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Bio 214 > Chapter 20: Microevolution > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Microevolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are continuous traits that can be measured?

A

Quantitative

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2
Q

What are discrete character states or categories called?

A

qualitative

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3
Q

What are the two sources of phenotypic variation?

A
  1. environmental
  2. genetic
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4
Q

What are the two sources of genetic variation?

A
  1. rearrangement of existing alleles
    2.mutations producing new alleles
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5
Q

_______ variation is where there are differences in alleles within a population

A

genetic

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6
Q

________ is the change in allele frequency within a population over time

A

microevolution

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7
Q

_______ _______ is the study of properties of genes in a population

A

population genetics

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8
Q

________ results in a change in the genetic composition of a population

A

evolution

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9
Q

T or F: Natural populations contain substantial genetic variation

A

True

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10
Q

genetic variation is required for ______ to occur

A

evolution

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11
Q

What are five ways to measure genetic variation?

A
  1. lengths of simple sequence repeats (SSRs)
  2. Sequences of individual genes
  3. Karyotypes
  4. whole genome sequencing
  5. single nucleotide polymorphisms
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12
Q

What principle predicts genotype frequencies?

A

Hardy Weinberg principle

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13
Q

With the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, proportions of genotypes do not change in a population long as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. no mutation takes place
  2. no genes are transferred to from other sources
  3. mating is random
  4. The population size is very large
  5. No selection
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14
Q

frequency of first allele is __

A

p

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15
Q

frequency of the second allele is __

A

q

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16
Q

What is the hardy-weinberg principle equation?

A

p^2+2pq+q^2= 1

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17
Q

If all 5 assumptions for Hardy-weinberg equilibrium are true, allele and genotype frequencies do not ______ from one generation to the next

A

change

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18
Q

What makes populations vary from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  1. Natural selection might favor homozygotes over heterozygotes
  2. Individuals may choose to mate with genetically similar individuals
  3. Influx of individuals from other populations
  4. Mutations occurring
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19
Q

What are the five agents of evolutionary change?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Gene flow
  3. Nonrandom Mating
  4. Genetic Drift
  5. Selection
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20
Q

What agent of evolutionary change:
-rates generally low
-other evolutionary processes usually more important in changing allele frequency
-ultimate source of genetic variation
-makes evolution possible

A

mutation

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21
Q

What agent of evolutionary change:
-movement of alleles from one population to another
-animal physically moves into new population
-drifting of gametes or immature stages of plants or animals into an area
-pollen and seeds can travel long distances

A

gene flow

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22
Q

What agent of evolutionary change:
- assortative mating
-disassortative mating

A

nonrandom mating

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23
Q

What type of mating has:
-phenotypically similar individuals mate
-increases proportion of homozygous individuals

A

assortative mating

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24
Q

What type of mating has:
-phenotypically different individuals mate
-produces excess of heterozygotes

A

disassortative mating

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25
Q

What agent of evolutionary change:
- in small populations, allele frequency may change by chance alone
-magnitude of genetic drift is inversely related to population size
-can lead to the loss of alleles in isolated populations and uncommon alleles are more vulnerable
-founder effect
-bottleneck effect

A

Genetic drift

26
Q

What type of genetic drift is
-one or a few individuals disperse and become the founder of a new, isolated population

A

founder effect

27
Q

What type of genetic drift is where a drastic reduction in population size due to drought, disease, other natural forces

A

Bottleneck effect

28
Q

Endangered species experience severe population bottlenecks, which result in the loss of ______ _______

A

genetic variability

29
Q

_______ favors some genotypes over others

A

selection

30
Q

_______ selection- breeder selects desired characteristics

A

artificial

31
Q

_______ selection- environmental conditions determine which individuals produce the most offspring

A

natural

32
Q

______ relatives can harbor higher diversity than cultivated crops

A

wild

33
Q

What three conditions must be met for evolution by natural selection to occur
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. variation must exist among individuals in a population
  2. variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation
  3. variation must have a genetic basis
34
Q

T or F: Natural selection is a process

A

TRUE

35
Q

_______ is the historical record, or outcome, of change through time

A

evolution

36
Q

result of ______ driven by natural selection is that populations become better adapted to their environment

A

evolution

37
Q

selection to match _______ _______
is where :
- enzyme allele frequencies often vary with latitude
- allele frequencies of enzyme lactate dehydrogenase in fish vary geographically
- enzyme formed by these alleles function differently at different temperatures

A

climatic conditions

38
Q

Selection for ______ and ______ ________
is where evolution of resistance to antibiotics in many disease-causing pathogens

A

pesticide, microbial resistance,

39
Q

_________ is where individuals with one phenotype leave more surviving offspring in the next generation than individuals with an alternative phenotype

A

fitness

40
Q

The most fit phenotype is assigned fitness value of ___

A

1

41
Q

What are the four components of fitness:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

1.survival
2. sexual selection
3. number of offspring per mating
4. traits favored for one component may be a disadvantage for others

42
Q

selection favors phenotypes with the greatest _______

A

fitness

43
Q

phenotype with greater fitness usually increases in _______

A

frequency

44
Q

males and females usually differ in how they attempt to maximize ______

A

fitness

45
Q

reproductive strategies:
females evaluate a male’s quality and then decide whether to ____

A

mate

46
Q

______ ________ refers to the energy and time each sex invests in producing and rearing offspring

A

parental investment

47
Q

______ have a higher parental investment

A

females

48
Q

______ face very different selective presssures

A

sexes

49
Q

in _______ care, mater choice should be more equal

A

biparental

50
Q

______ selection has competition for mates

A

sexual

51
Q

________ selection- competitive interactions between members of one sex

A

intrasexual

52
Q

_______ selection-mate choice

A

intersexual

53
Q

______ _____ characteristics used to combat other males or to persuade members of opposite sex

A

secondary sexual

54
Q

_______ _______- differences between sexes

A

sexual dimorphism

55
Q

______ ______- selects for features that increase probability that a male’s sperm will fertilize theeggs

A

sperm competition

56
Q

________ selection- individuals of one sex ( usually males) compete with each other for the opportunity to mate

A

intrasexual

57
Q

_______ selection has the active choice of a mate

A

intersexual

58
Q

______ ______ - only genetically superior mates survive with a handicap such as a long tail that is a hinderance in flying

A

handicap hypothesis

59
Q

______ _______- evolution in males of signal that exploits preexisting biases

A

sensory exploitation

60
Q

some courtship displays appear to have evolved from a predisposition in females to respond to certain ______

A

stimuli

Bio 214 (20 decks)

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