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Biology Exam > Chemistry - Membranes > Flashcards

Chemistry - Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Function of water

A 
Essential
Participation in chemical reaction
Solvent for nutrients
Transport
Homeostasis (acidobasic, osmoregulation)
Termoregulation
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2
Q

Peptide Bond

A 
Between 2 amino acids
Condensation reaction (release water)
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3
Q

Denaturation of proteins

A

By heat, acid or alkali, heavy metal

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4
Q

Function of proteins

A 
Structure
Enzyme catalysis
Informative
Regulation
Defense
Transport
Motion
Source of energy
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5
Q

Glycerol

A

Alcohol with hydroxyl group on each of 3 carbons

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6
Q

Triglycerids

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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7
Q

Function of lipids

A

Energy storage
Structure
Hormones
Absorption of vitamins

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8
Q

Phospholipids are made of…

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group

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9
Q

Steroids (lipids)

A

Cholesterol
Hormones
Vitamin D

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10
Q

Cell Membrane (bio membrane)

A

Semipermeable lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model:

Fluidity is influenced by

A

Temperature
Presence of cholesterol
Length & saturation of fatty acid

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12
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model: Fluidity purpose

A

Insertion & redistribution of proteins

Confluence of biomembranes

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13
Q

Function of membranes

A 
Barrier
Cell shape
Form tissues
Form compartments
Transport
Receptors
Enzyme activity
Transformation of energy
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14
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Barrier
Receptors
Transport

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15
Q

Cell Cortex Function

A

Mechanical support of plasma membrane

Cell-surface movements (animal cells)

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16
Q

Glycocalyx Function

A 
Protects
Cell adhesion
Fertilization
Embryonic development
Immunity to infection
Transplant compatibility
Defense again cancer
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17
Q

Hypotonic solution (plant cell)

A

Water in

Turgor

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18
Q

Hypertonic solution (plant cell)

A

Water out

Plasmolysis

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19
Q

Hypotonic solution (animal cell)

A

Water in

Plasmoptysis/osmotic lysis

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20
Q

Hypertonic solution (animal cell)

A

Water out

Plasmorhizis

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21
Q

Importance for transport of ions

A

Generation & conduction of electrical impulse
Fluid balance
Signal transduction

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22
Q

Types of transport by carrier proteins

A

Uniport
Symport
Antiport

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23
Q

Vesicular transport steps

A

Formation of vesicles
Transport of vesicles
Targeting of vesicles

24
Q

Acidobasic equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

Balanice in level of H+

25
Osmoregulation
Homeostasis | Balance in level of solutes
26
Essential AA
``` Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Arginine Histidine ```
27
Non-essential AA
``` Alanine Asparagine Aspartate Cysteine Glutamate Glutamine Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine ```
28
Semi-essential AA in certain cases
Arginine | Histidine
29
Primary protein structure
The sequence of AA's | Formed by covalent peptide bonds between adjacent AA's
30
Secondary protein structure
Linear sequence of AA's folds upon itself Held together by H bonds -> provide a level of structural stability Alpha helix, B sheet of random coil
31
Tertiary protein structure
The way a polypeptide folds and coils to form a complex molecular shape (e.g. 3D shape) Depend on distant group interactions; interactions between R groups of AA's that make up the protein; H-bonds, disulphide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions Tertiary structure may be important for the function of the enzyme (e.g. specificity of active site in enzymes)
32
Quaternary protein structure
The interaction between multiple polypeptides that results in a single, larger, biologically active protein Quaternary structure may be held together by a variety of bonds (similar to tertiary structure)
33
Triglycerids
Ester derived from 3FA+glycerol | Main constituents of body fat in humans + other animals
34
Transducer
Converts variations in a physical quantity
35
Spectrin
Cytoskeletal protein | Lines the intracellular side of plasma membrane (EUK)
36
Importance of spectrin
Maintenance of plasma membrane integrity + cytoskeletal structure
37
Integrin
Transmembrane receptors | Bind to extracellular matrix
38
Uniport
Integral membrane protein | 1 molecular substrate in 1 direction
39
Symport
Integral membrane protein (AT) | Differing types of molecules in 1 direction
40
Antiport
Integral membrane protein (AT) 2/more different molecules/ions Opposite directions
41
ATPase
Enzyme that helps break up ATP ATP -> ADP + free P ion Use energy to pump NA out & K in
42
H+ATPase
Pumps protons out of cell against their concentration gradient Use ATP to change its conformation in the right way
43
Hydrolysis of ATP
When chemical energy stored in high energy bonds in ATP is released by producing work in form of mechanical energy
44
Electrochemical gradient
Gradient of electrochemical potential, 2 PARTS 1) (chem.)Concentration - Change in solute con. across membrane 2) (e.) Voltage - change in charge across membrane
45
Primary AT
Energy is derived DIRECTLY from breakdown of ATP | EC gradients: Stores energy that can be released as ions move back down their gradients
46
Secondary AT
Uses energy stored in gradients to move substances against their own gradients Movement of ion down their gradients is COUPLED to uphill transport of other substances by shared carrier protein (antiport/symport)
47
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate | Store & supply cell with needed energy
48
Secondary Ca AT
Na/Ca exchanger ANTIPORTER membrane protein that removes Ca from cell Use energy stored in EC gradient of Na by allowing Na (ions) to flow down its gradient across plasma membrane in exchange for counter transport of Ca (ions)
49
Ca pump importance
Muscle contraction
50
SNARES
Mediate vesicle fusion
51
v-snares
Incorporated into membranes of transport vesicles during budding
52
t-snares
Form stable subcomplexes that serve as guides for v-snares binding to complete formation of SNARE complex
53
Transport of proteins without conformation change
Through nuclear pores
54
Transport of proteins with conformation change
Chaperones | Across membrane
55
Transport of proteins
Without conformation change With conformation change Vesicular transport
56
Types of proteins
Without address sequence (proteins stay in cytoplasm) | With address sequence (proteins are directed to specific organelle)

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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