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Bio 214 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is systematics?

A

the study of evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

What can you construct with systematics?

A

an evolutionary tree, or phyologeny

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3
Q

What is phyologeny?

A

the evolutionary history of an organism, including which species are closely related and in what order related species evolved

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4
Q

With a branching diagram depicting evolutionary relationships, what causes all species to be related in branching?

A

Descent modification

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5
Q

True or false: Evolution can occur very rapidly or very slowly

A

True

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6
Q

True or False: evolution is not always divergent

A

True, it can also be convergent

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7
Q

What is evolutionary reversal?

A

the process in which a species ca re-evolve the characteristics of an ancestral species

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8
Q

What does it mean if a trait is ancestral?

A

There is a similarity among species that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of the group

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9
Q

What does it mean if a trait is derived?

A

There is the similarity that arose more recently (not from a common ancestor)

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10
Q

What is cladistics?

A

A taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchy or organisms that represent true phylogenetic relationships and descent

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11
Q

What type of traits are characters considered informative?

A

derived

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12
Q

What are the different types of data that systematics can gather on a number of characteristics?

A
  1. phenotype
  2. morphology
  3. physiology
  4. behavior
  5. DNA
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13
Q

What does it mean to polarize?

A

To determine whether a character state are ancestral or derived

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14
Q

What is a character state?

A

one of two or more distinguishable forms of a character ( ex. presence or absence of vertebrate

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15
Q

What is used to assign character polarity?

A

an outgroup

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16
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

a species or group of species that is closely related, but not a member of the group under study

17
Q

What is a clade?

A

species that share a common ancestor

18
Q

What is synapomorphy?

A

a derived character shared by clade member

19
Q

What are plesiomorphies?

A

ancestral states

20
Q

What is symplesiomorphy?

A

shared ancestral states

21
Q

What are some complications with constructing a cladogram?

A

the same character could have evolved independently in several species
2. re-evolve evolution

22
Q

What is Homoplasy?

A

a shared derived character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor

23
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

scientists should favor the hypothesis that required the fewest assumptions

24
Q

What is the statistical approach?

A

an assumption about the rate at which characters evolve and then fit the data to these models to derive the phylogeny that best accords with these assumptions.

25
Q

What is the molecular clock?

A

the metric in which the rate of evolution

26
Q

what is classification?

A

how we place species and higher groups-genus, family, class, and so forth- into the taxonomic hierarchy

27
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

the science of classifying living things

28
Q

What is the first word used to classify a species?

A

The genus to which the organism belongs to

29
Q

What is the second word in classifying a species?

A

particular species

30
Q

____ with common properties are in the same class

A

order

31
Q

_____ have similar characteristics and same phylum

A

classes

32
Q

____ are assigned to kingdoms

A

phyla

33
Q

What includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants?

A

monophyletic

34
Q

What is the term for when it includes the most recent common ancestors of the group but not all its descendants?

A

paraphyletic

35
Q

What is group does not include the most recent common ancestors of all members in the group?

A

polyphyletic

36
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

it proposes that the term species should be applied to a group of populations that have been evolving independently of other groups of populations

37
Q

What are some controversies with the phylogenetic species concept?

A
  1. it can lead to the recognition of every slightly differentiated species population as a distinct species
  2. species may not always be monophyletic
38
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

they are derived from the same body part of a common ancestor

39
Q

what is a homoplastic structure?

A

they are not derived from a common ancestor

Bio 214 (20 decks)

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