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Geo IGCSE > population 1.2&1.4 (migration and density and distribution) > Flashcards

population 1.2&1.4 (migration and density and distribution) Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of migration

A
  • international migration
  • regional migration
  • local migration
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2
Q

local migration

A

when people move a short distance within the same region

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3
Q

regional migration

A

when people move between regions within the same country

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4
Q

international migration

A

when people move from one country to another

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5
Q

migration happens because of __ and ___ factors

A

push and pull

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6
Q

what is a push factor

A

things about where they live (origin) that make someone decide to move. They are usually negative things such as lack of jobs or education

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7
Q

what is a pull factor

A

things about the destination which attract people. Usually positive things like opportunities or better standard of living

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8
Q

emigrant

A

someone moving out of a country, region or area

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9
Q

migrant

A

the person doing the moving

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10
Q

immigrant

A

someone moving into a country, region or area

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11
Q

how do governments play an important role in migration

A

they can accept it or refuse it

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12
Q

common types of migration (5)

A
  • international migration from LEDC to MEDC
  • international migration from MEDC to MEDC
  • rural to urban migration
  • counter urbanisation
  • refugees
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13
Q

why is international migration from LEDC to MEDC common

A

usually economic migrants looking for higher standard of living ( mexico to usa)

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14
Q

why is international migration from MEDC to MEDC comomn

A

due to job opportunities or warmer climates ( britain to italy)

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15
Q

why is rural to urban migration so common

A

in LEDCs where facilities and opportunities are greater ( brazilian favelas to rio de janeiro)

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16
Q

why is counter-urbanisation so common

A

in MEDCs where people move from urban to rural for a more relaxed lifestyle and less pollution

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17
Q

refugees are people

A

who have been forced to leave their country due to hardship or political aggression

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18
Q

remittances

A

when money is sent back by the migrants to their family in their home country.

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19
Q

why are remittances a positive impact on the country of origin

A

they help alleviate poverty

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20
Q

positive impacts of migration on country of destination (3)

A
  • increase in labour force ( can bring in new skills that are in short suply)
  • low inflation due to limited wage rises
  • cultural diversity which enriches communities
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21
Q

negative impacts of migration on country of destination (4)

A
  • pressure on housing causing overcrowding and prices increasing due to more demand
  • more competition for work
  • strain on health care and education
  • larger population means negative impact on environment
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22
Q

Positive impacts on countries of origin (4)

A
  • return migrants can bring in new skills, ideas and money
  • pressure on housing, health and education is reduced
  • more available labour
  • remittances
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23
Q

Negative impacts on countries of origin (3)

A
  • ageing population with outflow of young skilled workers
  • loss of skilled wokers who have vital skills
  • Migrants returning on a temporary or permanent basis may question traditional values causing divisions in the community
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24
Q

Negative impacts on migrants themselves (6)

A
  • can be exploited
  • financial cost may be high
  • separation from family, friends and culture
  • people may resent them from taking their jobs
  • may be problems in settling in a new country
  • may involve hazardous journeys
25
Q

Positive impacts on migrants themselves (5)

A
  • ability to support family through remittances
  • greater opportunity to develop new skills
  • some migrants have opportunity to learn a new language
  • wider job opportunities
  • wages are higher
26
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORCED AND VOLUNTARY MIGRATION

A

Voluntary migration happens when people move by choice, they want to

Forced migration is when people move because they are being forced out because of political factors or environmental disasters

27
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

A

Internal migration is migration within a country while international migration is between national borders/countries

28
Q

HOW DOES AN ECONOMIC MIGRANT DIFFER FROM ASYLUM SEEKER

A

An economic migrant travels depending on the economic state they and the country are in to find a better situation, asylum seekers try to migrate to the country in hopes to be seen/viewed as a refugee/ fleeing from war/natural disaster/persecution.

