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Biology Exam > Energy, Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy, Metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars with multiple hydroxyl groups based on the number of carbons

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3
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides covalently linked

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4
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Few monosaccharides covalently linked

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5
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharides/disaccharides

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6
Q

Isomeric forms

A

Same chemical formula, but with different chemical & physical properties

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7
Q

Optical isomers

A

Mirror images

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8
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A

Hydroxyl groups of 2 sugars can join together, splitting up water to form a (GB)

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9
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose 2x

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10
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

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11
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

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12
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A 
Source to power chem. reactions
Long-term E storage
Structural
Part of mucus, slime, cartilage
Part of glycoproteins, glycolipids
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13
Q

1st thermodynamical law

A

Law of conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created/destroyed in an isolated system
BUT energy can be transformed from one form to another

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14
Q

2nd thermodynamical laaw

A

Entropy (disorder) of any isolated system increase over time

Living organisms give off thermal energy (heat) -> lower entropy BUT total entropy increase

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15
Q

Anabolism

A

Set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, “building up” organs & tissues

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16
Q

Catabolism

A

Set of metabolic processes where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts &then used up in respiration, E is released

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17
Q

Surce of E for CATABOLISM

A

1) Inorganic molecules
2) Organic molecules
3) Sunlight

18
Q

Energy carriers (coenzymes)

A 
ATP
GTP
NADH
NADPH
FADH2
19
Q

Catalysis

A

Acceleration of a chemical reaction by means of a substance called a catalyst, which is itself not consumed by the overall reaction
Lower activation energy

20
Q

Cellular respiration steps

A

Digestion
Cellular Catabolism
Oxidation of Acetyl Co-A

21
Q

Digestion

A

Large polyeric molecules are digested into their monomeric subunits

22
Q

Cellular catabolism

A

Starts in cytosol, ends in mitochondria

1) Glycolysis
2) Formation of Acetyl-CoA

23
Q

Oxidation of Acetyl-CoA

A

1) Kreb’s cycle (citric cycle)

2) Chemiosmotic coupling (oxidative phosphorylation)

24
Q

ETC Proton pumps

A

1) NADH-dehydrogenase complex
2) cytochrome b-c1 complex
3) cytochrome oxidase complex

25
Q

How cells obtain energy from sunlight

A

Captured by plants, cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria & protists
Photosynthesis

26
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Plants take CO2 from air & H2O from soil; put them together to produce sugar & oxygen

1) Light reactions
2) Calvin cycle

27
Q

Storage of energy

A

Fat - lipid vacuoles

Sugars - glycogen, starch

28
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Controlled release of energy from organic compound in cells to form ATP

29
Q

Anaerobic

A

Absence of oxygen
In cytosol of cell
Small yield of ATP

30
Q

Aerobic

A

Presence of oxygen
In mitochondria of cell
Large yield of ATP

31
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose undergoes chemical transformation converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate

32
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into matrix of mitochondria
2C molecule bound to coenzyme A = acetyl CoA
CO2 released & NADH generated

33
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA + 4C molecules to make 6C intermediate which is broken down to reform 4C compound
Produce ATP, NADH, FADH2
Release CO2

34
Q

ETC

A

Hydrogen carrier pass electron to ETC
Electron lose energy as they move through chain which is used to make ATP in chemiosmosis
O2 = final electron acceptor & is reduced to form water

35
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Use energy from OXIDIZED hydrogen carriers to phosphorylate ADP to make chemical energy ATP

36
Q

Light dependent reaction

A

Light energy is used to produce ATP & to split water into hydrogen & oxygen

37
Q

Light independent reactions

A

ATP & hydrogen are used to fix carbon molecules to make organic compounds

38
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Use energy from light to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP

39
Q

Food molecules -> energy

step 1

A

Breakdown of large macromolecules to simple subunits

40
Q

Food molecules -> energy

step 2

A

Breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA accompanied by production of limited ATP & NADH

41
Q

Food molecules -> energy

step 3

A

Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA to H2O & CO2 involves production of much NADH, which yields much ATP via ETC

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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