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Biology Exam > Life > Flashcards

Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mechanism

A

Descartes, 17th

Mechanical explanation of life in which organisms are like a living machine

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2
Q

Neomechanism

A

19th

Chemical & physical explanation of life

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3
Q

Vitalism & neovitalism

A

Early 20th
Organism has a body & soul
Living vs nonliving
= Different because living contain some non-physical force that control form & development, also direct activities

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4
Q

Holism

A

Early 20th
Hierarchy in body composition
Theory that properties of a given system can’t be determined or explained by its component parts alone
INSTEAD, the system as a whole determines how the parts behave

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5
Q

Phylogenesis

A

History of evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of animals

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6
Q

Phyloclade

A

New formal code of nomenclature under development, deals with clades

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7
Q

Clades

A

Group of organisms that are more closely related to each other than any other group
-> Imply a shared most recent common ancestor

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8
Q

Cladogram vs Phylogenetic tree

A

C: Lacks info, represent hypothesis about actual evolutionary history
P: Branch lengths represent evolutionary time

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9
Q

Antogenesis

A

Development of an individual (from egg to individual)

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10
Q

Living system

A

Hierarchically organised OPEN self-organising system that have the special characteristics of life aiming to maintain its existence & reproduce itself

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11
Q

General characteristics of living system

A 
Exists in space & time
Genetic & structural unity, hierarchical organisation
(auto) reproduction
Open thermodynamic systen (reduction of entropy): flow of matter, energy, info
Metabolism
Autoregulation (feedback system) 
Reactivity to external stimuli
Ontogeny 
Phylogeny
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12
Q

Eobiont (protobiont)

A

Primitive living system

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13
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Aristoteles

Life spontaneously evolved from non-living things

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14
Q

Biogenesis

A

Life comes from living things
Oparin
Miller & Urey

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15
Q

Earliest cells

A

Anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes
Chemosynthetic prokaryotes
Photosynthetic prokaryotes

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16
Q

Chemosynthetic prokaryotes

A

Evolved when food ran out

Make organic food using energy from inorganic chemicals

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17
Q

Photosynthetic prokaryotes

A

Evolved & produced oxygen (induced formation of ozone layer)
Make organic food using energy from sunlight

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18
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA enzyme

Catalyse

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19
Q

Hypercycle

A

Organization of self-replicating molecules connected in a cyclic manner

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20
Q

Noncellular form of life, why?

A

Nonliving infectious agents

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21
Q

Virus

A

Unable to grow & reproduce itself outside of a host cell
Infect all cellular life, not all cause disease
Some cause life-long/chronic infections

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22
Q

Virion

A

Single complete infective viral particle = whole virus (RNA/DNA + protein coat)

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23
Q

Vector

A

Disease-bearing organisms, i.e. blood-sucking insects

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24
Q

Capsomeres

A

Identical protein subunits that form capsid

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25
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Infects a specific bacteria

CAN be used in phage therapy directed against SPECIFIC bacteria

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26
Q

DNA viruses

A

Enter host via endocytosis

Release by lysis or budding

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27
Q

RNA viruses

A

4 different mode of replication based on polarity of RNA & number of strands

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28
Q

Reverse transcribing viruses

A

Retroviruses

Replication by reverse transcription (enzyme transcriptase)

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29
Q

Viral replication (lytic cycle) steps

A

1) Attachment
2) Penetration
3) Synthesis of NA & proteins (gene expression)
4) Maturation
5) Release

30
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Viral replication that result in destruction of hostel cell

31
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Integration of viral NA into host cell’s genome
Repressor genes on virus -> host cell can’t tell it’s there (pro-virus/phage)
If repressor gene is weakened -> lytic cycle

32
Q

3 ways for virus to get into cell

A

1) Bacteriophages (inject their genetic material into cell)
2) Non-enveloped (trick cell receptors to let them in)
3) Enveloped (trick/directly fuse with the membrane)

33
Q

Viroids

A

Viroid DNA does not code for any protein
Smaller BECAUSE only made of circular ssRNA -> catalytic RNA
Self-replicative to create more viroids

34
Q

Virusoids

A

Infects plants in conjugation with an assistant virus
Codes for nothing but its own structure
Classified as satellites

35
Q

Satellites

A

Subviral agents composed of NA that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for their multiplication

