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Bio 214 > Chapter 13: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, and Human Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, and Human Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who
1.first suggested the central role of chromosomes
2. authored one of the scientific papers announcing rediscovery of Mendel’s work

A

Carl Correns 1900

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2
Q

Who
1. had the chromosomal theory of inheritance
2. Based on observations that similar chromosomes paired with one another during meiosis

A

Walter Sutton 1902

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3
Q

T.H Morgan worked with fruit fly called ______ ________

A

drosophila melanogaster

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4
Q

T.H Morgan discovered a mutant male fly with _____ eyes instead of red

A

white

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5
Q

When T.H Morgan crossed the mutant white eye male fly with a normal red-eyed female what was the progeny of all F1?

A

red eye= dominant trait

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6
Q

When Morgan crossed the F1 females with the F1 males, the F2 generations contained what color eyed flies?

A

Both red and white

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7
Q

When F1 females in F1 males crossed in Morgan’s experiment, in the F2 generation all the white-eyed flies were _____

A

male

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8
Q

T.H morgan discovered with the fruit flies that the eye color gene resides on the __ chromosome

A

X

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9
Q

When Morgan testcrossed F1 females with a white eyed male it showed viability of white-eyed ______

A

females

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10
Q

Traits determined by sex chromosome genes are _____-______

A

sex-linked

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11
Q

____ chromosomes are a pair dissimilar chromosomes that still pair during meiosis and mitosis

A

sex

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11
Q

Sex determination in Drosophila is based on the number of ____ chromosomes

A

X

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12
Q

T or F: Sex chromosomes varies across organisms

A

True

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13
Q

In human sex determination is based on the presence of a ___ chromosome in humans

A

Y

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14
Q

In birds, the male has two __ chromosomes and females are ZW

A

ZZ

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15
Q

Some insects are either XX (female) or X__ in males

A

O (O indicating absence of a chromosome

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16
Q

In Honeybees, females are ______ and males are _______

A

diploid, haploid

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17
Q

Y chromosomes are highly ______

A

condensed

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18
Q

_______ are non-sex chromsomes

A

autosomes

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19
Q

_____ genes from Y chromosome are expressed

A

few

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20
Q

Recessive alleles on X chromosome have no active partner on ___

A

Y

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21
Q

______ _______ ensures equal expression of genes from sex chromosomes even though number of chromosomes is different between sexes

A

dosage compensation

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22
Q

In mammalian female cells, 1 X chromosome is randomly inactivated and is highly condensed into a ______ body

A

Barr

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23
Q

Females heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are _____ ______

A

genetic mosaics

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24
Q

What are the chromosome theory exceptions?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain genes

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25
Q

T or F: Traits controlled by Mitochondria and Chloroplast genes do follow the chromosomal theory of inheritance

A

FALSE

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26
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast genes are passed by one offspring this is called ______ _______

A

maternal inheritance

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27
Q

Early geneticists realized that could obtain information about the ______ between genes on a chromosome

A

distance

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

If crossover occurs, parental alleles are recombined producing ________ ________

A

recombinant gametes

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30
Q

What was Creighton’s and McClinktock’s experiment’s hypothesis?

A

Crossing over involves a physical exchange of genetic material between two

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31
Q

Creighton’s and McClintock’s predication was that recombination of visible differences in a chromosome should correlate with genetic recombination of _______

A

alleles

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32
Q

Creighton and McClintock found that genetically recombinant progeny also have ________ _________ ________

A

physically recombinant chromosomes

33
Q

What did Creighton and McClintock conclude about there experiment?

A

That a physical exchange of genetic material accompanied genetic recombination

34
Q

___________ is the basis for genetic maps

A

Recombination

35
Q

_______ _________ out Morgan’s observation that recombinant progeny reflected relevant location of genes in quantitative terms

A

Alfred Sturtevant

36
Q

T or F: The physical distance on a chromosome and the probability of recombination (corssover) occurring between the gene loci are indirectly related

A

FALSE, as one increases so does the other

37
Q

The distance between genes is proportional to the ________ of recombination events

A

frequency

38
Q

What is the equation for the recombination frequency?

