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Bio 214 > Chapter 10 and 11 (Meiosis and Mitosis) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 and 11 (Meiosis and Mitosis) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The reproduction of bacteria is _____

A

clonal

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2
Q

_______ is a simple form of cell division

A

binary fission

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3
Q

What is binary fission?

A

asexual reproduction by division of one cell or boy into two equal or early equal parts

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4
Q

What are SMC?

A

structural maintance proteins

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5
Q

What are two SMC proteins?

A

cohesion and condesion

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6
Q

____ numbers vary among species

A

chromsomes

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7
Q

When defining the number of different chromosomes in a species, geneticists count ____ number of chromosomes

A

haploid

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8
Q

What has two sets of chromsomes?

A

diploid

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9
Q

What refers to a pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell?

A

homologous

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10
Q

What refers to one pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in diploid cells?

A

homologue

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11
Q

What is the particular array of chromosomes an individual organism possesses?

A

Karyotype

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12
Q

How is DNA compartmentalized?

A

Territories—> compartments–> TADS—> nucleosomes—> Histones

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13
Q

What are TADs?

A

topologically associated domains

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14
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each generation

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15
Q

What phases are in interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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16
Q

What phases are in the M phase?

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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17
Q

What is G0?

A

the stage of the cell cycle occupied by cells that are not actively dividing

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18
Q

What happens in G1?

A

the cell undergoes major growth

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19
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

each chromosome replicates to produce?

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20
Q

What happens in G2?

A

the chromsomes begin to condense. and cohesions are replaced by condensins

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21
Q

How are the sister chromatids held together?

A

cohesion proteins

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22
Q

When does prophase occur?

A

Occurs when condensed chromsomes first become visible, and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down

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23
Q

What is the spindle apparatus?

A

carries out separation in cell division and forms during prophase

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24
Q

What is the aster?

A

radial array of microtubules extending from the centrioles toward plasma membrane

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25
Q

What breaks down during prophase and is absorbed by the ER?

A

the nuclear envelope

26
Q

When does prometaphase occur?

A

occurs when the nuclear envelope dissembles, and the spindles attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatids

27
Q

In prometaphase, what do the sister chromatids connect to?

A

to opposite poles of the spindles

28
Q

What are the potential forces that move the chromosomes in the prometaphase?

A
  1. assembly and disassembly of microtubules
  2. motor proteins located at the kinetochore and plates pull
29
Q

What occurs in metaphase?

A

microtubules become organized into a spindle, and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindle’s equatorial plate

30
Q

What is the metaphase plate?

A

the imaginary perpendicular axis

31
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

it occurs by the separation of sister chromatids, daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, and it removes the cohesin proteins concentrated at centromeres

32
Q

What happens in Anaphase A?

A

Kinetochores are pulled towards the poles, they shorten

33
Q

What happens in Anaphase B?

A

poles move away

34
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The spindle breaks down, the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms,

35
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division

36
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animals or eukaryotes without cell walls?

A

cleavage furrow

37
Q

In plants with cell walls how does cytokinesis occur?

A

The cell plate grows outward–> two new cells–> cellulose creates 2 new cell walls, and then they are impregnated with proteins called ( middle lamelda)

38
Q

In fungi and protists, what does not dissolve but just splits in cytokinesis?

A

the nuclear envelope

39
Q

What is the essence of sexual reproduction?

A

it is the genetic contribution of two cells

40
Q

What does meiosis reduce?

A

the number of chromosomes

41
Q

Who discovered chromosomes in 1879?

A

Edourd van Benedan

42
Q

What are gametes?

A

haploid reproductive cells

43
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

nonreproductive cells (diploids)

44
Q

What are zygotes?

A

the diploid cell resulting from the fusion of male and female

45
Q

What is fertilization?

A

the fusion of two haploid gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote nucleus

46
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

homologous chromosomes separate, and the daughter cells only have the haploid number of chromsomes

47
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

the process of producing offspring through an alternation of fertilization and meiotic reduction in chromosome bumber

48
Q

What are germ-line cells?

A

cells that will be gametes are set aside early in development

49
Q

How are germ-line cells held together?

A
  1. cohesion proteins
50
Q

What is synapsis?

A

ends of chromosomes seem to be attached to the nuclear envelope at specific ends

51
Q

What occurs in prophase I?

A

crossing over and synapsis

52
Q

What are bivalents?

A

homologous pairs locked together

53
Q

What does it mean if sister chromatids have monopolar attachment?

A

sister chromatids act as a unit to capture polar microtubules

54
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

Microtubules begin to shorten, the connections between homologous at chiasmata are broken, allowing homologs to be pulled to opposite ends

55
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

results from the random orientation of different homologous pairs during metaphase I of meiosis

56
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A

chromsomes have segrated into two clusters, one at each pole, nuclear envelope begin to reform

57
Q

What is achiasmate segregation?

A

the accurate segregation of homologous during meiosis I without the formation of chiasmata between homologues

58
Q

What does Meiosis II result in?

A

four haploid cells

59
Q

What is an error that can occur in meiosis?

A

nondisjunction: there can be failure to move chromsomes to polarize

60
Q

What is aneuploid?

A

an organism where cells have lost or gained a chromosome

61
Q

What are four traits of meiosis?

A
  1. Homologous pairing and crossing over joins maternal and paternal homologous
  2. sister chromatids remain connected at the centromere and segregate together during Anaphase 1
  3. Kinoetochores of sister chromatids at same pole in meiosis 1
  4. DNA replication is supressed

Bio 214 (13 decks)

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