36
Q

Prions

A

No genetic material, only made from proteins
Alpha -> Beta (same AA’s but different shape, A->B if they come in contact)
These proteins are resistant to proteases (perform proteolysis) -> form amyloid plaques

37
Q

Bacteria

A 
No introns, organized into operons
May contain plasmids
Asexual reproduction (evolution is limited)
38
Q

G+

A

Thick cell wall with many layers of peptidoglycan

Staphyl/strepto/enterococcus

39
Q

G-

A

Thin cell all with few layers of peptidoglycan + 2nd lipid membrane
E. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae

40
Q

Cultivation of bacteria

A

Petri dish with mix of protein digests, inorganic salts + 1.5% agar

41
Q

Plasmids

A

Small, round extrachromosomal DNA that MAY contain genes for antibiotic resistance

42
Q

Conjugation

A

1 bacteria transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

43
Q

Amyloid

A

Clumps of misfolded proteins

Builds up & start to interfere with neurons ability

44
Q

MODERN cell theory

A

All known things are made up of cells
Structural & functional unit of all living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells (by division)
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
All cells contain hereditary information
All energy flow of life occurs within cells

45
Q

Cell theory exceptions

A

Viruses are considered by some to be alive, BUT are NOT made up of cells
First cell did not originate from pre-existing cellls

46
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A 
3.5b years ago
Unicellular
1-10um
Nucleiod
Ribsomes 70S
Binary fission
47
Q

Nucleoid

A

Equivalent to nucleus

Consist of circular bacterical chromosome -> circular dsDNA without histones

48
Q

Subtypes of prokaryotes

A

Eubacteria
Archebacteria
Cyanobacteria

49
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A 
1.5b years ago
Uni/multicellular
>10um
Has a nucleus with chromosome
LINEAR dsDNA + histones
Mitotic/meiotic
Membrane & cytoskeletal systems, organelles
50
Q

Subdivisions of eukaryotic cells

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists

51
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Channels through envelope composed of nucleoporins
3000-4000
Allow free passage

52
Q

Nulcear lamina

A

Networks of intermediate filaments on internal surface on envelope
Mechanical support + anchoring sites for chromosomes

53
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

Protein-containing fibrilar network

54
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Viscous liquid

Similar to cytoplasm

55
Q

Genetic informaiton in nucleus

A

Maintains integrity of genes & control cell activites by regulating gene expression
Complex of DNA with histones: Chromatin (interphase) & chromosome (CD)

56
Q

Nucleolus

A

Densely-stained suborganelle without membrane

Synthesis of rRNA & tRNA

57
Q

Cell secretion - types of vesicles

A

Exocytotic vesicles (continuous)
Secretory (regulated)
Lysosomal

58
Q

Lysosomal vesicles

A

Vesicle with proteins for lysosome
Fuses with alte endosome
Contents are then transferred to the lysosome

59
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Vesicle with protein for extracellular release are stored
After signal: move towards the membrane, fuse & release contents
Regulated secretion

60
Q

Exocytotic vesicles

A

Vesicle with proteins for extracellular release moves towards the plasma membrane, fuse 6 release the contents
Constitutive secretion

61
Q

Vacuoles function

A 
Maintain turgor pressure
Enable change of cell shape
Maintain acidic internal pH
Remove unwanted substances
Isolate harmful wastes
Push contents of cytoplasm against cell membrane (cp closer to light)
Role in autophagy
62
Q

Autophagy

A

Destruction of invading bacteria

63
Q

Peroxisomes function

A

Decomposition of biohazardous chemicals
Breakdown of fatty acids
Production of bile acids

64
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Generates ATP

65
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Conduct photosynthesis

Generates ATP

66
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Theory that explains evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells
Explains the origins of organelles (M?C)

67
Q

Endosymbiosis - mitochondria

A

Anaerobic cell ingested aerobic bacterium

68
Q

Endosymbiosis - chloroplast

A

Cell captured photosynthetic cyanobacterium

69
Q

Transformation

A

A bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment

70
Q

Transduction

A

DNA accidentally moved from 1 bacterium to another by a virus

71
Q

Fertility factor

A

Conjugation

Chunk of DNA that codes for proteins that make up pilus

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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