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Bio 214 > Lecture 8: Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In eukaryotes, the hereditary information within the nucleus is distributed among individuals called?

A

linear DNA molecules

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2
Q

What are three things DNA molecules can do?

A
  1. combine with proteins that stabilize the DNA molecules
  2. assist in packaging DNA during cell division
  3. influence the expression of individual genes
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3
Q

In a cell, each chromosome is composed of one what?

A

DNA molecule an its associated proteins

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4
Q

What is the chromosome complement?

A

the complete set of chromosomes of eukaryotic organism

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5
Q

The nucleus of each somatic contains a ___ number of chromosomes typical of the particular species

A

fixed

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6
Q

T or F: the number of chromosomes vary tremendously among species and have little relationship to the complexity of the organism

A

True

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7
Q

What phases are in interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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8
Q

What does G1 stand for, and what is a basic description?

A

primary growth phase, and it is the longest phase. It also stands for gap phase 1

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9
Q

What does S phase stand for and what is a basic description?

A

Synthesis, and replication of DNA

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10
Q

What does G2 phase stand for and what is a basic description?

A

Gap phase 2, organelles replicate, microtubules organize

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11
Q

How many phases is mitosis divided into?

A

5

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12
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the separation into 2 new cells

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13
Q

T or F: the time it takes to complete a cell cycle varies greatly?

A

True

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14
Q

In G2, what are three things besides the basic description that occurs?

A
  1. chromosomes coil more tightly using motor proteins
    2.centrioles replicate
  2. tubulin synthesis
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15
Q

What are centromeres?

A

the point of constriction

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16
Q

T or F: each sister chromatid has a centromere

A

True

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17
Q

How do chromatids stay attached at the centromere?

A

by cohesin

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18
Q

What protein replaces cohesins?

A

condensins (in multicellular animals)

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19
Q

What are the five phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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20
Q

What continues throughout prophase?

A

condensation

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21
Q

When does the spindle apparatus assemble?

A

prophase

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22
Q

When does the nuclear envelope breaks down?

A

prophase

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23
Q

When do individual condensed chromosomes first become visible with the light microscope?

A

prophase

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24
Q

When does prometaphase occur?

A

The transition occurs after disassembly of nuclear envelope

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25
Q

What is called when chromosomes begin to move to center of cell, and what phase is it in?

A

congression, prometaphase

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26
Q

What is metaphase?

A

The alignment of chromosomes along the metaphase plate

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27
Q

In what phase do the centromeres begin to split, and cohesin proteins from all chromosomes is removed, and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles?

A

Anaphase

28
Q

What is anaphase A?

A

kinetochores pulled toward poles

29
Q

What is anaphase B?

A

the poles move apart

30
Q

In what phase does the spindle apparatus dissambles and the nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids?

A

Telophase

31
Q

In what phase are the sister chromatids called chromosomes?

A

Telophase

32
Q

When do the chromosomes begin to uncoil?

A

telophase

33
Q

What is the sexual life cycle composed of?

A

meiosis and fertilization

34
Q

When does the nucleolus reappear in each new nucleus?

A

telophase

35
Q

What cells are diploid?

A

somatic

36
Q

What cells are haploid?

A

gametes

37
Q

What do offspring inherit from 2 parents?

A

genetic material

38
Q

In most animals, with sexual reproduction, what state dominates?

A

diploid state

39
Q

Single - cell diploid zygote undergoes mitosis to produce___ cells?

A

somatic

40
Q

Some diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce ____ gametes

A

haploid

41
Q

How many rounds of division are in Meiosis?

A

two rounds

42
Q

What is synapsis?

A

It occurs in early prophase I, and homologous chromosomes become closely associated, and it includes formation of synaptonemal complexes

43
Q

What are synaptonemal complexes also called?

A

tetrads or bivalents

44
Q

When does crossing over?

A

prophase I

45
Q

What are the sites for crossing over called?

A

chiasmata

46
Q

What is the first meiotic division termed?

A

reduction division

47
Q

T or F: No DNA replication between meiotic divisions

A

True

48
Q

What does the first meiotic division result in?

A

daughter cells that contain one homologue from each chromosome pair

49
Q

What does the second meiotic division result in?

A

it separates the sister chromatids for each homologue

50
Q

What is crossing over?

A

the genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids

51
Q

T or F: after crossing over, alleles of genes that were formerly on separate homologues can now be found on the same homologue

A

True

52
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1?

A

1.paired homologues locked together following crossing over,
2. microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homologue
3. homologues are aligned at the metaphase plate side-by-side

53
Q

T or F: the orientation of each pair of homologues on the spindle is random

A

True

54
Q

In what phase do
1. microtubules of the spindle shorten (chiasmata break)
2. homologues are separated from each other and move to opposite poles (sister chromatids remain attached at centromeres)
3. each poles has a complete haploid set of chromosomes
4. independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes

A

anaphase 1

55
Q

In what phase does the nuclear envelope re-forms around each daughter nucleus

A

telophase 1

56
Q

What happens in prophase II?

A

nuclear envelopes dissolve and new spindle apparatus forms

57
Q

What happens in metaphase II?

A

chromosomes align on metaphase plate

58
Q

What happens in anaphase II?

A

sister chromatids are separated from each other

59
Q

What happens in telophase II?

A

nuclear envelope re-forms around 4 sets of daughter chromosomes; cytokinesis follows

60
Q

What is the final result of meiosis?

A

four cells containing haploid sets of chromosomes

61
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

failure of chromosomes to move to opposite poles during meiotic division

62
Q

What are aneuploid gametes?

A

gametes with missing or extra chromosomes

63
Q

What are the two key differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A
  1. maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion at the centromere during all of meiosis I
  2. loss of cohesion from the chromosome arms during anaphase I
64
Q

T or F: Sister kinetochores attach to the same pole during meiosis I

A

True

65
Q

T or F: Meiosis produces cells that are not indentical

A

True

66
Q

How does meiosis produce cells that are not identical?

A

random orientation in first division and crossing over

67
Q
A

Bio 214 (13 decks)

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