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Geography Alevel AQA > Population and envrionment > Flashcards

Population and envrionment Flashcards

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1
Q

Define morbidity

A

relates to illness and disease, used to describe the incidence of disease within a society

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2
Q

Define mortality

A

relates to death, measured by the death rate

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3
Q

Define Disease adjusted life years

A

a measure of morbidity within a society. Measures the number of years of a healthy life lost to being in poor heath/a state of disability

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4
Q

What is step migration

A

due to difficulties often associated with the process of migration, many migrants instead change their location through a series of smaller movements until they reach their final destination.

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5
Q

What is forced migration

A

Forced Migration: Due to natural disasters, persecution and war; or gradual deterioration of economic opportunity. It can be at local or international scales and includes refugees (called asylum seekers until they have been recognised by the country in which they are making a claim).

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6
Q

What urbanisation rate does Australia have

A

89%

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7
Q

What challenges does Australia face due to its environment

A

soil problems including degradation, desertification and habitat destruction

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8
Q

Where is the population mostly situated in Australia

A

Outside the tropics and the semi-desert/desert interior - therefore showing signs of overpopulation

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9
Q

How much is the overall precipitation predicted to drop in SW Australia by the end of the century

A

40%

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10
Q

What scheme did Australia launch in 1945

A

Ten Pounds Poms scheme

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11
Q

What is the ten pounds poms scheme

A
  • In 1945 the Ten Pound Poms scheme was introduced, enabling British families to migrate to Australia for £10 (£441 today).
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12
Q

What immigration system has been in place since the 1970s in Australia

A

a skills-based immigration policy

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13
Q

What has been the aim of the Australian immigration scheme

A

It has been in place to increase Australia’s pool of skilled and professional people. Prospective immigrants must pass a points-based skills test based on employment record, educational qualifications, age, and the ability to speak English.

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14
Q

What percentage of the Australian population is non-native born

A

30%

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15
Q

What is the world average for non-native born in a country

A

4%

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16
Q

Why has Australia’s focus on temporary migration created a vulnerability for the country

A

During to COVID-19, lots of workers returned home and due to the closed border the country was unable to replenish and fill job gaps with migrations and visas which significantly increased the dependency ration

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17
Q

What has Australia recently done (2022) to help fill jobs and reduce shortages

A

it has raised the permanent migration cap for the first time in a decade

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18
Q

How is Australia aiming to deter illegal migration

A

In 2001 Offshore detention centres like those in Christmas Island, Nauru, Papua New Guinea. Therefore sending thousands out of the country to poor conditions

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19
Q

How many migrates have died inside the detention centres

A

19

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20
Q

How did Australia harden immigration policy in 2013

A

deny resettlement visas to asylum seekers arriving by boat. Also returning the boats to where they came from by towing them

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21
Q

What are the aspects of food security

A

Availability
Affordability
Utilisation (nutrition) - if not could be seen as malnutrition

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22
Q

Define malnutrition

A

Malnutrition is a hidden hunger where you may be getting food such as rice but are lacking vital nutrients required for your diet to stay healthy

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23
Q

What is internal Migration

A

movement of people within a nation

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24
Q

What is international migration

A

involves the crossing of national borders

25
Q

What is emigration

A

movement out of a country to live elsewhere

26
Q

What is immigration

A

movement into a country to change residence

27
Q

Define an Asylum seeker

A

a person who leaves their country of residence, enters another country and applies for asylum in that country and hasnt yet been legally recognised

28
Q

Define a refugee

A

a person who has fled armed conflict or persecution and is recognised and needing international protection because it is too dangerous to return home

29
Q

Explain carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals for a particular species that the environment can ‘carry’ or sustain.

30
Q

What was Boserups view on population growth

A

Boserup provides an alternative view to Malthus, suggesting that the solution to resource scarcity due to population growth is human innovation and technological advances in the face of challenges.
She argued that humans adjust to their conditions when needed for example increased use of fertiliser

31
Q

What was the Malthusian view on population growth

A

Malthus warned that the rate of population growth would always exceed that of resources and that human populations would rely on natural ‘checks’ to limit growth. He noted that populations tend to increase geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16…) while food supplies grow arithmetically (2, 3, 4, 5…).

32
Q

What did checks mean in Malthusian theory

A

These checks could be positive and raise the death rate (war, disease, famine), or preventative and reduce the birth rate (abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage and celibacy)

33
Q

Where are tropical red Latosols found

A

found under tropical rainforests

34
Q

What nutrients do tropical laterols contain

A

Relatively large iron and aluminium content

35
Q

How deep are latosols

A

20-30m deep

36
Q

How large is the o-horizon

A

thin layer - due to rapid leaching and uptake

37
Q

Where are podzol soils found

A

typical soils of coniferous and boreal forests

38
Q

What type of Ph are podzols

A

often highly acidic due to H+ ions from precipitation and pine needles

39
Q

What are the 3 types of salinisation

A

flood salinisation
irrigation salinisation
seeping salinisation

40
Q

What is flood salinisation

A

salty flood water covers the land

41
Q

What is irrigation salinisation

A

This is a purely man-made process, where land is irrigated by saline water (not fresh). Often done when their is no fresh water available (climate change will cause this to happen more)

42
Q

What are the two main causes of soil degradation?

A

Soil compaction
Rise of water table

43
Q

What is waterlogging

A

when water is unable to drain away

44
Q

What does 1 degree Celsius rise mean for crop production

A

5-15% reduction

45
Q

How are farmers reducing erosion

A

Contour ploughing
Terrace farming
Machu PPicchu

46
Q

What is contour ploughing

A

where the water hits the line of crops and is slowed/stop (water break)

47
Q

How is contour ploughing beneficial

A

reduces fertiliser loss
decreases surface run-off
increases crop yield

48
Q

What is ozone depletion

A

Loss of ozone layer exposing earth to more dangerous radiation

49
Q

What does o-zone depletion mean

A

people are exposed to more UV-B which is linked to skin cancer and cateracts

50
Q

Define cataracts

A

Loss in transparency in the lens of the eye as proteins denature (cloudy)

51
Q

How many Australians have skin cancer by age 70

A

2/3

52
Q

What is terrace farming

A

Where steps known as terraces are built onto a slope

53
Q

What are the negatives of terrace farming

A

can lead to rainwater saturation
needs lots of upkeep

54
Q

What are the positives of terrace farming

A

prevents runoff
turns land into productive land

55
Q

What is a terminator gene

A

you can plant a crop then its new seeds wont germinate as their - causes the plant to be infertile - but may have other adaption that are favourable. Causes firms to have returning customers to maximise profits.

56
Q

What does the domination of the GMO market mean for farmers

A

large firms that that sell these, therefore they might profit maximise and minimise costs, not taking the public health into much consideration.

57
Q

What is GMOs

A

GMO is when you take a foreign gene and insert it into another plants DNA (a foreign organism) to add a characteristic that is desirable. They do this through CRISPR - known as technology fix

58
Q

What is GMO BT corn

A

, taken a bacteria genetic and put it into corn to cause an inbuilt pesticide, BT Maze(corn), boost the amount of feed for cattle, for people in south America

59
Q

What are hydroponics

A

plants grown with water based mineral nutrients solutions (however, requires water witch is becoming more and more scarce)

Geography Alevel AQA (35 decks)

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