development Flashcards
what is the development gap
The Development gap is the gap between LIC and MIC and HIC in development
WHY IS IT NO LONGER APPROPRIATE TO TALK IN TERMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT GAP
tells us nothing about
the way in which wealth is distributed within a country ( in some countries the gap between the rich and the poor is much greater than others)
How governments invest the money it has at its disposal; for example Cuba has a low GNP per capita but high standards of health and education because these have been government priorities for a long time.
the development gap doesn’t show
wealth disparity and inequality
LIC example
bangladesh
DEVELOPING country
mexico
newly industrialised country
India
developed countries
canada, switzerland
WHAT IS MEANT BY A LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRY
countries which have high inequality, low levels of income and severe limitations to sustainable development
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL PROBLEMS FACING LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (6)
- low GNI per capita
- underemployment
- overcrowding
- poverty is high
- high inequality
- bad quality of life
DEFINE WHAT IS MEANT BY A NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRY (NIC)
A developing country that has shown bigger economic growth than other developing ones
WHAT FACTORS HAVE LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF THE NICs (3)
Industralization
increase in GDP
increase in trade and export
physical factors affecting inequality and low development in a country
geographical and physical environment as Countries that are further inland have generally developed more slowly as it affects their ability to trade ( far from ocean)
size of country The size can affect amount of natural resources and generally small countries develop more slowly
climate. polar and tropical countries have developed more slowly than those countries with a more equable, temperate climate. This is because they produce more infertile soils and can limit the range of species and animals that can be found
economic factors affecting inequality and low development in a country
economic policies, Economic policies bring economic growth. LICs often find it hard to market their products to rich large markets because of regulation laws.
unemployment. More people running around the street will mean crime and theft rates rise, as well as probably more homelessness and poverty, resulting in less development ( people who are unemployed usually have less access to basic needs)
political factors affecting affecting inequality and low development in a country
stable governments - A stable government ensures rapid and sustained economic growth. Countries with stable governments are usually more developed
population policies - Governments can encourage or discourage population growth which can provide economic benefits like a productive and large workforce but some economies can’t keep up with their population growth and have high levels of unemployment and poverty.
social factors affecting the inequality or low development of a country
age- An aged population will have less productive and smaller workforce, meaning the countries economy will also probably be low as they have more needs and less ability
Gender- Some people might stereotype and misallocate talent and skills which will reduce the efficiency of workforce and economy
WHAT IS THE MEANT BY THE TERM ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Anyone who works is doing an economic activity. For example, farming, mining, working in an office are all economic activities because they aid in some way to the economy
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
The way in which an economy is split up into different sectors of economic activity. There are 4 main structures that make up the employment of a country or region
4 main structures that make up the employment of a country or region
primary sector
secondary sector
tertiary sector
quaternary sector
primary sector
Industries that extract raw materials like mining, farming, fishing. These primary products may be sold directly to customers or moved on to secondary industries to be processed. Exploit raw materials from land, water and air.
secondary sector
Industries that process and manufacture the raw materials and products of the primary industry. manufactures primary material into finished products. (making clothing, electric cars, food) anything that is made or processed. Converting raw materials into a more useful product.
tertiary sector
industries that provide a service or skill such as education, health care, retailing, office work, transport and entertainment. ( provide services to people) ( doesn’t make anything tangible)
quaternary sector
industries that provide information and expertise. They use technology to provide information. ( research and development are part of this sector)
examples of jobs of primary sector
mining
farming
fishing
examples of jobs of secondary sector
Production of processed food
Production of furniture
Production of motor vehicles
examples of jobs of tertiary sector
Architects
Retail employees
Drivers
Quaternary sector jobs
Aerospace engineers
Research scientists
Computer scientists
WHICH SECTOR HAS THE GREATEST VARIETY OF INCOME LEVELS WITHIN IT
the tertiary and quaternary jobs. This is because they are ‘ real’ jobs that have fixed incomes and also access to basic healthcare and education, although they can be taxed. Some jobs like doctors, also earn more than bus drivers creating a bigger difference between the sectors.
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A PRODUCT THAT WE CONSUME MIGHT HAVE PASSED THROUGH VARIOUS SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY
Food is passed through all the sectors. It goes through the primary sector through farming, into the secondary sector because of food processing factories, it then goes ( through tertiary sector transport) to supermarkets and other food sales, restaurants and lastly research and development into the quaternary sector.
WHAT IS THE GINI COEFFICIENT
It measures inequality on a scale from 0 to 1, where higher values indicate higher inequality
DEFINE TERM ECONOMIC CORE REGION
A wealthy or more important region
Richest and most industrial and developed part of country ( where most opportunities and investments are found)
DEFINE TERM PERIPHERY
Area surrounding an economic core region
what id cumulative causation
When one thing leads to another, creating a cycle of growth or decline.
process of cumulative causation
People have more money as they have higher spending jobs and will spend it on stuff like clothes which means demand for goods and services will increase (bicycles, phones, haircuts) and as a result entrepreneurial activities make sure the demand is met by establishment of businesses ( demand gets translate into more jobs and businesses which again created more jobs)
FACTORS AFFECTING INEQUALITIES
education
employment
ethnicity and race
residence
land ownership
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT
The improvement of the quality of life, ensuring more people have access to basic needs
- the growing of economy, raising people’s standard of living
GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENT IN A LOW INCOME COUNTRY
Life expectancy improvement ( better healthcare access)
Levels of literacy improves across country ( more children getting education)
DEFINE GNP PER CAPITA
gross national product per capita is the Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year plus income earned by the country’s residents from foreign investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.
