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Biology Exam > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What cell signalling mediates;

A

Reaction to signals from environment
Communication between cells
Teamwork of cells in multicellular organism

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2
Q

Signalling pathway includes

A

Signal cells
Signal molecules
Receptors
Target cells

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3
Q

Signal cells

A

Produce specific type of signal molecules

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4
Q

Signal molecules

A

Hydrophilic (large, do not diffuse through membrane)

Hydrophobic (small, diffuse through membrane)

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5
Q

Receptors

A

Located on target cell

Can distinguish signal molecule & specifically react to it

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6
Q

Target cells

A

Transfers the extracellular signal to intracellular & thus control the cell behavior

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7
Q

Stages of cell signalling

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

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8
Q

Reception

A

Cell detects a signalling molecule from outside the cell

Chemical message binds to protein on cell surface

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9
Q

Transduction

A

Signalling molecule binds to receptor & alter its protein
Signal usually starts cascade of reactions

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10
Q

Response

A

Signal triggers a specific cellular response

Responses can vary from turning on a gene, activating an enzyme, rearranging the cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Types of extracellular signals

A

Physical signals

Chemical signals

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12
Q

Physical signals

A

Light, heat, gravitation, pressure, magnetic field

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13
Q

Chemical signals

A

Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Neurohormones
Cytokins

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14
Q

Cytokins

A

Proteins produced by cell as a signals for proliferation, differentiation or survival of cells

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15
Q

Forms of extracellular signalling

A 
Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Contact-dependent
Neuronal
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16
Q

Types of receptors

A

1) Receptors connected with ion channels
2) Receptors with G-proteins
3) Receptors connected with enzymes

17
Q

Diacylglycerol

A

Remains in the membranes, 2 signalling roles

1) activate PKC
2) Can be cleaved to release arachidonic acid

18
Q

Tyrosine-kinase receptors

A

Part of receptor on cytoplasmic side serves as an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of P groups from ATP to the AMM tyrosine on a substrate protein

19
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Activation of proteins

ATP is used a sa donor of P group

20
Q

Paracrine Signalling

A

Cells communicate over relatively short distances

Allow cells to locally coordinate activities with their neighbors

21
Q

Paracrine Signalling example

A

Especially during development

“Tell” their neighboring group of cells what identity to take on

22
Q

Autocrine Signalling

A

Cell signals to itself, release a ligand that binds to receptors on its own surface

23
Q

Autocrine Signalling example

A

Development - help cells take on & reinforce their correct identities

24
Q

Endocrine Signalling

A

When cell need to transmit signals over long distances

Signals (hormones) are produced in one part of the body & travel through the circulation to reach far-away targets

25
Q

Endocrine Signalling example

A

Pituitary release GH (growth hormone) = promotes growth

Thyroid release tyrosine = increase metabolism

26
Q

Endocrine glands that release hormones

A

Thyroid
Hypothalamus
Pituitary

27
Q

Contact-dependent

A

Gap junction - tiny channel that directly contact neighboring cells
Allow small signalling molecules to diffuse between cells

28
Q

Contact-dependent outsome

A

Transfer of signalling molecules transmits the current state of 1 cell to its neighbor
Allows group of cells to coordinate their response to a signal that only 1 of them may have received

29
Q

Neuronal Signalling

A

Nerve cells transmits signals

30
Q

Neuronal Signalling Steps

A

Neuron fires -> electrical impulse move through cell & down its axon
Reach synapse & triggers release of neurotransmitters that cross gap between cells
Bind to receptors at receiving cell & cause a chemical change inside cell
-> Neurotransmitters are quickly degraded/taken back up by sending cels -> resets system so ready for next signal

31
Q

Receptors connected with ion channels

A

Ion channels that can open in response to binding of a ligand

32
Q

Receptors connected with ion channels

A

Ions cross membrane through special channel by binding to protein structures on extracellular region that changes their conformation
Changes in ion levels inside cell can change activity of other molecules to produce a response

33
Q

Receptors connected with G protein

A

Large family of cell surface receptors that share common structure + method of signalling

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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