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Bio 214 > population Ecology > Flashcards

population Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ groups of individuals in one place and time

A

populations

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2
Q

What are the five characteristics of populations?

A

1.geographic range
2. habitat
3. density
4. size
5. age structure

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3
Q

______ _______ is the area throughout which a population occurs

A

geographic range

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4
Q

________: biotic and abiotic feature of its range

A

habitat

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5
Q

_______ is how individuals are physically spaced out

A

density

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6
Q

______ is the number of individuals and how that number changes through time

A

size

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7
Q

T or F: Circumvent inhospitable habitat to colonize suitable, previously unoccupied areas

A

True

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8
Q

T or F: The last glaciation event extended the ranges of many species

A

True

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9
Q

_______ ________ are a key factor in expanding range

A

Dispersal Mechanisms

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10
Q

T or F: Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

A

True

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11
Q

________ spacing: individuals do not interact strongly with one another; not common in nature

A

random

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12
Q

________ spacing: behavioral interactions, resource competition

A

uniform

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13
Q

_________ spacing: uneven distribution of resources: common in nature

A

clumped

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14
Q

_________________: occur in areas in which suitable habitat is patchily distributed and is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat

A

metapopulations

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15
Q

_______-________ metapopulations some areas are suitable for long-term habitat, other are not

A

source-sink

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16
Q

_______- populations in better areas

A

source

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17
Q

______- populations in poorer area

A

sink

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18
Q

________- the quantitative study of populations

A

demography

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19
Q

T or F: population growth can be influenced by the population’s sex ratio

A

True

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20
Q

_______ _______: average interval between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring

A

generation times

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21
Q

______ ______: determined by the numbers of individuals in a different age group

A

age structure

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22
Q

Generation time and body size are ______ related

A

directly

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23
Q

_____: group of individuals of the same age

A

cohort

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24
Q

______: number of offspring produced in standard time

A

fecundity

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25
Q

_______: death rate in a standard time

A

mortality

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26
Q

______ _______ has a critical influence on a population’s growth rate

A

age structure

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27
Q

__________ percent of an original population that survives to a given age

A

survivorship

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28
Q

_______ ______ expresses some aspects of age distribution

A

survivorship curve

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29
Q

What type of survivorship curve is this )

A

type 1

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30
Q

What type of survivorship curve is this \

A

type II

31
Q

What type of survivorship curve is this (

A

type III

32
Q

_______ ______ favors traits that maximize the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation by an individual organism

A

natural selection

33
Q

_____ ______: the complete life cycle of an organism

A

life history of

34
Q

T or F: Larger offspring have a greater chance of survival

A

True

35
Q

____-_____ species delay reproduction

A

long-lived

36
Q

______-_____ species reproduce early

A

short-lived

37
Q

_________ growth model applies to populations with no growth limits

A

exponential

38
Q

What is the equation for exponential growth model?

A

r= (b-d) + (i-e)
r= rate of population increase

39
Q

_______ ______ e= i, and there are no limits on population growth

A

biotic potential

40
Q

What is the equation for biotic potential

A

dN/ dt= riN

41
Q

The biotic potential of any population is ________. even when the rate of increase remains constant

A

exponential

42
Q

______ ______: symbolized by K, is the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support

A

carrying capacity

43
Q

________ growth model: applies to population as they reach K

A

logistic

44
Q

What is the logistic growth model equation?

A

dN/ dt= rN(K-N)/ K

45
Q

____/____ is equal to the intrinsic rate of natural increase, adjusted for the amount of available resoures

A

dN/ dt

46
Q

If you plot N versus t, you obtain a ______ growth curve

A

sigmoidal

47
Q

As N approaches K, the rate of population growth begins _____

A

slow

48
Q

If N= K the population growth rate is _____

A

zero

49
Q

If the population size exceeds K, the population size will decline until it reaches ___

A

K

50
Q

_____-_____: factors that affect population and depend on population size

A

density- dependent

51
Q

_______-_______: other factors, such as natural disasters, affect populations regardless of size

A

density- independent

52
Q

_________ ________ ________ is where the birth rate and death rate are equal, which is equal to K

A

equilibrium population density

53
Q

_______ _______ affects life history adaptations

A

resource availability

54
Q

When resources are limited, the cost of reproduction is _______

A

high

55
Q

________ will favor individuals that can compete and utilize resources efficiently

A

selection

56
Q

__-selection populations: adapted to thrive when population is near its carrying capacity

A

K

57
Q

__- selected populations: selection favors individuals with the highest reproductive rates

A

r

58
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
age at first reproduction

A

R: early
K: late

59
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
Life Span

A

R: short
K: long

60
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
maturation time

A

R: short
K: long

61
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
mortality rate

A

R: often high
K: usually low

62
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
Number of offspring produced per reproductive episode

A

R: Many
K:Few

63
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
Number of reproductions per lifetime

A

R: few
K: Many

64
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
Parental care

A

R: none
K: often extensive

65
Q

What is this adaptation at r and k-selected populations:
size of offspring or eggs

A

R: small
K: Large

66
Q

What are the three K-selected life history traits?

A
  1. small brood size
  2. late reproduction
  3. high degree of parental care
67
Q

T or F: Birth rate has remained unchanged

A

True

68
Q

T or F: Death rate has fallen dramatically

A

True

69
Q

Human populations have grown ______-

A

exponentially

70
Q

__- selected species are adapted to function well in rapidly changing environements

A

r

71
Q

What type of survivorship curve does r-selected species show?

A

Type III

72
Q

In r-selected species,
survivorship and fecundity are greatly influenced by ______-_____ factors

A

density- indepdent

73
Q

__- selected species thrive in more stable environments

A

K

74
Q

What type of survivorship curve do K-selected species have?

A

Type I and Type II

Bio 214 (21 decks)

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