ALWAYS MEASURED IN DOLLARS
ADVANTAGES OF USING GDP as a measure of a county’s development (6)
Measures a country’s overall economic performance
Allows easy comparisons between countries
Indicates potential quality of life
Helps government plan economic policies
It’s in dollars so you can compare countries all around the world
Simple to understand
how does the Geographical and physical environment affect the inequality between countries
Countries that are further inland have generally developed more slowly as it affects their ability to trade ( far from ocean)
how does the size of country in area affect the inequality between countries
The size can affect amount of natural resources and generally small countries develop more slowly
how does the climate affect the inequality between countries
polar and tropical countries have developed more slowly than those countries with a more equable, temperate climate. This is because they produce more infertile soils and can limit the range of species and animals that can be found
how do economic policies affect the inequality between countries
Economic policies bring economic growth. LICs often find it hard to market their products to rich large markets because of regulation laws.
how does unemployment affect the inequality between countries
More people running around the street will mean crime and theft rates rise, as well as probably more homelessness and poverty, resulting in less development ( people who are unemployed usually have less access to basic needs)
how do stable governments affect the inequality between countries
A stable government ensures rapid and sustained economic growth. Countries with stable governments are usually more developed
how do population policies affect the inequality between countries
Governments can encourage or discourage population growth which can provide economic benefits like a productive and large workforce but some economies can’t keep up with their population growth and have high levels of unemployment and poverty.
how does age affect inequality between countries
An aged population will have less productive and smaller workforce, meaning the countries economy will also probably be low as they have more needs and less ability
how does gender affect inequality between countries
Some people might stereotype and misallocate talent and skills which will reduce the efficiency of workforce and economy
why does education affect inequalities
People with higher levels of education invariably gain better-paid employment. In developing countries there is a clear link between education levels and family size, with those with the least education having the largest families as they don’t have careers.
Maintaining a large family usually means that saving is impossible and varying levels of debt likely. In contrast, people with better educational opportunities have smaller families and so are able to save and invest more for the future.
The parents’ education level also is super important as well educated parents will have better careers, be able to give their children better education and their family will be able to access higher paid work so better quality of life.
why does employment and ethnicity and race affect inequalities
the development gap often has an ethnic and religious dimension where some ethnic groups in a population have income levels much lower than the dominant religions in the same population.
Discrimination also plays a huge role as for example in America, black people earn 50% less as an average household income.
why does land ownership affect inequalities
Owning a very small plot of land provides a level of security which people without land don’t have. Households headed by women are often the most disadvantaged in terms of land ownership.
why does residence affect inequalities
Where people are born and where they live can have a very significant impact on their quality of life. If you live in a poor area, and rural area you will probably end up working in farming with low income.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING GNP AS A MEASURE OF A COUNTRY’S DEVELOPMENT (5)
Doesn’t tell us the way in which the wealth is distributed in a country
Doesn’t tell us how government invests the money it has at disposal ( Cuba has low GNP but high standards of health and education as those have been the priorities for a long time)
Misses social aspects like healthcare, education, environment ( quality of life)
Doesn’t include the informal and subsistence sectors of economies
Doesn’t tell you about environment aspects
MERITS OF USING LITERACY RATE AS A MEASURE OF DEVELOPMENT
People who are literate are able to access medical and other information that will help them to a higher quality of life compared to those who are illiterate.
People who are iterate gave a higher chance of getting a higher paid work
define literacy rate
Percentage of the adult population that can read and write
MERITS OF USING LIFE EXPECTANCY AS A MEASURE OF DEVELOPMENT
It is to a large extent the end result of all the factors contributing to the quality of life in a country. It allows you see diseases (malaria) environmental conditions ( rainfall) and human environmental conditions ( pollution), and personal lifestyle ( smoking) and nutrition
define life expectancy
Average numbers of years that a person born today is expected to live for
WHICH INDICATORS ARE COMBINED TO FORM THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (3)
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
GNI per capita (PP$)
DISADVANTAGES OF USING HDI AS A MEASURE OF COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT (4)
Reduces development to just three factors, ignoring other important aspects.
Doesn’t consider cultural and social differences that might affect development.
Relies on the accuracy of data, which can vary between countries.
Doesn’t have a unit, just a number so kind of meaningless
ADVANTAGES OF USING HDI AS A MEASURE OF COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT (4)
Combines health, education and income to give a fuller picture of development
Highlights humans well being and not just the economic growth
promotes improvement in health and education as well as income.
Easy comparison between all countries
IN GENERAL TERMS WHAT ARE THE SDGs
a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity that all countries have worked towards.
