical energy into mechanical

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12
Q

Molecular motor is composed of

A

Motor (head) domain

Tail (stalk) domain

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13
Q

Motors associated with microtubules

A

Dynein

Kinesin

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14
Q

Types of motor movement

A

Cytoskeletal structure is fixed
Sliding
Motor is fixed

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15
Q

Cytoskeletal structure is fixed

A

Head binds to cytoskeletal structure that is fixed
Hydrolysis of ATP
Head change conformation & move along cytoskeletal structure
Cargo moves with motor

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16
Q

Sliding

A

Motor is fixed with stalk to one cytoskeletal structure while head contacts other cytoskeletal structure
Cause sliding

17
Q

Intracellular transport

A

Transport of secretory vesicle by molecular motors (D,K) along MT highway

18
Q

Centriole

A

Made of MT
Duplicate during S phase
Migrate to opposite poles of cell
Form organizing centers for mitotic spindles

19
Q

Flagella & Cilia structure

A

Basal body
Axoneme (MT & radial spokes)
Dynein

20
Q

Principle of flagellar & ciliar movement

A

Stalk of D is fixed to A subunit of MT doublet
Head of D contact B subunit of neighboring MT doublet causing hydrolysis of ATP
Activated head changes its conformation

21
Q

Why do MT doublets in ciliary & flagelllar movement flex?

A

Because the MT doublets are fixed by radial spokes

22
Q

Function of flagellar & cilliary movement

A

Move things along surface of cell that lines lumen

Used in locomotion (sperm cell)

23
Q

Bacterial flagellum Composition

A

Filament composed of flagellin
Hook outside outer membrane
Basal body rings

24
Q

Types of bacteria based on flagellum

A

Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous

25
Q

Amoeboid movement principle

A

Movement is based on changing shape of cell by forming false feet (pseudopods)

26
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

Protrusion of pseudopodium
Pseudopodium is attached
Rest of the cell body is pulled

27
Q

Muscle contraction

A

1) AP transmits signal down axon
2) AP activates V-gated Ca, Ca rush in
3) Ca cause vesicles to release acetylcholine into synaptic cleft
4) opening of Na/K channel
5) AP spreads through muscle fiber’s network of T tubules
6) Depolarization activates V-gated Ca channel that interact with Ca-release channels of SR to activate them & release Ca
7) Ca binds to troponin C that modulates tropomyosin that moves
8) Myosin binds, pulls Z-disk towards each other & shortens sarcomere

28
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

After no signal, Ca is pumped to Sr by Ca pump

Tropomyosin changes conformation back to its previous state to block binding sites of actin

29
Q

Prophase

A

Mitotic spindle is formed

30
Q

Centrosome

A

Organizing centrum for MT

Duplicated in S phase

31
Q

Prometaphase

A

K MT attach to each sister chromatid at the kinetochore

32
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell by polymeration & depolymeration of K MT

33
Q

Anaphase

A

Dynein pulls chromatids to opposite poles

P MT slide (with help of Kinesin)

34
Q

Telophase

A

K MT disappear

P MT still polymerate

35
Q

Cytokinesis (Animal Cell)

A

Process = cleavage
Contractile ring is formed
Actin filaments slide (by help of myosin II)

36
Q

Cytokinesis (Plant Cell)

A

Vesicles from GA move along MT to equator of cell & fuse

Produce cell plate

37
Q

Bacterial flagellum composition

A

Filament flagellin
Hook
Basal body rings

38
Q

Bacterial flagellum principles

A

Flow of protons
Rotates independently
Thick 6 hollow (addition of flagellin subunits at tip)

39
Q

Archaeal flagellum principle

A

Powered by ATP
Rotate as a single flagellum
Addition of subunits to base

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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