A

recombinant progeny/ total progeny

39
Q

What is the unit for one map unit?

A

1 centimorgan

40
Q

What is the unit for 1? recombination?

A

1 map unit (m.u)

41
Q

If homologues undergo two crossovers between loci, then the parental combination is ______

A

restored

42
Q

_____ number of crossover events produce recombinant gametes

A

odd

43
Q

No crossover or even numbers of crossovers produce ______ gametes

A

parental

44
Q

T or F: Relationship between true distance on a chromosome and the recombination frequency is not linear

A

TRUE

45
Q

In the three-point testcross, the _____ gene allows tracking of recombination events on either side

A

middle

46
Q

In a three-point cross, the class of offspring with two crossovers is the _______ frequent class (most or least)

A

least

47
Q

Three-point testcross, uses _____ loci instead two to construct maps

A

three

48
Q

Some human traits are controlled by a single _____

A

gene

49
Q

Human traits can exhibit _______/_______ inheritance

A

dominant/ recessive

50
Q

_______ analysis is used to track inheritance patterns in families

A

pedigree

51
Q

Juvenile glaucoma is an example of ________ inheritance

A

dominant

52
Q

albinism is an example of ________ inheritance

A

recessive

53
Q

What disease causes degeneration of optic nerve leading to blindness

A

juvenile glaucoma

54
Q

If a pedigree shows dominant inheritance than the trait appears in ________ generation

A

every

55
Q

What condition causes the pigment melanin to not be produced

A

albinism

56
Q

With what type of inheritance are:
-males and females affected equally
-most affected individuals have unaffected parents

A

autosomal recessive inheritance

57
Q

What genetic disorders affect males more than females?

A

sex-linked

58
Q

_______ is a disease that affects a single protein in a cascade involved in formation of blood clots

A

Hemophilia

59
Q

T or F: A single amino acid change in a single protein can result in clinical syndrome

A

True

60
Q

What disease is
- the first human disease shown to be the result of a mutation in a protein
- caused by a defect in the oxygen carrier molecule, hemoglobin
- leads to impaired oxygen delivery to tissues

A

sickle cell anemia

61
Q

What type of allele is particularly prevalent in people of African descent and confers resistance to blood-borne parasite that causes malaria

A

sickle cell allele

62
Q

Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, and Phenylketonuria are genetic disorders that are ________ _________

A

autosomal recessive

63
Q

Hemophilia and Muscular dystrophy are genetic disorders that are ___-____ _______

A

X-linked recessive

64
Q

Huntington disease and Hypercholesterolemia are genetic disorders that are ______ _______

A

autosomal dominant

65
Q

_______ is the failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis

A

nondisjunction

66
Q

_________ is the gain or loss of a chromosome, the result of nondisjunction

A

aneuploidy

67
Q

_______ is the loss of a chromosome

A

monosomy

68
Q

________ is the gain of a chromosome

A

trisomy

69
Q

Human embryos trisomic for _______ of the _______ autosomes can survive birth

A

five, smallest

70
Q

Trisomy at which chromosomes can survive? (give numbers)

A

13, 15, 18, 21, and 22

71
Q

Which trisomy at these chromosomes will cause severe defects and die within a few months?

A

13,15, and 18

72
Q

Trisomy at which two chromosomes can survive to adulthood?

A

21 and 22

73
Q

Down syndrome is trisomy at which chromosome?

A

21

74
Q

What two things can cause down syndrome?

A

-full third 21st chromosome
-translocation of a part of chromosome 21

75
Q

T or F: genetic defects can increase as the mother ages

A

true

76
Q

T or F: Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes do not generally experience severe developmental abnormalities

A

True

77
Q

What is caused when it is XXX

A

triple X

78
Q

What is called when it is XXY

A

Klinefelter syndrome

79
Q

What is it called when it is XO

A

turner syndrome

80
Q

What is it called when it OY?

A

nonviable zygote

81
Q

What is it called when it is XYY?

A

Jacob syndrome

Bio 214 (20 decks)

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