29
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFUGEE AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSON

A

A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
An IDP has had to leave their home for similar political reasons as a refugee but hasn’t migrated across an international border

30
Q

MAIN PUSH FACTORS THAT CAUSE RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION (8)

A
  • Natural disasters
  • Lack of job opportunities
  • Bad living conditions
  • Few services
  • Unhappy life
  • Poor transport links
  • Food shortage
  • Lack of government investment in farming/ services
31
Q

MAIN PULL FACTORS THAT CAUSE RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION (6)

A
  • Better access to services (healthcare & education)
  • more/ better job opportunities
  • Improved living conditions
  • Better transport links
  • More entertainment facilities
  • More reliable food supplies
32
Q

WHAT IS COUNTER- URBANISATION

A

when people move from urban to rural to find a better quality of life by going away from the problems of large cities

33
Q

what countries experience more counter population

A

developed ones

34
Q

overpopulated example countries (2)

A

Bangladesh and Ethiopia

35
Q

Underpopulated examples countries (2)

A

Canada, Australia

36
Q

SYMPTOMS OVERPOPULATION (14)

A
  • Lack of resources
  • Underemployment
  • Widespread poverty
  • Setting back of the countries development
  • Cultivable land lost to urbanisation
  • Food shortages (food insecurities)
  • Water and electricity shortages
  • Low GNI per capita per person
  • Inadequate housing (slums)
  • High infant mortality rates
  • Bad education
  • A lot of people not being able to read and write
  • Contaminated water supplies(poor access to clean safe water)
  • Developing economy
37
Q

SYMPTOMS OF UNDER POPULATION (6)

A
  • Highly skilled population which like to work and have high income
  • High average income
  • Growing economy
  • Well educated
  • Nourished
  • Low Infant Mortality Rate
38
Q

what is HIV/ AIDS

A

HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system.
HIV is the actual virus and AIDS is the disease that it can lead to.

39
Q

how does HIV impact infant mortality rates

A

increases because its much more likely for children to die

40
Q

how does HIV impact Birth rates

A

decrease lots of adults are dying and less potential parents per thousand in the population

41
Q

how does HIV impact death rates

A

goes up more deaths per thousand in the population

42
Q

how does HIV impact life expectancy

A

decreases

43
Q

how does HIV impact Population growth rate

A

decreases

44
Q

how does HIV impact opulation structure

A

will have a reduction in the young adult generations and births

45
Q

Trend is a

A

change over time usually shown using line graphs with time on x

46
Q

Pattern is

A

something that describes variations over area and space

47
Q

difference between death rate and infant mortality rate

A

Death rates is the number of deaths per thousand population in a year and infant mortality rate is the number of deaths per infant per thousand births in a population in a year

48
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIRTH RATE AND TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

A

Fertility rate is the average number of children a woman has in her lifetime and birth rate is the number of lives births per thousand of population in a year

49
Q

fertility rate

A

Fertility rate is the average number of children a woman has in her lifetime

50
Q

factors that affect birth rates to vary (6)

A
  • education
  • wealth / economic development
  • antinatal policies
  • urbanization
  • replacement births
  • security in old age
51
Q

how does education affect birth rate

A

If people have better and longer education they probably will want to focus more on their career and will have more things to do, they will also not be married at a very young age because they are more busy with work. This means fertility will drop

52
Q

how does wealth affect birth rate

A

If people are wealthy they don’t have to worry about having enough money to raise a child or more but if they arent wealthy they wont be able to as well but will also have children to try and help them work and gain more money become a cost(liability)

53
Q

how do antenatal policies affect birth rate

A

If a country decides that families arent allowed more than a certain amount then the births wouldnt be very high in that area

54
Q

how does urbanization affect birth rates

A

In rural areas families have more children so that they can help them working and maybe earn more money but in an urbanised country people probably wont need that extra help and will be more focused on working and their lives and carreers

55
Q

how do replacement births affect birth rate

A

IMR if less probability that the child dies at birth they wont have 6 so that three survive but be able to have three with more probability of them surviving

56
Q

how does security in old age affect birth rates

A

When people are old, they want their children to come and look after them when they are not able to work anymore

57
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

maximum number of people or organisms that an environment can sustainably support

58
Q

WHAT IS THE TERM DEMOGRAPHIC MOMENTUM

A

Population momentum is when the population continues to grow though the fertility drops because of a young population structure, which means you have a lot of young people.

Geo IGCSE (21 decks)

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