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Geography Alevel AQA > Malaria and Asthma > Flashcards

Malaria and Asthma Flashcards

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1
Q

How is Malaria transmitted

A

female anopheles, known as ‘night biting’ mosquitos, often bite dusk to dawn

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2
Q

Where do the mosquitos breed

A

Stagnant water
Mangrove swamps
Fresh/saltwater marshes
Rice fields

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3
Q

How much does Malaria cost to Africa each year

A

£12 billion

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4
Q

How many people are at risk of contracting malaria

A

3 billion people, 40% of world population

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5
Q

How many of the malaria cases are in sub-Saharan Africa

A

90%

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6
Q

When is contraction malaria most common

A

after the rainy season when the farmers are harvesting their crops (which stop them from harvesting

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7
Q

How much does the average African family spend on medical issues

A

1/4 of their income

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8
Q

What human factors impact malaria

A

Poverty (income, education, accessibility)
House quality + occupancy
Level of sanitary

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9
Q

How many nets have UNICEF delivered to Africa

A

22.3 million

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10
Q

How many of the nets delivered by UNICEF were actually used

A

20%

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11
Q

What are the issues with providing nets to Africa

A

Culturally similar to giving the mask for the flu and therefore they face cultural issues as people don’t see the need for them and see the disease as a normal part of life. This idea was from Sonia Shah

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12
Q

How did the EU remove malaria

A

Build it out - 1970s
not eradicated by using nets but by improving the lived environment

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13
Q

How many times is a child in Malawi likely to have malaria before they are 2

A

12*

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14
Q

How much of the Nigerian population is at risk of malaria

A

97% with 39* living in highland areas

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15
Q

How many malaria cases does Nigeria have a year

A

100million

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16
Q

How many malaria deaths does Nigeria have a year

A

300,000

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17
Q

How much of Nigeria’s population are living in poverty

A

65%

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18
Q

How many countries is malaria found in

A

97

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19
Q

How many deaths from malaria were there in sub-Saharan Africa in 2015

A

260,000

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20
Q

What were the impacts of DTMs by the American government in the 1960s on malaria

A

Left the strongest strains of malaria in the hardest-to-reach places

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21
Q

What did a WHO official describe the intervention from the US as

A

The biggest mistake in global public health

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22
Q

How many ITNs were given to Sub-Saharan countries between 2013-2015

A

500 million

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23
Q

How many doctors per a thousand people in Nigeria

A

0.17 with developed countries tending to have 3

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24
Q

Who created an antimalarial medicine

A

Touyouyou - she created Artemisinin - she won the 2015 Nobel peace prize

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25
Q

How much did global malaria cases drop by between 2000 and 2015

A

400,000

26
Q

What were the issues with the antimalarial drugs

A

Very expensive so countries in Africa could only afford small-scale. E.g. Uganda 800 GDP per capita. Also, they were developing resistance (due to large scale use)

27
Q

What are the UN sustainable development goals for malaria

A

90% reduction by 2030 and eliminating it in 35 counties

28
Q

How is climate change impacting malaria in relation to refugees

A

Climate refugees means they are away from treatment/diagnosis as well as homes with ITNs

29
Q

An example of climate change happening in Africa

A

Cyclone Idai in 2019 displaced 1.9 million people

30
Q

How much does the WHO predict deaths to increase

A

60,000 deaths a year (15% increase)

31
Q

How is climate change altering the scale the malaria acts on

A

Cause the disease to move back to Europe with warmer conditions that are favourable to the mosquitos

32
Q

How much have the BIll and Melinda Gates Foundation along with the UK government pledged to Malaria

A

$2.4 billion

33
Q

How much does the WHO estimate is needed to fight Malaria in 2020 and how much did it receive

A

$7 billion but only got $3 billion

34
Q

What has COVID meant for drug development

A

Lost 5 years of development meant the disease has increasingly mutated and is becoming an even worse threat as a result

35
Q

What is an example of how ITNs were used incorrectly

A

Used as fishing nets which caused chemicals to enter the water and kill fish

36
Q

How did mortality increase during COVID about Malaria

A

13% rise which accounts for an additional 45,000 deaths - likely due to lockdowns and the inability to access medicine and treatment

37
Q

How is deforestation risking the development of new pharmaceuticals and drugs

A

they often come from plants, ie touyouyou was from

38
Q

What is Asthma

A

it’s a chronic long-term disease

39
Q

What does Asthma cause

A

Causes recurrent attacks of shortness of breath and wheezing, where the narrowing of the bronchial tubes => tightening of chest and coughing

40
Q

What are the triggers of asthma

A

The environment:
Cold and damp weather
Air pollutions
Pollen
Stressors
Lifestyle:
Smoking
Diet

genetic

41
Q

How many people have Asthma worldwide

A

300 million

42
Q

How many people die from Asthma each year

A

400,000

43
Q

In the USA how many people suffer from Asthma

A

8% - about 25 million

44
Q

What racial groups have increased the prevalence of Asthma

A

African American

45
Q

Why are African Americans more likely to have Asthma

A

often in poorer socio-economic conditions as they might live in mouldy conditions

46
Q

How many school days are lost each year due to Asthma

A

10 million

47
Q

How much does Asthma cost the USA economy each year

A

$56 billion

48
Q

What is the global prevalence of Asthma increasing each decade

A

50%

49
Q

What is the Hygiene Hypothesis

A

that cleaner ‘Western’ HIC homes is not exposing children to germs (parasites and pathogens – viruses and bacteria) diminishing immunity and increasing allergen sensitivity

50
Q

What did an ISAAC study show

A

ISAAC study – fast food intake – approx. 39% increase in severe attacks if eating 3+ servings – increasing ‘food deserts’ in many urban environments

51
Q

Why are poorer families likely to have less-ventilated homes

A

Poorer families often suffer from fuel poverty and are less likely to ventilate homes as doing so would lose heat –> increase mould spores

52
Q

How are tobacco companies increasing Asthma

A

Tobacco companies seeking new markets as Western number of smokers is decreasing

53
Q

What are ways of managing asthma

A

Corticosteroids (brown inhaler)
Rescue relief (blue inhaler) – salbutamol (launched in 1969)

54
Q

How do PM2.5 particles cause Asthma

A

Some particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter can get deep into your lungs and some may even get into your bloodstream. Of these, particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, also known as fine particles or PM2.5, pose the greatest risk to health.

55
Q

How much of in-patient hospital stays for asthma do African Americans account for

A

30%

56
Q

What plant did to you you develop her drug from

A

Sweet wormwood plant

57
Q

How much of the cost of managing malaria paid internationally

A

95% donar dependant

58
Q

How many people died from asthma in USA 2014

A

3651

59
Q

How much did eating 3-4 portions of fruit per week reduce asthma

A

14% reduced symptoms

60
Q
A

Geography Alevel AQA (35 decks)

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