Malaria and Asthma Flashcards
How is Malaria transmitted
female anopheles, known as ‘night biting’ mosquitos, often bite dusk to dawn
Where do the mosquitos breed
Stagnant water
Mangrove swamps
Fresh/saltwater marshes
Rice fields
How much does Malaria cost to Africa each year
£12 billion
How many people are at risk of contracting malaria
3 billion people, 40% of world population
How many of the malaria cases are in sub-Saharan Africa
90%
When is contraction malaria most common
after the rainy season when the farmers are harvesting their crops (which stop them from harvesting
How much does the average African family spend on medical issues
1/4 of their income
What human factors impact malaria
Poverty (income, education, accessibility)
House quality + occupancy
Level of sanitary
How many nets have UNICEF delivered to Africa
22.3 million
How many of the nets delivered by UNICEF were actually used
20%
What are the issues with providing nets to Africa
Culturally similar to giving the mask for the flu and therefore they face cultural issues as people don’t see the need for them and see the disease as a normal part of life. This idea was from Sonia Shah
How did the EU remove malaria
Build it out - 1970s
not eradicated by using nets but by improving the lived environment
How many times is a child in Malawi likely to have malaria before they are 2
12*
How much of the Nigerian population is at risk of malaria
97% with 39* living in highland areas
How many malaria cases does Nigeria have a year
100million
How many malaria deaths does Nigeria have a year
300,000
How much of Nigeria’s population are living in poverty
65%
How many countries is malaria found in
97
How many deaths from malaria were there in sub-Saharan Africa in 2015
260,000
What were the impacts of DTMs by the American government in the 1960s on malaria
Left the strongest strains of malaria in the hardest-to-reach places
What did a WHO official describe the intervention from the US as
The biggest mistake in global public health
How many ITNs were given to Sub-Saharan countries between 2013-2015
500 million
How many doctors per a thousand people in Nigeria
0.17 with developed countries tending to have 3
Who created an antimalarial medicine
Touyouyou - she created Artemisinin - she won the 2015 Nobel peace prize
How much did global malaria cases drop by between 2000 and 2015
400,000
What were the issues with the antimalarial drugs
Very expensive so countries in Africa could only afford small-scale. E.g. Uganda 800 GDP per capita. Also, they were developing resistance (due to large scale use)
What are the UN sustainable development goals for malaria
90% reduction by 2030 and eliminating it in 35 counties
How is climate change impacting malaria in relation to refugees
Climate refugees means they are away from treatment/diagnosis as well as homes with ITNs
An example of climate change happening in Africa
Cyclone Idai in 2019 displaced 1.9 million people
How much does the WHO predict deaths to increase
60,000 deaths a year (15% increase)
How is climate change altering the scale the malaria acts on
Cause the disease to move back to Europe with warmer conditions that are favourable to the mosquitos
How much have the BIll and Melinda Gates Foundation along with the UK government pledged to Malaria
$2.4 billion
How much does the WHO estimate is needed to fight Malaria in 2020 and how much did it receive
$7 billion but only got $3 billion
What has COVID meant for drug development
Lost 5 years of development meant the disease has increasingly mutated and is becoming an even worse threat as a result
What is an example of how ITNs were used incorrectly
Used as fishing nets which caused chemicals to enter the water and kill fish
How did mortality increase during COVID about Malaria
13% rise which accounts for an additional 45,000 deaths - likely due to lockdowns and the inability to access medicine and treatment
How is deforestation risking the development of new pharmaceuticals and drugs
they often come from plants, ie touyouyou was from
What is Asthma
it’s a chronic long-term disease
What does Asthma cause
Causes recurrent attacks of shortness of breath and wheezing, where the narrowing of the bronchial tubes => tightening of chest and coughing
What are the triggers of asthma
The environment:
Cold and damp weather
Air pollutions
Pollen
Stressors
Lifestyle:
Smoking
Diet
genetic
How many people have Asthma worldwide
300 million
How many people die from Asthma each year
400,000
In the USA how many people suffer from Asthma
8% - about 25 million
What racial groups have increased the prevalence of Asthma
African American
Why are African Americans more likely to have Asthma
often in poorer socio-economic conditions as they might live in mouldy conditions
How many school days are lost each year due to Asthma
10 million
How much does Asthma cost the USA economy each year
$56 billion
What is the global prevalence of Asthma increasing each decade
50%
What is the Hygiene Hypothesis
that cleaner ‘Western’ HIC homes is not exposing children to germs (parasites and pathogens – viruses and bacteria) diminishing immunity and increasing allergen sensitivity
What did an ISAAC study show
ISAAC study – fast food intake – approx. 39% increase in severe attacks if eating 3+ servings – increasing ‘food deserts’ in many urban environments
Why are poorer families likely to have less-ventilated homes
Poorer families often suffer from fuel poverty and are less likely to ventilate homes as doing so would lose heat –> increase mould spores
How are tobacco companies increasing Asthma
Tobacco companies seeking new markets as Western number of smokers is decreasing
What are ways of managing asthma
Corticosteroids (brown inhaler)
Rescue relief (blue inhaler) – salbutamol (launched in 1969)
How do PM2.5 particles cause Asthma
Some particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter can get deep into your lungs and some may even get into your bloodstream. Of these, particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, also known as fine particles or PM2.5, pose the greatest risk to health.
How much of in-patient hospital stays for asthma do African Americans account for
30%
What plant did to you you develop her drug from
Sweet wormwood plant
How much of the cost of managing malaria paid internationally
95% donar dependant
How many people died from asthma in USA 2014
3651
How much did eating 3-4 portions of fruit per week reduce asthma
14% reduced symptoms
