Chapter 10 and 11 (Meiosis and Mitosis)

Question 1

The reproduction of bacteria is _____

Answer 1

clonal

Question 2

_______ is a simple form of cell division

Answer 2

binary fission

Question 3

What is binary fission?

Answer 3

asexual reproduction by division of one cell or boy into two equal or early equal parts

Question 4

What are SMC?

Answer 4

structural maintance proteins

Question 5

What are two SMC proteins?

Answer 5

cohesion and condesion

Question 6

____ numbers vary among species

Answer 6

chromsomes

Question 7

When defining the number of different chromosomes in a species, geneticists count ____ number of chromosomes

Answer 7

haploid

Question 8

What has two sets of chromsomes?

Answer 8

diploid

Question 9

What refers to a pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell?

Answer 9

homologous

Question 10

What refers to one pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in diploid cells?

Answer 10

homologue

Question 11

What is the particular array of chromosomes an individual organism possesses?

Answer 11

Karyotype

Question 12

How is DNA compartmentalized?

Answer 12

Territories—> compartments–> TADS—> nucleosomes—> Histones

Question 13

What are TADs?

Answer 13

topologically associated domains

Question 14

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 14

repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each generation

Question 15

What phases are in interphase?

Answer 15

G1, S, G2

Question 16

What phases are in the M phase?

Answer 16

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Question 17

What is G0?

Answer 17

the stage of the cell cycle occupied by cells that are not actively dividing

Question 18

What happens in G1?

Answer 18

the cell undergoes major growth

Question 19

What happens in S phase?

Answer 19

each chromosome replicates to produce?

Question 20

What happens in G2?

Answer 20

the chromsomes begin to condense. and cohesions are replaced by condensins

Question 21

How are the sister chromatids held together?

Answer 21

cohesion proteins

Question 22

When does prophase occur?

Answer 22

Occurs when condensed chromsomes first become visible, and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 23

What is the spindle apparatus?

Answer 23

carries out separation in cell division and forms during prophase

Question 24

What is the aster?

Answer 24

radial array of microtubules extending from the centrioles toward plasma membrane

Question 25

What breaks down during prophase and is absorbed by the ER?

Answer 25

the nuclear envelope

Question 26

When does prometaphase occur?

Answer 26

occurs when the nuclear envelope dissembles, and the spindles attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatids

Question 27

In prometaphase, what do the sister chromatids connect to?

Answer 27

to opposite poles of the spindles

Question 28

What are the potential forces that move the chromosomes in the prometaphase?

Answer 28

1. assembly and disassembly of microtubules 2. motor proteins located at the kinetochore and plates pull

Question 29

What occurs in metaphase?

Answer 29

microtubules become organized into a spindle, and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindle's equatorial plate

Question 30

What is the metaphase plate?

Answer 30

the imaginary perpendicular axis

Question 31

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 31

it occurs by the separation of sister chromatids, daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, and it removes the cohesin proteins concentrated at centromeres

Question 32

What happens in Anaphase A?

Answer 32

Kinetochores are pulled towards the poles, they shorten

Question 33

What happens in Anaphase B?

Answer 33

poles move away

Question 34

What happens in telophase?

Answer 34

The spindle breaks down, the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms,

Question 35

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 35

division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division

Question 36

How does cytokinesis occur in animals or eukaryotes without cell walls?

Answer 36

cleavage furrow

Question 37

In plants with cell walls how does cytokinesis occur?

Answer 37

The cell plate grows outward--> two new cells--> cellulose creates 2 new cell walls, and then they are impregnated with proteins called ( middle lamelda)

Question 38

In fungi and protists, what does not dissolve but just splits in cytokinesis?

Answer 38

the nuclear envelope

Question 39

What is the essence of sexual reproduction?

Answer 39

it is the genetic contribution of two cells

Question 40

What does meiosis reduce?

Answer 40

the number of chromosomes

Question 41

Who discovered chromosomes in 1879?

Answer 41

Edourd van Benedan

Question 42

What are gametes?

Answer 42

haploid reproductive cells

Question 43

What are somatic cells?

Answer 43

nonreproductive cells (diploids)

Question 44

What are zygotes?

Answer 44

the diploid cell resulting from the fusion of male and female

Question 45

What is fertilization?

Answer 45

the fusion of two haploid gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote nucleus

Question 46

What happens in meiosis I?

Answer 46

homologous chromosomes separate, and the daughter cells only have the haploid number of chromsomes

Question 47

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 47

the process of producing offspring through an alternation of fertilization and meiotic reduction in chromosome bumber

Question 48

What are germ-line cells?

Answer 48

cells that will be gametes are set aside early in development

Question 49

How are germ-line cells held together?

Answer 49

1. cohesion proteins

Question 50

What is synapsis?

Answer 50

ends of chromosomes seem to be attached to the nuclear envelope at specific ends

Question 51

What occurs in prophase I?

Answer 51

crossing over and synapsis

Question 52

What are bivalents?

Answer 52

homologous pairs locked together

Question 53

What does it mean if sister chromatids have monopolar attachment?

Answer 53

sister chromatids act as a unit to capture polar microtubules

Question 54

What happens in anaphase I?

Answer 54

Microtubules begin to shorten, the connections between homologous at chiasmata are broken, allowing homologs to be pulled to opposite ends

Question 55

What is independent assortment?

Answer 55

results from the random orientation of different homologous pairs during metaphase I of meiosis

Question 56

What happens in telophase I?

Answer 56

chromsomes have segrated into two clusters, one at each pole, nuclear envelope begin to reform

Question 57

What is achiasmate segregation?

Answer 57

the accurate segregation of homologous during meiosis I without the formation of chiasmata between homologues

Question 58

What does Meiosis II result in?

Answer 58

four haploid cells

Question 59

What is an error that can occur in meiosis?

Answer 59

nondisjunction: there can be failure to move chromsomes to polarize

Question 60

What is aneuploid?

Answer 60

an organism where cells have lost or gained a chromosome

Question 61

What are four traits of meiosis?

Answer 61

1. Homologous pairing and crossing over joins maternal and paternal homologous 2. sister chromatids remain connected at the centromere and segregate together during Anaphase 1 3. Kinoetochores of sister chromatids at same pole in meiosis 1 4. DNA replication is supressed