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Design Technology > Polymers And Metals > Flashcards

Polymers And Metals Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of thermosetting polymers?

A
  • Epoxy Resin (ER)
  • Melanine Formaldehyde (MF)
  • Polyester Resin (PR)
  • Phenol Formaldehyde (PF)
  • Urea Formaldehyde (UF)
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2
Q

What are the two types of polymers

A

Thermosetting polymers and thermoforming polymers

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3
Q

What are examples of thermoforming polymers?

A
  • Acrylic (PMMA)
  • High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
  • Polypropylene (PP)
  • High-Density polystyrene (HDPE)
  • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
  • Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
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4
Q

What are thermosetting polymers?

A

They are softened during heating and shaped with a number of processes. This cannot be replaced.

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5
Q

What are thermoforming polymers?

A

These polymers are softened during heating and shaped with a number processes. This can be repeated many times.

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6
Q

What are the features of thermosetting polymers?

A
  • Excellent conductors
  • Cannot be reheated
  • Cannot be recycled
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7
Q

What are the features of thermoforming polymers?

A
  • These are the most common types of polymers
  • They can be moulded in any shape.
  • Colour can be added.
  • Can be recycled
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8
Q

Where do polymers come from?

A
  • They are usually made from crude oil

- They can be made into bioplastics and these are made from bioplastics

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9
Q

How do you refine crude oil?

A

Molecules within the oil are separated and refined into more useful products. This is through the process of Fractional Distillation.

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10
Q

Process of fractional distillation

A
  • Crude oil is heated up till it becomes gas.
  • Vents off through a tall column
  • As it cools it condednses into different petrochemical products. One ks Naphtha used to make Polymers.
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11
Q

What is the process of cracking?

A

Naphtha needs to undergo another process before we can use it in polymer production, this process is cracking. The Naphtha is heated further to break it down.

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12
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

This involves a chemical reaction that links monomers together into polymers chains. Different monomers link together in different ways give each monomers it’s unqie properties.

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13
Q

High-density polythene (HDPE) properties and common uses

A

It is a thermoforming polymer

Properties: Flexible, translucent, weatherproof, good low temperature toughness, easy/to process by most methods, low cost

Common uses: Plastic bottles, piping, geomembranes and plastic lumber

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14
Q

High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) properties and common uses

A

It is a thermoforming polymer

Properties: Easy to machine and fabricate, good insulater, FDA compliant and sturdy + durable with strong impact resistance

Common uses: Drinking cups, gasoline tanks, toys, TVs, bicycle trailers

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15
Q

Polyester resin properties and common uses

A

It is a thermosetting polymer

Properties: Resistent to water and age, low cost, withstand to 80°C

Common uses: Jewellry, paperweights, table tops

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16
Q

What are additives?

A

They are properties of polymers can be further enhanced through the introduction of additives.

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of additives?

A
  • Plasticisers
  • Pigments
  • Stabilisers
  • Fillers
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18
Q

What are plasticisers?

A

Added to polymers to make the soft and flexible (often PVC)

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19
Q

What are pigments?

A

They are added to polymers to change colour

20
Q

What are stabilisers?

A

Added to polymers to help prevent UV damage. Mostly used in putdoor products.

21
Q

What are fillers?

A

Added to increase the bulk in products and can improve impact resistance.

22
Q

What are stock forms?

A

These are the variety and shapes a product can be sold in. They are sold in: length, width, gauge and diameter

23
Q

What are the range of forms for polymers?

A
  • Sheets
  • Rod
  • Granules
  • Powders
  • Foams
  • Films
  • PLA filament
24
Q

What are the standard components of polymers?

A
  • Hinges
  • Screws
  • Nuts and bolts
25
Q

What are biopolymers?

A

These are polymers that are sourced from plants rather than crude oil. This makes this material renewable.

Unfortunately, they are bery expensive to produce and can take a long time to manufacture.

26
Q

What are corn starch polymers?

A

Corn starch polymers are often used in disposable, short life soan products. This is due to it being degradeable which makes it of huge environmental advantage.

27
Q

What are ferrous metals?

A

These are metals which contain iron

28
Q

What are non-ferrous metals?

A

These are metals that do not contain iron

29
Q

What are alloys?

A

These include 2 or more metals

30
Q

Examples of ferrous metals

A
  • Cast iron
  • Low carbon steel (mild steel)
  • High carbon steel (tool steel)
31
Q

Examples of non-ferrous metals

A
  • Aluminium
  • Copper
  • Zinc
  • Tin
32
Q

Examples of alloys

A
  • Brass
  • Stainless steel
  • Duralumin
33
Q

Cast iron composition, properties and uses

A

This is a ferrous metal
Composition: 2.5%-4.0% carbon, 1%-3% silicon and iron

Properties: - Resistant to abrasion and indentation

  • Material’s ability to absorb energy
  • Ductility - deform without fracture
  • Elastic so it can return to its original dimensions

Uses: sewer pipes, water conveying pipes, pots, pans ,utensils and anchors

34
Q

Aluminium composition, properties and uses

A

It is a non-ferrous metal and it is a pure metal

Properties: - Corrosion resistant

  • Difficult to weld
  • Conductive to heat and electricity

Uses: aircrafts, boats, window frames, saucepans, packaging and insulation, pistons and cranks

35
Q

Stainless steel composition, properties and uses

A

It is an alloy
Composition: 10.5% chromium, less than 1.2% carbon and other alloy elements

Properties: - corrosion resistant

  • high tensile strength
  • Very durable
  • Temperature resistant

Uses: Buildings, axles, gears, shafts, rails, pipelines, cars, fridges and washing machines

36
Q

Where are metals found and how can you obtain it?

A

Metals are found in the Earth’s crust in the form of an ore. Ore is taken from the Earth vis mining.

37
Q

What is the problem with mining?

A

Metals are finite and non-renewable

38
Q

What are the two processes of extraction and what do they do?

A

Blast furnace - large amounts of fossil fuels to heat the blast furnace and it creates harmful gases
Reduction cell - large amounts of electricity

39
Q

How can you modify the properties of metals (name the two processes)?

A

You can do this by quenching and annealing

40
Q

Quenching definition (metals)

A

Medium and high carbon steel can be hardened theough heating and rapid cooling (que ching), but this also makes it brittle

41
Q

Annealing definition (metals)

A

A process that softens metal to make it more malleable and ductile so that it can be worked on again and then allowing it to cool. This can be carried repeatedly.

42
Q

What are stock forms sold in?

A

They are sold in:

  • Length
  • Width
  • Thickness
  • Diameter
43
Q

What are the different stock forms of metals?

A

They are generally extrusions but they are also made from:

  • Rods
  • Strips
  • Bars
  • Tubes
  • Angles
  • Sheets
  • Channels
44
Q

What are the standard components of metals

A
  • Rivets including pop rivets
  • Machine screws
  • Nuts and bolts
45
Q

Finite definition

A

Metal ores extracted from the Earth take millions of years to be created. We will eventually run out of ores so its essential for designers to recycle and reuse metals that have already been extracted

46
Q

Why is mining bad?

A

It is environmentally damaging to both the Earth’s vegetation and structure, including forest areas which are prone to deforestation

47
Q

Why is extraction bad?

A

It is environmentally damaging as it causes erosion, noise and dust. Waste has to be managed to avoid pollution

Design Technology (22 decks)

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