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Biology Exam > Gene Interactions, Genetic Linkage, Sex-Linked Traits > Flashcards

Gene Interactions, Genetic Linkage, Sex-Linked Traits Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene Interactions

A

Participation of 2 or more different genes in production of 1 phenotypic character (qualitative trait)

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2
Q

Reciprocal Interaction

A

Interaction without change of cleavage ratio

Trait is present in more forms (phenotype); each of them encoded by 1 combination of parent alleles of genes

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3
Q

Dominant Epistasis

A

Dominant allele of 1 gene suppresses expression of dominant allele of second gene
12:3:1

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4
Q

Recessive Epistasis

A

Recessive homozygous constitution of 1 gene suppresses expression of dominant allele of 2nd gene
9:4:3

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5
Q

Complementarity

A

Dominant allele of 2 or more genes cooperate in realisation of phenotype
Trait is expressed only if at least 1 dominant allele of both genes is present at the same time
9:7

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6
Q

Compensation

A

Function of dominant alleles of 2 different genes is contradictory, their phenotype effects exclude each other
10:3:3

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7
Q

Inhibition

A

Dominant allele of inhibitor gene suppresses the manifestation of dominant allele of other gene
But inhibitor gene itself HAS NO EFFECT on the phenotype
13:3

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8
Q

Duplicity (Multiplicity)

A

In genes with the same effect on phenotype
Intensity of effect depends on if effects of genes cumulate or not & if there is relationship of dominance between alleles of particular gene

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9
Q

Duplicity noncumulative with dominance

A

There is no cumulation of dominant alleles

15:1

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10
Q

Duplicity cumulative with dominance

A

Intensity is amplified by the number of dominant alleles

9:6:1

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11
Q

Duplicity cumulative without dominance

A

Intensity depends on total number of active alleles

1:4:6:4:1

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12
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Genes are located on gonosomes

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13
Q

Complete sex-linked

A

Genes are located on heterologous regions of sex chromosome (crossing over is possible)

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14
Q

Incomplete sex-linked

A

Genes are located on homologous (pseudoautosomal) regions of sex chromosome (crossing-over is possible, but often blocked)

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15
Q

Complete sex-linked

Gene is located on gonosome Y

A

Holandric inheritance
Trait is inherited from father to son
Hair in ears

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16
Q

Complete sex-linked

A

Gene is located on gonosome X

hemophilia or daltonism in human, color of eyes in fruit fly

17
Q

Complete sex-linked
Gonosome X
Uniformity of phenotype in F1 generation

A

If dominant allele is on X chromosome in FEMALE

18
Q

Complete sex-linked
Gonosome X
Cross inheritance

A

If dominant allele is on X chromosome in MALE

19
Q

Sex-Limited Traits

A

Genes are located on autosome of both sex

Trait is expressed only in 1 sex because of anatomy

20
Q

Example of sex-limited traits

A

Cryptorchism in male = absence of 1 or both testes in scrotum

21
Q

Sex-controlled traits

A

Genes are located on autosome of both sex
Trait is expressed in 1 sex
Phenotype of dominant homozygote & heterozygote is controlled by sex hormones

22
Q

Example of sex-controlled traits

A

Secondary sex traits = beard in man, size of fins in fish

23
Q

Sex-influenced traits

A

Genes are located on autosome of both sex
Trait is expressed in both sex
Phenotype of heterozygote is influenced with sex of carrier - it is due to the presence of male or female sex hormones

24
Q

Example of sex-influenced traits

A

Color of ayrshir cattle, hairlessness in man

25
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

2 or more genes are located on single chromosome & are genetically linked

26
Q

Morgan’sPrinciples Laws

A
  1. Genes are located on 1 chromosome linearly running subsequently
  2. Number of linkage groups equals to number of pairs of homologous chromosomes
27
Q

Centimorgan

A

Unit of genetic distance of genes on chromosome

Comonly called “map unit” or locus map unit

28
Q

Power of linkage

A

Probability of crossing-over between alleles of different genes that are in linkage

29
Q

Complete linkage

A

Small distance between genes
Strong linkage
Small probability of crossing over

30
Q

Incomplete linkage

A

Large distance between genes
Weak linkage
Large probability of crossing over

31
Q

Test crossing

A

Used to find frequency of genotypes according to phenotype ratio in offspring

32
Q

3-point cross

A

Interactions between 3 genes are observed

Is used for setting chromosome map = order of genes and their distance in centimorgans

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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