Population and envrionment Flashcards
Define morbidity
relates to illness and disease, used to describe the incidence of disease within a society
Define mortality
relates to death, measured by the death rate
Define Disease adjusted life years
a measure of morbidity within a society. Measures the number of years of a healthy life lost to being in poor heath/a state of disability
What is step migration
due to difficulties often associated with the process of migration, many migrants instead change their location through a series of smaller movements until they reach their final destination.
What is forced migration
Forced Migration: Due to natural disasters, persecution and war; or gradual deterioration of economic opportunity. It can be at local or international scales and includes refugees (called asylum seekers until they have been recognised by the country in which they are making a claim).
What urbanisation rate does Australia have
89%
What challenges does Australia face due to its environment
soil problems including degradation, desertification and habitat destruction
Where is the population mostly situated in Australia
Outside the tropics and the semi-desert/desert interior - therefore showing signs of overpopulation
How much is the overall precipitation predicted to drop in SW Australia by the end of the century
40%
What scheme did Australia launch in 1945
Ten Pounds Poms scheme
What is the ten pounds poms scheme
- In 1945 the Ten Pound Poms scheme was introduced, enabling British families to migrate to Australia for £10 (£441 today).
What immigration system has been in place since the 1970s in Australia
a skills-based immigration policy
What has been the aim of the Australian immigration scheme
It has been in place to increase Australia’s pool of skilled and professional people. Prospective immigrants must pass a points-based skills test based on employment record, educational qualifications, age, and the ability to speak English.
What percentage of the Australian population is non-native born
30%
What is the world average for non-native born in a country
4%
Why has Australia’s focus on temporary migration created a vulnerability for the country
During to COVID-19, lots of workers returned home and due to the closed border the country was unable to replenish and fill job gaps with migrations and visas which significantly increased the dependency ration
What has Australia recently done (2022) to help fill jobs and reduce shortages
it has raised the permanent migration cap for the first time in a decade
How is Australia aiming to deter illegal migration
In 2001 Offshore detention centres like those in Christmas Island, Nauru, Papua New Guinea. Therefore sending thousands out of the country to poor conditions
How many migrates have died inside the detention centres
19
How did Australia harden immigration policy in 2013
deny resettlement visas to asylum seekers arriving by boat. Also returning the boats to where they came from by towing them
What are the aspects of food security
Availability
Affordability
Utilisation (nutrition) - if not could be seen as malnutrition
Define malnutrition
Malnutrition is a hidden hunger where you may be getting food such as rice but are lacking vital nutrients required for your diet to stay healthy
What is internal Migration
movement of people within a nation
What is international migration
involves the crossing of national borders
What is emigration
movement out of a country to live elsewhere
What is immigration
movement into a country to change residence
Define an Asylum seeker
a person who leaves their country of residence, enters another country and applies for asylum in that country and hasnt yet been legally recognised
Define a refugee
a person who has fled armed conflict or persecution and is recognised and needing international protection because it is too dangerous to return home
Explain carrying capacity
the maximum number of individuals for a particular species that the environment can ‘carry’ or sustain.
What was Boserups view on population growth
Boserup provides an alternative view to Malthus, suggesting that the solution to resource scarcity due to population growth is human innovation and technological advances in the face of challenges.
She argued that humans adjust to their conditions when needed for example increased use of fertiliser
What was the Malthusian view on population growth
Malthus warned that the rate of population growth would always exceed that of resources and that human populations would rely on natural ‘checks’ to limit growth. He noted that populations tend to increase geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16…) while food supplies grow arithmetically (2, 3, 4, 5…).
What did checks mean in Malthusian theory
These checks could be positive and raise the death rate (war, disease, famine), or preventative and reduce the birth rate (abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage and celibacy)
Where are tropical red Latosols found
found under tropical rainforests
What nutrients do tropical laterols contain
Relatively large iron and aluminium content
How deep are latosols
20-30m deep
How large is the o-horizon
thin layer - due to rapid leaching and uptake
Where are podzol soils found
typical soils of coniferous and boreal forests
What type of Ph are podzols
often highly acidic due to H+ ions from precipitation and pine needles
What are the 3 types of salinisation
flood salinisation
irrigation salinisation
seeping salinisation
What is flood salinisation
salty flood water covers the land
What is irrigation salinisation
This is a purely man-made process, where land is irrigated by saline water (not fresh). Often done when their is no fresh water available (climate change will cause this to happen more)
What are the two main causes of soil degradation?
Soil compaction
Rise of water table
What is waterlogging
when water is unable to drain away
What does 1 degree Celsius rise mean for crop production
5-15% reduction
How are farmers reducing erosion
Contour ploughing
Terrace farming
Machu PPicchu
What is contour ploughing
where the water hits the line of crops and is slowed/stop (water break)
How is contour ploughing beneficial
reduces fertiliser loss
decreases surface run-off
increases crop yield
What is ozone depletion
Loss of ozone layer exposing earth to more dangerous radiation
What does o-zone depletion mean
people are exposed to more UV-B which is linked to skin cancer and cateracts
Define cataracts
Loss in transparency in the lens of the eye as proteins denature (cloudy)
How many Australians have skin cancer by age 70
2/3
What is terrace farming
Where steps known as terraces are built onto a slope
What are the negatives of terrace farming
can lead to rainwater saturation
needs lots of upkeep
What are the positives of terrace farming
prevents runoff
turns land into productive land
What is a terminator gene
you can plant a crop then its new seeds wont germinate as their - causes the plant to be infertile - but may have other adaption that are favourable. Causes firms to have returning customers to maximise profits.
What does the domination of the GMO market mean for farmers
large firms that that sell these, therefore they might profit maximise and minimise costs, not taking the public health into much consideration.
What is GMOs
GMO is when you take a foreign gene and insert it into another plants DNA (a foreign organism) to add a characteristic that is desirable. They do this through CRISPR - known as technology fix
What is GMO BT corn
, taken a bacteria genetic and put it into corn to cause an inbuilt pesticide, BT Maze(corn), boost the amount of feed for cattle, for people in south America
What are hydroponics
plants grown with water based mineral nutrients solutions (however, requires water witch is becoming more and more scarce)
