Energy, Metabolism

Question 1

Polysaccharides

Answer 1

Monosaccharides

Question 2

Monosaccharides

Answer 2

Simple sugars with multiple hydroxyl groups based on the number of carbons

Question 3

Disaccharides

Answer 3

2 monosaccharides covalently linked

Question 4

Oligosaccharides

Answer 4

Few monosaccharides covalently linked

Question 5

Polysaccharides

Answer 5

Polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharides/disaccharides

Question 6

Isomeric forms

Answer 6

Same chemical formula, but with different chemical & physical properties

Question 7

Optical isomers

Answer 7

Mirror images

Question 8

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 8

Hydroxyl groups of 2 sugars can join together, splitting up water to form a (GB)

Question 9

Maltose

Answer 9

Glucose 2x

Question 10

Sucrose

Answer 10

Glucose + fructose

Question 11

Lactose

Answer 11

Glucose + galactose

Question 12

Function of polysaccharides

Answer 12

Source to power chem. reactions
Long-term E storage
Structural
Part of mucus, slime, cartilage
Part of glycoproteins, glycolipids

Question 13

1st thermodynamical law

Answer 13

Law of conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created/destroyed in an isolated system
BUT energy can be transformed from one form to another

Question 14

2nd thermodynamical laaw

Answer 14

Entropy (disorder) of any isolated system increase over time

Living organisms give off thermal energy (heat) -> lower entropy BUT total entropy increase

Question 15

Anabolism

Answer 15

Set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, “building up” organs & tissues

Question 16

Catabolism

Answer 16

Set of metabolic processes where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts &then used up in respiration, E is released

Question 17

Surce of E for CATABOLISM

Answer 17

1) Inorganic molecules
2) Organic molecules
3) Sunlight

Question 18

Energy carriers (coenzymes)

Answer 18

ATP
GTP
NADH
NADPH
FADH2

Question 19

Catalysis

Answer 19

Acceleration of a chemical reaction by means of a substance called a catalyst, which is itself not consumed by the overall reaction
Lower activation energy

Question 20

Cellular respiration steps

Answer 20

Digestion
Cellular Catabolism
Oxidation of Acetyl Co-A

Question 21

Digestion

Answer 21

Large polyeric molecules are digested into their monomeric subunits

Question 22

Cellular catabolism

Answer 22

Starts in cytosol, ends in mitochondria

1) Glycolysis
2) Formation of Acetyl-CoA

Question 23

Oxidation of Acetyl-CoA

Answer 23

1) Kreb’s cycle (citric cycle)

2) Chemiosmotic coupling (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 24

ETC Proton pumps

Answer 24

1) NADH-dehydrogenase complex
2) cytochrome b-c1 complex
3) cytochrome oxidase complex

Question 25

How cells obtain energy from sunlight

Answer 25

Captured by plants, cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria & protists Photosynthesis

Question 26

Photosynthesis

Answer 26

Plants take CO2 from air & H2O from soil; put them together to produce sugar & oxygen 1) Light reactions 2) Calvin cycle

Question 27

Storage of energy

Answer 27

Fat - lipid vacuoles | Sugars - glycogen, starch

Question 28

Cellular Respiration

Answer 28

Controlled release of energy from organic compound in cells to form ATP

Question 29

Anaerobic

Answer 29

Absence of oxygen In cytosol of cell Small yield of ATP

Question 30

Aerobic

Answer 30

Presence of oxygen In mitochondria of cell Large yield of ATP

Question 31

Glycolysis

Answer 31

Glucose undergoes chemical transformation converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 32

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 32

Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into matrix of mitochondria 2C molecule bound to coenzyme A = acetyl CoA CO2 released & NADH generated

Question 33

Krebs Cycle

Answer 33

Acetyl CoA + 4C molecules to make 6C intermediate which is broken down to reform 4C compound Produce ATP, NADH, FADH2 Release CO2

Question 34

ETC

Answer 34

Hydrogen carrier pass electron to ETC Electron lose energy as they move through chain which is used to make ATP in chemiosmosis O2 = final electron acceptor & is reduced to form water

Question 35

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 35

Use energy from OXIDIZED hydrogen carriers to phosphorylate ADP to make chemical energy ATP

Question 36

Light dependent reaction

Answer 36

Light energy is used to produce ATP & to split water into hydrogen & oxygen

Question 37

Light independent reactions

Answer 37

ATP & hydrogen are used to fix carbon molecules to make organic compounds

Question 38

Photophosphorylation

Answer 38

Use energy from light to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP

Question 39

Food molecules -> energy | step 1

Answer 39

Breakdown of large macromolecules to simple subunits

Question 40

Food molecules -> energy | step 2

Answer 40

Breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA accompanied by production of limited ATP & NADH

Question 41

Food molecules -> energy | step 3

Answer 41

Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA to H2O & CO2 involves production of much NADH, which yields much ATP via ETC