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Biology Exam > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Monomer = nucleotide
Phosphate group
Sugar - pentose
Purine/pyrimidine

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2
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Links together 2 nucleotides by condensation reaction

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3
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Bounds bases to sugar

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4
Q

Oligonucleotides

A

Short chains

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5
Q

Polynucleotides

A

Longer chains

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6
Q

Types of RNA

A 
tRNA
mRNA
rRNA
snRNA
viral RNA
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7
Q

DNA

A

ds chains bound by H bonds between bases; formed by 2-deoxyribose & bases (A,G,C,T)
Linear
Circular
Both strands carry the same genetic information

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8
Q

RNA

A

Usually ss polynucleic chain, formed from ribose & bases (A,G,C,U)

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9
Q

DNA Conformation

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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10
Q

DNA Primary Structure

A

Sequence of bases in nucleic acid chain

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11
Q

DNA Secondary structure

A

Shape of polynucleic chain in space -> Watson/Crick’s pairing of complementary strands
RNA = helix, double helix, cloverleaf
DNA = linear/circular right handed double helix

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12
Q

DNA Tertiary structure

A

DNA is organized into chromosome

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13
Q

DNA Denaturation

A

By heat treatment or high pH

Causes ds helix to dissociate into ss

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14
Q

Reversible process of DNA denaturation

A

Hybridization

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15
Q

DNA Cleavage (depolymeration)

A

Breaking of covalent bond between nucleotides of DNA strands by specific enzymes (restrictive nucleases)

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16
Q

Condensation of DNA into chromosome

A

Nucleosome -> chromatin fibre -> loops of fibre -> mitotic chromosome

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17
Q

Cell mechanisms

A

Copying of genetic information from mother to daughter cells

Protection of genetic information against defects (mutations)

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18
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A

S (synthetic)

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19
Q

Leading strand

A

DNA strand continuously synthesised in 5’-3’ direction

Single RNA primer is used

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20
Q

Lagging strand

A

DNA strand at the opposite side from the leading strand
Synthesised in 5’-3’ direction in short segments known as Okazaki fragments
Multiple RNA primers are used

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21
Q

DNA replication

A

Results in 2 identical copies of DNA (each copy is made of 1 strand from original DNA & 1 strand from nucleotide pool)

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22
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Each strand can serve as template for synthesis of new strand

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23
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repeating sequences of 6 base pairs

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24
Q

Why do chromosomes have telomeres?

A

Prevent chromosome ends from fraying & sticking to each other, that would cause cancer or other diseases/death
Allow cells to divide without losing genes
Without telomeres, chromosomes ends would look like broken DNA & the cell would try to fix it or stop dividing

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25
Q

Why do telomeres get shorter each time a cell divides?

A

DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to 3’ end
RNA primer is removed from 5’ end leaving ssDNA segment that is degraded & thus DNA will get shorter with each round of DNA replication
Cells normally an divide about 50-70 times

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26
Q

Does anything counteract telomere shortening?

A

Enzyme telomerase adds tandem repeats of bases to end of DNA using RNA molecules as atemplate

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27
Q

Are telomeres the key to aging & cancer?

A

When cell divides more often telomeres become very short, cells do not divide & become inactive/die
It can escape this fate fate by activating enzyme tekomerase which prevents telomeres from getting even shorter

28
Q

DNA Damage

A

By exogenous agents such as ionising radiation, genotoxic chemicals, endogenously generated reactive oxygen, mechanical stress on chromosomes

29
Q

DNA mismatch repair

A

Correction of replication errors that result from DNA polymerase misincorporation

30
Q

Base excision repair

A

Corrects mutagenic damage of DNA from deamination, depurination

31
Q

Pyrimidine dimers

A

Caused by UV component of sunlight
DNA intrastrand crosslinks
Oxidative damage

32
Q

Transposition

A

Translocation of DNA sequence by enzyme transposase

33
Q

Intermolecular transpoisition

A

Between different DNA molecules

34
Q

Intramolecular transposition

A

On the same DNA molecule, cause change in genetic information, can lead to inactivation of genes in which it is located

35
Q

Transposon

A

“Jumping genes”

DNA sequence that can translocate

36
Q

Retrotransposons

A

Genetic elements that move in the genome by being transcribed to RNA & then back to DNA by reverse transcriptase

37
Q

Microsatellites

A

Simple sequence repeats
Polymorphic due to an increased rate of mutation compared to other neutral regions of DNA
Typically used as molecular markers in genetics, population studies, relationship studies

38
Q

Minisatellites

A

Persone genome have different numbers of repeats, thereby making them unique

39
Q

Genetic marker

A

DNA sequence that can be identified by simple assay

40
Q

Common used types of genetic markers

A

STR
SNP
VNTR
RFLP

41
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA is wrapped around a core of 8 histone proteins that are linked by H1 histones to form nucleosome which helps supercoil chromosome & regulate transcription

42
Q

rRNA

A

Catalytic part of ribosome

43
Q

mRNA

A

Copy gene for translation

44
Q

tRNA

A

Bring amino acid to ribosome

45
Q

snRNA

A

RNA processing

46
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

SBS

sugar, base, strand

47
Q

DNA Replication processes

A

Initiation
Priming
Elongation
Termination

48
Q

DNA Replication initiation

A

DNA strands unwound & separate

49
Q

DNA Replication priming

A

RNA primers are added to act as initiation points for DNA synthesis

50
Q

DNA Replication elongation

A

New complementary DNA strands are synthesised in a 5’-3’ direction

51
Q

DNA Replication termination

A

Primers replaced & fragments joined

52
Q

DNA Replication initiation enzyme

A

Helicase

53
Q

DNA Replication priming enzyme

A

RNA primase

54
Q

DNA Replication elongation enzyme

A

DNA polymerase III

55
Q

DNA Replication termination enzyme

A

DNA polymerase I

DNA ligase

56
Q

Leading strand

A

Polymerase moving towards replication fork

Can copy continuously

57
Q

Lagging strand

A

Polymerase moving away from replication fork
Copies in short fragments (OKAZAKI)
Because it is constantly exposing new nucleotides

58
Q

DNA mismatch

A

Right after new DNA has been made & its job is to remove & replace mis-paired bases

59
Q

Base-pair excision

A

Mechanism that detect & remove damaged bases

60
Q

Glycosylase

A

Group of enzyme that detect & remove damaged bases

61
Q

Correction of pyrimidine dimers

A

Detects & corrects types of damage that distort the DNA double helix

62
Q

Transposon

A

“Copy & paste”
Chunk of DNA that “jump” form 1 place to another within a genome
Require enzyme transposase

63
Q

Retrotransposons

A

“copy & paste”
BUT copy is made from RNA no DNA
RNA copies are then transcribed back to DNA (reverse transcriptase) -> which are inserted into new locations in the genome

64
Q

Satellite DNA

A

Fraction of a eukaryotic organism’s DNA that consists of large arrays of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA
Main component of centromeres -> form heterochromatin

65
Q

Tandem repeats

A

Occur in DNA when pattern of 1/more nucleotides is repeated & repetitions are directly adjacent to each other

66
Q

Molecular marker

A

Fragment of DNA associated with location in genom

Identify particular sequence of DNA in pool of unknown DNA

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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