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Biology Exam > Chemistry - Membranes > Flashcards

Chemistry - Membranes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of water

A 
Essential
Participation in chemical reaction
Solvent for nutrients
Transport
Homeostasis (acidobasic, osmoregulation)
Termoregulation
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2
Q

Peptide Bond

A 
Between 2 amino acids
Condensation reaction (release water)
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3
Q

Denaturation of proteins

A

By heat, acid or alkali, heavy metal

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4
Q

Function of proteins

A 
Structure
Enzyme catalysis
Informative
Regulation
Defense
Transport
Motion
Source of energy
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5
Q

Glycerol

A

Alcohol with hydroxyl group on each of 3 carbons

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6
Q

Triglycerids

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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7
Q

Function of lipids

A

Energy storage
Structure
Hormones
Absorption of vitamins

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8
Q

Phospholipids are made of…

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group

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9
Q

Steroids (lipids)

A

Cholesterol
Hormones
Vitamin D

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10
Q

Cell Membrane (bio membrane)

A

Semipermeable lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model:

Fluidity is influenced by

A

Temperature
Presence of cholesterol
Length & saturation of fatty acid

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12
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model: Fluidity purpose

A

Insertion & redistribution of proteins

Confluence of biomembranes

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13
Q

Function of membranes

A 
Barrier
Cell shape
Form tissues
Form compartments
Transport
Receptors
Enzyme activity
Transformation of energy
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14
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Barrier
Receptors
Transport

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15
Q

Cell Cortex Function

A

Mechanical support of plasma membrane

Cell-surface movements (animal cells)

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16
Q

Glycocalyx Function

A 
Protects
Cell adhesion
Fertilization
Embryonic development
Immunity to infection
Transplant compatibility
Defense again cancer
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17
Q

Hypotonic solution (plant cell)

A

Water in

Turgor

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18
Q

Hypertonic solution (plant cell)

A

Water out

Plasmolysis

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19
Q

Hypotonic solution (animal cell)

A

Water in

Plasmoptysis/osmotic lysis

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20
Q

Hypertonic solution (animal cell)

A

Water out

Plasmorhizis

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21
Q

Importance for transport of ions

A

Generation & conduction of electrical impulse
Fluid balance
Signal transduction

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22
Q

Types of transport by carrier proteins

A

Uniport
Symport
Antiport

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23
Q

Vesicular transport steps

A

Formation of vesicles
Transport of vesicles
Targeting of vesicles

24
Q

Acidobasic equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

Balanice in level of H+

25
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Homeostasis

Balance in level of solutes

26
Q

Essential AA

A 
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine 
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Arginine
Histidine
27
Q

Non-essential AA

A 
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartate
Cysteine
Glutamate
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
28
Q

Semi-essential AA in certain cases

A

Arginine

Histidine

29
Q

Primary protein structure

A

The sequence of AA’s

Formed by covalent peptide bonds between adjacent AA’s

30
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Linear sequence of AA’s folds upon itself
Held together by H bonds -> provide a level of structural stability
Alpha helix, B sheet of random coil

31
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

The way a polypeptide folds and coils to form a complex molecular shape (e.g. 3D shape)
Depend on distant group interactions; interactions between R groups of AA’s that make up the protein;
H-bonds, disulphide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions
Tertiary structure may be important for the function of the enzyme (e.g. specificity of active site in enzymes)

32
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

The interaction between multiple polypeptides that results in a single, larger, biologically active protein
Quaternary structure may be held together by a variety of bonds (similar to tertiary structure)

33
Q

Triglycerids

A

Ester derived from 3FA+glycerol

Main constituents of body fat in humans + other animals

34
Q

Transducer

A

Converts variations in a physical quantity

35
Q

Spectrin

A

Cytoskeletal protein

Lines the intracellular side of plasma membrane (EUK)

36
Q

Importance of spectrin

A

Maintenance of plasma membrane integrity + cytoskeletal structure

37
Q

Integrin

A

Transmembrane receptors

Bind to extracellular matrix

38
Q

Uniport

A

Integral membrane protein

1 molecular substrate in 1 direction

39
Q

Symport

A

Integral membrane protein (AT)

Differing types of molecules in 1 direction

40
Q

Antiport

A

Integral membrane protein (AT)
2/more different molecules/ions
Opposite directions

41
Q

ATPase

A

Enzyme that helps break up ATP
ATP -> ADP + free P ion
Use energy to pump NA out & K in

42
Q

H+ATPase

A

Pumps protons out of cell against their concentration gradient
Use ATP to change its conformation in the right way

43
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A

When chemical energy stored in high energy bonds in ATP is released by producing work in form of mechanical energy

44
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Gradient of electrochemical potential, 2 PARTS

1) (chem.)Concentration - Change in solute con. across membrane
2) (e.) Voltage - change in charge across membrane

45
Q

Primary AT

A

Energy is derived DIRECTLY from breakdown of ATP

EC gradients: Stores energy that can be released as ions move back down their gradients

46
Q

Secondary AT

A

Uses energy stored in gradients to move substances against their own gradients
Movement of ion down their gradients is COUPLED to uphill transport of other substances by shared carrier protein (antiport/symport)

47
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Store & supply cell with needed energy

48
Q

Secondary Ca AT

A

Na/Ca exchanger
ANTIPORTER membrane protein that removes Ca from cell
Use energy stored in EC gradient of Na by allowing Na (ions) to flow down its gradient across plasma membrane in exchange for counter transport of Ca (ions)

49
Q

Ca pump importance

A

Muscle contraction

50
Q

SNARES

A

Mediate vesicle fusion

51
Q

v-snares

A

Incorporated into membranes of transport vesicles during budding

52
Q

t-snares

A

Form stable subcomplexes that serve as guides for v-snares binding to complete formation of SNARE complex

53
Q

Transport of proteins without conformation change

A

Through nuclear pores

54
Q

Transport of proteins with conformation change

A

Chaperones

Across membrane

55
Q

Transport of proteins

A

Without conformation change
With conformation change
Vesicular transport

56
Q

Types of proteins

A

Without address sequence (proteins stay in cytoplasm)

With address sequence (proteins are directed to specific organelle)

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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