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Bio 214 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What is geological time first divided into?

A

eons

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2
Q

What are eons divided into?

A

eras

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3
Q

What are eras divided into?

A

periods

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4
Q

How many eons have there been?

A

Four eons

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5
Q

From the oldest to the current, what are the four eons?

A
  1. Hadean
  2. Archean
    3.Proterozoic
  3. Phanerozoic
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6
Q

What eons are considered Precambrian?

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic

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7
Q

What eons are considered Cambrian?

A

Phanerozoic

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8
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Hadean eon?

A

no rocks

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9
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Archean eon?

A

fossils of prokaryotes

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10
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Proterozoic eon?

A

oldest definite fossils of eukaryotes

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11
Q

What is a basic descriptive phrase of the Phanerozoic eon?

A

greatest diversity

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12
Q

The early atmosphere likely had levels of ______

A

CO2

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13
Q

What causes CO2 to increase?

A

Volcanic erruptions

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14
Q

What causes CO2 to decrease?

A

Weathering

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15
Q

What is weathering?

A

The conversion of rock to soil

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16
Q

Which is greater the CO2 released in the atmosphere or the decrease of CO2 because of weathering?

A

The decrease of CO2

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17
Q

What builds geological features?

A

The tectonic plates shifting

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18
Q

What did Rodinia contain?

A

All the continents

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19
Q

What did Gondwana contain

A

all southern hemisphere continents

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20
Q

Which eon does life supposedly come from?

A

Archean

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21
Q

Where did the origin of life emerge from?

A

early water

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22
Q

What did the evolution of cells require?

A

Early organic molecules to assemble to form functional independent units

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23
Q

What is the extraterrestrial theory with relation to the early molecules?

A

That meteorites and comets have carried organic material

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24
Q

What are the two proposed atmospheres for early earth to form the early molecules?

A
  1. CO2, H2O, N2
    2.H2, S, N, C, H2S, NH3, CH4
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25
What is the time frame for the Hadean eon?
About 4-4.5 BYA
26
What is the time frame for the Archean eon?
About 2.5- 4 BYA
27
What is the time frame for the Proterozoic eon?
2.5 BYA to 541 MYA
28
What is the time frame for the Phanerozoic eon?
541 MYA to now
29
What is a reducing atmosphere?
One where oxidizers are lacking (like O2) and reducing gases like H2 and CO are present.
30
What type of environment did the Mille and Urey experiment create?
a reduced atmosphere
31
What was the result of the Mille and Urey experiment?
carbon compounds were indentified
32
What were two important landmarks in the evolution of metabolism
1. autotrophic origin 2. Heterotrophic origin
33
What does it mean in relation to the evolution of metabolism that it has an autotrophic origin?
energy from the oxidiation of inorganic compounds due a reductive version of the critic acid cycle
34
What does it mean in relation to the evolution of metabolism that it has an heterotrophic origin?
The mille urey experiment (essentially) life just evolved from carbon materials
35
It is very likely that organisms emerged and lived at ____ temperatures
high
36
When was there fossil evidence?
3.2 BYA
37
What form of fossils are difficult to find?
microfossils
38
What rock layer is assumed to be the biological origin?
craton
39
______ resemble prokaryotes from 3.2 BYA
microfossils
40
What is an example of indirect evidence of fossils?
stromtolites
41
What are stromtolites?
sedimentary deposits
42
How are stromalites held in place?
by microorganism (cyanobacteria
43
What data indicates that carbon fixation is an ancient process?
Isotopic data
44
What does spectroscopic analysis show?
The presence of complex carbon molecules
45
What is carbon fixation?
The incorporation of inorganic carbon into organic form
46
What are two methods of carbon fixation?
1. calvin cycle 2. citric acid cycle
47
What are found in ancient rocks?
hydrocarbons
48
What serve as biomarkers?
organic compounds
49
What isotope ratio indicate biological origin?
carbon
50
What is climate?
temperature and water availability
51
_____ and ____ affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce
climate and atmosphere
52
The earth has been ____ since its formation
cooling
53
Decline of ____ in the Proterozoic eon ____ weathering and led to glaciations
CO2, slowed
54
Actual weather increases _____, which shifts tectonic plates, causing glaciation
weathering
55
____ motion affected evolution
continental
56
What are ways that shifting plates can impact species?
1. can cause reproductive isolation 2. can allow previously separated species to interbreed
57
What land mass formed at the end of the Paleozic era?
Pangea
58
When Pangea broke up what era and start of the period was it?
It broke up in the Mesozoic era and began the Jurassic period
59
What period did the Appalachia form?
Permian
60
What era did Australia and Antaratic separate?
Cenozoic era
61
What led to the evolution of cellular respiration?
oxygenic photosynthesis
62
Early plants released _________ that can increase rock weathering
organic acid
63
The diversification of vascular plants' root systems increased _____
weathering
64
Do eukaryotes extensively compartmentalize?
Yes
65
What is the endomembrane system?
Allows the cell to divide into functional compartmentally, and the folding of the membrane
66
What is the endosymbiosis origin of eukaryotes?
Essentially the endocytosis of prokaryotes into the cell (mitochondria and chloroplast)
67
What does multicellularity allow?
specialization by allowing organisms to deal with their environment through the differentiation of cell types into tissue and organs
68
What did photosynthesis lead to the atmospheric development of?
The ozone layer
69
What does the ozone layer protect us from?
UV radiation

Bio 214 (23 decks)

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