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Bio 214 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is geological time first divided into?

A

eons

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2
Q

What are eons divided into?

A

eras

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3
Q

What are eras divided into?

A

periods

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4
Q

How many eons have there been?

A

Four eons

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5
Q

From the oldest to the current, what are the four eons?

A
  1. Hadean
  2. Archean
    3.Proterozoic
  3. Phanerozoic
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6
Q

What eons are considered Precambrian?

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic

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7
Q

What eons are considered Cambrian?

A

Phanerozoic

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8
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Hadean eon?

A

no rocks

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9
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Archean eon?

A

fossils of prokaryotes

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10
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Proterozoic eon?

A

oldest definite fossils of eukaryotes

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11
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Phanerozoic eon?

A

greatest diversity

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12
Q

The early atmosphere likely had levels of ______

A

CO2

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13
Q

What causes CO2 to increase?

A

Volcanic erruptions

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14
Q

What causes CO2 to decrease?

A

Weathering

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15
Q

What is weathering?

A

The conversion of rock to soil

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16
Q

Which is greater the CO2 released in the atmosphere or the decrease of CO2 because of weathering?

A

The decrease of CO2

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17
Q

What builds geological features?

A

The tectonic plates shifting

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18
Q

What did Rodinia contain?

A

All the continents

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19
Q

What did Gondwana contain

A

all southern hemisphere continents

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20
Q

Which eon does life supposedly come from?

A

Archean

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21
Q

Where did the origin of life emerge from?

A

early water

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22
Q

What did the evolution of cells require?

A

Early organic molecules to assemble to form functional independent units

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23
Q

What is the extraterrestrial theory with relation to the early molecules?

A

That meteorites and comets have carried organic material

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24
Q

What are the two proposed atmospheres for early earth to form the early molecules?

A
  1. CO2, H2O, N2
    2.H2, S, N, C, H2S, NH3, CH4
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25
Q

What is the time frame for the Hadean eon?

A

About 4-4.5 BYA

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26
Q

What is the time frame for the Archean eon?

A

About 2.5- 4 BYA

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27
Q

What is the time frame for the Proterozoic eon?

A

2.5 BYA to 541 MYA

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28
Q

What is the time frame for the Phanerozoic eon?

A

541 MYA to now

29
Q

What is a reducing atmosphere?

A

One where oxidizers are lacking (like O2) and reducing gases like H2 and CO are present.

30
Q

What type of environment did the Mille and Urey experiment create?

A

a reduced atmosphere

31
Q

What was the result of the Mille and Urey experiment?

A

carbon compounds were indentified

32
Q

What were two important landmarks in the evolution of metabolism

A
  1. autotrophic origin
  2. Heterotrophic origin
33
Q

What does it mean in relation to the evolution of metabolism that it has an autotrophic origin?

A

energy from the oxidiation of inorganic compounds due a reductive version of the critic acid cycle

34
Q

What does it mean in relation to the evolution of metabolism that it has an heterotrophic origin?

A

The mille urey experiment (essentially) life just evolved from carbon materials

35
Q

It is very likely that organisms emerged and lived at ____ temperatures

A

high

36
Q

When was there fossil evidence?

A

3.2 BYA

37
Q

What form of fossils are difficult to find?

A

microfossils

38
Q

What rock layer is assumed to be the biological origin?

A

craton

39
Q

______ resemble prokaryotes from 3.2 BYA

A

microfossils

40
Q

What is an example of indirect evidence of fossils?

A

stromtolites

41
Q

What are stromtolites?

A

sedimentary deposits

42
Q

How are stromalites held in place?

A

by microorganism (cyanobacteria

43
Q

What data indicates that carbon fixation is an ancient process?

A

Isotopic data

44
Q

What does spectroscopic analysis show?

A

The presence of complex carbon molecules

45
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

The incorporation of inorganic carbon into organic form

46
Q

What are two methods of carbon fixation?

A
  1. calvin cycle
  2. citric acid cycle
47
Q

What are found in ancient rocks?

A

hydrocarbons

48
Q

What serve as biomarkers?

A

organic compounds

49
Q

What isotope ratio indicate biological origin?

A

carbon

50
Q

What is climate?

A

temperature and water availability

51
Q

_____ and ____ affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce

A

climate and atmosphere

52
Q

The earth has been ____ since its formation

A

cooling

53
Q

Decline of ____ in the Proterozoic eon ____ weathering and led to glaciations

A

CO2, slowed

54
Q

Actual weather increases _____, which shifts tectonic plates, causing glaciation

A

weathering

55
Q

____ motion affected evolution

A

continental

56
Q

What are ways that shifting plates can impact species?

A
  1. can cause reproductive isolation
  2. can allow previously separated species to interbreed
57
Q

What land mass formed at the end of the Paleozic era?

A

Pangea

58
Q

When Pangea broke up what era and start of the period was it?

A

It broke up in the Mesozoic era and began the Jurassic period

59
Q

What period did the Appalachia form?

A

Permian

60
Q

What era did Australia and Antaratic separate?

A

Cenozoic era

61
Q

What led to the evolution of cellular respiration?

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

62
Q

Early plants released _________ that can increase rock weathering

A

organic acid

63
Q

The diversification of vascular plants’ root systems increased _____

A

weathering

64
Q

Do eukaryotes extensively compartmentalize?

A

Yes

65
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Allows the cell to divide into functional compartmentally, and the folding of the membrane

66
Q

What is the endosymbiosis origin of eukaryotes?

A

Essentially the endocytosis of prokaryotes into the cell (mitochondria and chloroplast)

67
Q

What does multicellularity allow?

A

specialization by allowing organisms to deal with their environment through the differentiation of cell types into tissue and organs

68
Q

What did photosynthesis lead to the atmospheric development of?

A

The ozone layer

69
Q

What does the ozone layer protect us from?

A

UV radiation

Bio 214 (20 decks)

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