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Bio 214 > Lecture 7 (test 2 content) > Flashcards

Lecture 7 (test 2 content) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are chordate features?

A
  1. Nerve cord
  2. Notochord
  3. Pharyngeal slits
  4. Postanal tail
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2
Q

What are chordates?

A

Animals belongs to the phylum Chordata

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3
Q

How Vertebrates connected to chordates?

A

Vertebrates are chordates with a spinal column

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4
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

it encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord

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5
Q

How is the head in vertebrates distinguished from nonvertebrates?

A

The head is distinct and well-differentiated processing sensory organs

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6
Q

When did the first vertebrates appear?

A

In the ocean about 530 MYA

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7
Q

What soon became dominant in the oceans about 530 MYA?

A

Jawed fishes

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8
Q

When did Birds and mammals become dominant?

A

after the Cretaceous mass extinction

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9
Q

What are the three major groups of Bony Fish?

A
  1. Ray0 finned fishes ( no muscles within the fins)
  2. Lungfish ( long fleshy muscular lobe)
  3. Coelacanths
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10
Q

What are the 5 distinguishing amphibian features?

A
  1. Legs
  2. Lungs
  3. Cutaneous respiration
  4. Pulmonary veins
  5. Partially divided heart
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11
Q

What did amphibians develop to adapt to life on land?

A

legs

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12
Q

What is essentially cutaneous respiration for amphibians?

A

supplement lungs

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13
Q

What are pulmonary veins used for with amphibians?

A

separate pulmonary circuit allows higher pressure blood to tissues

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14
Q

How is having a partially divided heart useful for amphibians?

A

it improves separation of pulmonary and systemic circuits

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15
Q

How many different species of reptiles are there?

A

over 10,000

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16
Q

What three features do all living reptiles exhibit?

A
  1. Amniotic eggs
  2. Dry skin
  3. Thoracic breathing
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17
Q

How are reptiles distinguished?

A

by the number of holes on side of the skull behind eye orbit

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18
Q

If a reptile has 0 holes on side of the skull behind orbit, what type of reptile is it?

A

anapsid

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19
Q

If a reptile has 1 holes on side of the skull behind orbit, what type of reptile is it?

A

synapsid

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20
Q

If a reptile has 2 holes on side of the skull behind orbit, what type of reptile is it?

A

diapsids

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21
Q

What type of reptile rose to dominance first?

A

synapsids

22
Q

What type of reptile was the first land vertebrates to kill beasts their own size?

A

pelycosaurs

23
Q

What are considered to be the be the “mammal-like” reptile?

A

Therapsids

24
Q

When did Therapsids replace Pelycosaurs?

A

about 250 MYA

25
Q

What is the most famous Diapdid?

A

Archosaurs

26
Q

What are Archosaurs famous for?

A

They were the first land vertebrates to be bipedal

27
Q

When were therapsids replaced by diapsids?

A

About 230 MYA

28
Q

How long did Dinosaurs dominant?

A

For over 150 million years

29
Q

When did Dinosaurs become extinct and why?

A

K-T extinction about 66 MYA by an Asteroid’s impact

30
Q

What reptilian traits do birds still retain?

A
  1. Amniotic eggs
  2. have scales on legs
31
Q

What are two major distinguishing traits for birds in relation to reptiles?

A
  1. Feathers
  2. Flight skeleton (bones are thin and hollow)
32
Q

What are the three evolutionary novelties Birds Exhibit?

A
  1. Feathers
  2. Hollow Bones
  3. Physiological mechanisms for Flight
33
Q

What is the first known bird?

A

Archaeopteryx

34
Q

What do most paleontologist agree about birds being the direct descendants of?

A

Theropod dinosaurs

35
Q

What are Land plants called?

A

Embryophyta

36
Q

What are some characteristics of Land plants?

A
  1. multicellular eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls and a large central vacuole
  2. Photosynthetic
  3. Sexually reproducing with alternation of generations (haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes)
  4. Diploid embryo is protected and nurtured within the gametophyte
37
Q

How did pants adapt to terrestrial life?

A
  1. waxy cuticle and stomata (protection from drying out)
  2. They can move water within plants
  3. They shift from diploid to haploid( protection against UV radiation)
38
Q

What are the closest living descendants of first land plants called?

A

Bryophytes

39
Q

What plant lacked tracheids, and had other conducting cells in gametophytes?

A

Nontracheophytes

40
Q

What were important for enhancing water uptake?

A

mycorrhizal associations

41
Q

What species is known to be the first vascular land plant?

A

Cooksonia

42
Q

How did leaves make photosynthesis more efficient?

A

They increased surface area

43
Q

How many times did leaves evolve?

A

Twice
1. Euphylls
2. Lycophylls

44
Q

What are Lycophytes?

A
  1. They are sister group to all other vascular plants
  2. Leaves developed independently
  3. Sprophyte dominant
  4. Lack seeds
    ( most abundant in the tropics)
45
Q

What are characteristics about Ferns?

A

They are the most abundant group of seedless vascular plants

46
Q

How long have seed plants become dominate in the terrestrial landscape?

A

over the last several hundred million years

47
Q

Where did seed plants evolve from?

A

spore-bearing plants known as (progymnosperms)

48
Q

What are some benefits of the evolution of the seed?

A
  1. it protects food for embryo
  2. allow embryos to pause development and growth and germinate after harsh conditions have passed
49
Q

How do seeds protect the embryo?

A
  1. there is an extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue
  2. hardens into seed coat
50
Q

How are angiosperms united by a suite of synapomorphies?

A
  1. ovules are enclosed within a carpet
  2. double fertilization
  3. stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs
  4. features of gametophyte structure and development
51
Q

What are some primitive (or plesiomorphic) floral features?

A
  1. flowers small
  2. pollination by small insects
  3. bisexual but easily becoming unisexual
    4.carpels free, without styles

Bio 214 (20 decks)

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