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PLEURAL CAVITY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture

A

the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture referred to as anatomically and clinically

A

anatomically - thoracic inlet

clinically - thoracic outlet

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3
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by

A

First thoracic vertebra (T1) - posteriorly
First pair of ribs - laterally
costal cartilage of 1st rib/ superior border of the manubrium

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4
Q

How many articular facets does the head of the 1st rib possess

A

one - articulates with 1st thoracic vertebra

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5
Q

What separates the two shallow grooves on the upper surface of the body of the 1st rib

A

scalene tubercle - attachment of anterior scalene muscle

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6
Q

What does the anterior groove of the 1st rib lodge?

A

subclavian vein

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7
Q

What does the posterior groove of the 1st rib lodge?

A

subclavian artery and lowest trunk of branchial plexus

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8
Q

What numbers of vertebral body does the head of the rib articulate with

A

same number and one above

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9
Q

What is the joint between the head of the rib and 2 vertebral bodies

A 
costovertebral joints 
(synovial plane)
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10
Q

Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate?

A

transverse process of the same number of thoracic vertebra

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11
Q

What is the name of the joint between the transverse process and the tubercle of the rib

A 
costotransverse joint
(synovial plane)
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12
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture bounded by

A

12th thoracic vertebra (T12) - posteriorly
11th + 12th pairs of ribs - laterally
costal cartialge of ribs 7-10 and the xiphisternal joint - anteriorly

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13
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

fibromuscular membrane stretched across the midline of the body

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14
Q

Where does the left side of the chest wall drain to?

A

thoracic duct - left brachiocephalic v

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15
Q

Where does the right side of the chest wall drain to?

A

right lymphatic duct - right brachiocephalic v

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16
Q

What are the 3 peripheral attatchments of the diaphragm

A

lumbar vertebrae/ arcuate ligaments
costalcartilage of ribs 7-12
xiphoid process of the sternum

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17
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

central tendon

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18
Q

What are the parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae called

A

right and left crura

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19
Q

Where does the right crus arise from

A

L1-3

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20
Q

Where does the left crus arise from

A

L1-2 and their intervertebral discs

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21
Q

Where are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve

A

Anterior rami of C3
C4 (mainly)
C5

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22
Q

is the phrenic nerve motor or sensory

23
Q

What are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve

A

Pierces and innervates thediaphragm from its inferior surface

24
Q

What are the sensory functions of the phrenic nerve

A

Supplies the central part of the diaphragm.

25
What are the peripheral portions of the diaphragm also innervated by
sensory fibres of intercostal nerves, T7-T12)
26
Where is the caval opening and what is its funtion
T8 - passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. | It transmits the inferior vena cava & the right phrenic nerve.
27
Where is the oesophageal hiatus and what is its function
T10 - located through the muscular sling of the right crus. | It transmits the oesophagus and both vagus nn.
28
Where is the aortic hiatus and what is its function
T12 - between the left and right crus. | It transmits the aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, and the thoracic duct.
29
What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity pharynx larynx ABOVE STERNAL ANGLE
30
What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract?
trachea bronchi bronchioles lungs
31
Which portion of the respiratory tree does gas exchange occur
respiratory portion | None in conducting portion
32
What is included in the conducting portion of the respiratory tree?
``` trachea main bronchus lobar bronchus segmental bronchus conducting bronchiole terminal bronchiole ```
33
What is included in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tree?
respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sac alveolus
34
Where is the larynx found?
anterior neck between C3-6
35
Where does the larynx extend
tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
36
What is the larynx innervated by
branches of the vagus nerve
37
regarding surface anataomy of the larynx what lies at | C3, C4, C5 and C6
C3 - Hyoid C4- thyrohyoid membrane C5- Laryngeal prominence C6- Cricoid cartilage/ start of trachea
38
What is the lung hilum?
area located on medial/ mediastinal surface of lung
39
What is the lung root
group of structures that enter or leave the lung hilum
40
What structures are included in the lung hilum
bronchi pulmonary artey (in front of bronchus) superior pulmonar vein - most anterior inferior pulmonary vein - most inferior
41
What is the additional bronchus in the right lung called
eparterial
42
What is the nerve supply of the parietal pleura
somatic nerves (intercostal + phrenic) pain sensitive
43
What is the nerve supply of the visceral pleura
``` autonomic nerves (T2- T5) pain insensitive ```
44
Where is the pleural reflection?
Place at which parietal pleura changes its direction of travel
45
Where is the pleural recess?
The increased space between the layers of the pleura occuring at the pleural reflections
46
What structures make up the inferior margin of the lung
6, 8, 10 rib 6 - midclavicular line rib 8 - midaxillary line rib 10 - midscapular line
47
What structures make up the inferior margin of the parietal pleura
8, 10, 12 | 2 Intercostal spaces difference between ribs 8, 10 and 12
48
What does the horizontal fissure follow
line of 4th rib anteriorly
49
Where does the oblique fissure begin
spine of T3
50
What does the oblique fissure follow
line of 6th rib anteriorly
51
What is different n the histology of bronchioles and the trachea
bronchioles have no cartilage, no glands and no goblet cells
52
what happens to the epithelium as the tubes shrink within the lungs
becomes flatter from tracheato to alveoli, from cloumnar --> cuboidal -> squamos
53
what happens to the cartilage as the tubes shrink within the lungs
reduces from rings --> small plates --> complete absence in bronchioles
54
what happens to the mucous-secreting glands and goblet cells as the tubes shrink within the lungs
decrease to complete absence in the bronchioles

ANATOMY (15 decks)

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