population 1.2&1.4 (migration and density and distribution) Flashcards
3 types of migration
- international migration
- regional migration
- local migration
local migration
when people move a short distance within the same region
regional migration
when people move between regions within the same country
international migration
when people move from one country to another
migration happens because of __ and ___ factors
push and pull
what is a push factor
things about where they live (origin) that make someone decide to move. They are usually negative things such as lack of jobs or education
what is a pull factor
things about the destination which attract people. Usually positive things like opportunities or better standard of living
emigrant
someone moving out of a country, region or area
migrant
the person doing the moving
immigrant
someone moving into a country, region or area
how do governments play an important role in migration
they can accept it or refuse it
common types of migration (5)
- international migration from LEDC to MEDC
- international migration from MEDC to MEDC
- rural to urban migration
- counter urbanisation
- refugees
why is international migration from LEDC to MEDC common
usually economic migrants looking for higher standard of living ( mexico to usa)
why is international migration from MEDC to MEDC comomn
due to job opportunities or warmer climates ( britain to italy)
why is rural to urban migration so common
in LEDCs where facilities and opportunities are greater ( brazilian favelas to rio de janeiro)
why is counter-urbanisation so common
in MEDCs where people move from urban to rural for a more relaxed lifestyle and less pollution
refugees are people
who have been forced to leave their country due to hardship or political aggression
remittances
when money is sent back by the migrants to their family in their home country.
why are remittances a positive impact on the country of origin
they help alleviate poverty
positive impacts of migration on country of destination (3)
- increase in labour force ( can bring in new skills that are in short suply)
- low inflation due to limited wage rises
- cultural diversity which enriches communities
negative impacts of migration on country of destination (4)
- pressure on housing causing overcrowding and prices increasing due to more demand
- more competition for work
- strain on health care and education
- larger population means negative impact on environment
Positive impacts on countries of origin (4)
- return migrants can bring in new skills, ideas and money
- pressure on housing, health and education is reduced
- more available labour
- remittances
Negative impacts on countries of origin (3)
- ageing population with outflow of young skilled workers
- loss of skilled wokers who have vital skills
- Migrants returning on a temporary or permanent basis may question traditional values causing divisions in the community
Negative impacts on migrants themselves (6)
- can be exploited
- financial cost may be high
- separation from family, friends and culture
- people may resent them from taking their jobs
- may be problems in settling in a new country
- may involve hazardous journeys
Positive impacts on migrants themselves (5)
- ability to support family through remittances
- greater opportunity to develop new skills
- some migrants have opportunity to learn a new language
- wider job opportunities
- wages are higher
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORCED AND VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration happens when people move by choice, they want to
Forced migration is when people move because they are being forced out because of political factors or environmental disasters
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Internal migration is migration within a country while international migration is between national borders/countries
HOW DOES AN ECONOMIC MIGRANT DIFFER FROM ASYLUM SEEKER
An economic migrant travels depending on the economic state they and the country are in to find a better situation, asylum seekers try to migrate to the country in hopes to be seen/viewed as a refugee/ fleeing from war/natural disaster/persecution.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFUGEE AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSON
A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
An IDP has had to leave their home for similar political reasons as a refugee but hasn’t migrated across an international border
MAIN PUSH FACTORS THAT CAUSE RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION (8)
- Natural disasters
- Lack of job opportunities
- Bad living conditions
- Few services
- Unhappy life
- Poor transport links
- Food shortage
- Lack of government investment in farming/ services
MAIN PULL FACTORS THAT CAUSE RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION (6)
- Better access to services (healthcare & education)
- more/ better job opportunities
- Improved living conditions
- Better transport links
- More entertainment facilities
- More reliable food supplies
WHAT IS COUNTER- URBANISATION
when people move from urban to rural to find a better quality of life by going away from the problems of large cities
what countries experience more counter population
developed ones
overpopulated example countries (2)
Bangladesh and Ethiopia
Underpopulated examples countries (2)
Canada, Australia
SYMPTOMS OVERPOPULATION (14)
- Lack of resources
- Underemployment
- Widespread poverty
- Setting back of the countries development
- Cultivable land lost to urbanisation
- Food shortages (food insecurities)
- Water and electricity shortages
- Low GNI per capita per person
- Inadequate housing (slums)
- High infant mortality rates
- Bad education
- A lot of people not being able to read and write
- Contaminated water supplies(poor access to clean safe water)
- Developing economy
SYMPTOMS OF UNDER POPULATION (6)
- Highly skilled population which like to work and have high income
- High average income
- Growing economy
- Well educated
- Nourished
- Low Infant Mortality Rate
what is HIV/ AIDS
HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system.
HIV is the actual virus and AIDS is the disease that it can lead to.
how does HIV impact infant mortality rates
increases because its much more likely for children to die
how does HIV impact Birth rates
decrease lots of adults are dying and less potential parents per thousand in the population
how does HIV impact death rates
goes up more deaths per thousand in the population
how does HIV impact life expectancy
decreases
how does HIV impact Population growth rate
decreases
how does HIV impact opulation structure
will have a reduction in the young adult generations and births
Trend is a
change over time usually shown using line graphs with time on x
Pattern is
something that describes variations over area and space
difference between death rate and infant mortality rate
Death rates is the number of deaths per thousand population in a year and infant mortality rate is the number of deaths per infant per thousand births in a population in a year
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIRTH RATE AND TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
Fertility rate is the average number of children a woman has in her lifetime and birth rate is the number of lives births per thousand of population in a year
fertility rate
Fertility rate is the average number of children a woman has in her lifetime
factors that affect birth rates to vary (6)
- education
- wealth / economic development
- antinatal policies
- urbanization
- replacement births
- security in old age
how does education affect birth rate
If people have better and longer education they probably will want to focus more on their career and will have more things to do, they will also not be married at a very young age because they are more busy with work. This means fertility will drop
how does wealth affect birth rate
If people are wealthy they don’t have to worry about having enough money to raise a child or more but if they arent wealthy they wont be able to as well but will also have children to try and help them work and gain more money become a cost(liability)
how do antenatal policies affect birth rate
If a country decides that families arent allowed more than a certain amount then the births wouldnt be very high in that area
how does urbanization affect birth rates
In rural areas families have more children so that they can help them working and maybe earn more money but in an urbanised country people probably wont need that extra help and will be more focused on working and their lives and carreers
how do replacement births affect birth rate
IMR if less probability that the child dies at birth they wont have 6 so that three survive but be able to have three with more probability of them surviving
how does security in old age affect birth rates
When people are old, they want their children to come and look after them when they are not able to work anymore
what is carrying capacity
maximum number of people or organisms that an environment can sustainably support
WHAT IS THE TERM DEMOGRAPHIC MOMENTUM
Population momentum is when the population continues to grow though the fertility drops because of a young population structure, which means you have a lot of young people.
