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Bio 214 > Chapter 12, Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 12, Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Before the 20th century, what were the two concepts that were the basis for ideas about heredity?

A
  1. Heredity occurs within species
  2. Traits are transmitted directly from parent to offspring
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2
Q

___________-1760- crossed tobacco strains to produce hybrids

A

Josef Kolreuter

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3
Q

What two observations did Josef Kolreuter make about the hybrids?

A
  1. hybrid offspring differed from both parents
  2. additional variation observed in 2nd generation offspring contradicts direct transmission
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4
Q

__________ -1823- crossed two varieties of garden pea, Pisum sativa

A

T.A Knight

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5
Q

T.A knight crossed two _____-______ strains

A

true-breeding

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6
Q

What does it mean if a species is true-breeding?

A

with self-fertilization it produces one type

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7
Q

In T.A knight’s experiment’s 1st generation resembled only 1 ______ strain

A

parent

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8
Q

In T.A Knight’s experiment’s the 2nd generation resembled ______ strains

A

both parent

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9
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants?

A
  1. other research showed that pea bybrids could be produced
  2. many pea varieties were available
  3. peas are small plants an easy to grow
  4. Peas can self-fertilize or be cross-fertilized
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10
Q

What was Mendel’s experimental method?

A
  1. Produce true-breeding strains for each trait he was studying
  2. cross-fertilize true-breeding strains having alternate forms of a trait
  3. Allow the hybrid offspring to self-fertilize for several generations and count the number of offspring showing each form of the trait
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11
Q

How did Mendel conduct his experiments?

A
  1. The anthers are cut away on the purple flower
  2. pollen is obtained from the white flower
  3. Pollen is transferred to the purple flower
  4. All progeny result in purple flowers
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12
Q

________ cross used to study only two variations of single trait

A

monohybrid

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13
Q

Mendel produced true-breeding pea strains for _____ different traits

A

seven

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14
Q

What are the seven traits of plants?

A

flower color, seed color, seed texture, pod color, pod shape, flower position, plant height, plant

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15
Q

F1 generation is also called ____________

A

first filial generation

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16
Q

For every trait Mendel studied, all F1 plants resembled the same _____

A

parent

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17
Q

The visible trait is referred to as _____

A

dominant

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18
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, no ________ inheritance was found

A

blending

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19
Q

F2 is the second ______ generation

A

filial

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20
Q

_____ ______ generation was produced from the self-fertilization of F1 plants

A

second filial

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21
Q

What is the F2 phenotypic ratio?

A

3:1

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22
Q

What is the genotypic ratio of F2 generation?

A

1 true-breeding dominant
2 not-true breeding dominant plants
1 true-breeeding recessive plant

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23
Q

What is Mendel’s five-element model?

A
  1. parents transmit discrete factors (genes)
  2. each individual receives one copy of a gene from each parent
  3. Not all copies of a gene are identical
  4. alleles remain discrete-no blending
  5. presence of allele does not guarantee expression
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24
Q

_____ is an alternatve form of a gene

A

allele

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25
Q

_______- two of the same allele

A

homozygous

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26
Q

________-different alleles

A

heterozygous

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27
Q

What is the principle that two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random during fertilization?

A

principle of segregation

28
Q

The physical basis for allele segregation is the movement of ______ during meiosis

A

chromosomes

29
Q

In Punnett squares the top right section contains the _____ DNA

A

male’s

30
Q

In the punnett square the side left contains the _____ DNA

A

female’s

31
Q

Each true-breeding parent makes only one type of ______

A

gamete

32
Q

________ cross used to study two variations of two traits in a single cross

A

Dihbrid

33
Q

In the F2 dihybrid cross what is the phenotypic ration produced?

A

9:3:3:1

34
Q

In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort ________

A

independently

35
Q

The segregation of different allele pairs is ______

A

independent

36
Q

Independent alignment of different homologous chromosomes pairs during _______ I leads to the independent segregation of the different allele pairs

A

metaphase

37
Q

______ is used to determine the genotype of an individual with unknown phenotype

A

testcross

38
Q

In a testcross the unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous _____

A

recessive

39
Q

______ allows the prediction of liklihoods of random events

A

probability

40
Q

Rule of ______ is the probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities

A

addition

41
Q

rule of ________ is the probability two independent events both occurring is the product of their individual probabilities

A

multiplication

42
Q

_____ probabilities are based on monohybrid probabilities

A

dihybrid

43
Q

Principle of _______ _____ means one dihybrid cross is equivalent to two independent monohybridcrosses

A

independent assortment

44
Q

What does Mendel’s model of inheritance assume?

A
  1. Each trait is controlled by a single gene
  2. each gene has only two alleles
  3. there is a clear dominant-recessive relationship between the alleles
45
Q

______ _____ is where more than one gene can affect a single trait

A

polygenic inheritance

46
Q

_______ is when a single gene can affect more than one trait

A

pleiotrophy

47
Q

________ _______ for one gene is where genes have more than two alleles in a populations

A

multiple alleles

48
Q

________ dominance shows an intermediate phenotype for the heterzygote

A

incomplete

49
Q

________, the heterozygote shows some aspect of the phenotypes of both homozygotes

A

codominance

50
Q

_________ factors is where genes may be affected by the environment

A

environmental

51
Q

_____ _____ is the products of genes can interact to alter genetic ratios

A

gene interactions

52
Q

T or F: environment does effect phenotype

A

True

53
Q

______ ______ refers to different phenotypes from same genotype due to environmental conditions

A

phenotypic plasticiity

54
Q

________ _______ refers to a range of possible phenotypes across genotypes, the phenotype is the result of an accumulation of contributions by multiple genes

A

continuous variation

55
Q

_______ ______ is a trait that is determined by the effect of more than one gene

A

quantitative traits

56
Q

______ ______ heritability is the fraction of phenotypic variation due to underlying genetic variation

A

broad sense

57
Q

______ _____ heritability is the fraction of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic variance, that is the genetic variance for a specific trait

A

narrow sense

58
Q

Height is a ______ varying trait

A

continuously

59
Q

_______ refers to an allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype

A

pleiotropy

60
Q

Blood type A codes for what sugar?

A

galactosamine

61
Q

Blood type B codes for what sugar?

A

galactose

62
Q

Blood type AB codes for what type of sugar?

A

Galactose and galactosamine

63
Q

Blood type O codes for sugar?

A

none

64
Q

What blood types are codominant?

A

A and B

65
Q

_______ is when the action of one gene obscures the effects of another gene

A

epistasis

66
Q

In labradors what are the two genes that control coat color?

A

Brown and extension

Bio 214 (20 decks)

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