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GI Flashcards

1
Q

where does the abdomen run form superiorly and inferiorly

A

thorax and pelvis

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2
Q

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower

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3
Q

what are the 2 imaginary line that divide the abdomen into the 4 quadrants

A

transumbilical

median

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4
Q

what are the 4 imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions

A

right and left midclavicular
transtubercular line (inferior)
subcostal line

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5
Q

list the 9 regions of the abdomen

A 
right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar 
umbilical 
left lumbar
right iliac/ inguinal 
hypogastric
left iliac
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6
Q

name some organs in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen

A

liver
gall bladder
right kidney

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7
Q

name some organs in the epigastric region of the abdomen

A

stomach
pancreas
liver

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8
Q

name some organs in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen

A

stomach
spleen
kidney

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9
Q

name some organs in the right lumbar region of the abdomen

A

ascending colon
right kidney
small intestine

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10
Q

name some organs in the umbilical region of the abdomen

A

stomach
pancreas
transverse colon

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11
Q

name some organs in the left lumbar region of the abdomen

A

descending colon
left kidney
small intestine

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12
Q

name some organs in the right iliac region of the abdomen

A

caecum
appendix
ascending colon

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13
Q

name some organs in the hypogastric region of the abdomen

A

small intestine
sigmoid colon
bladder

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14
Q

name some organs in the left iliac region of the abdomen

A

small intestine
descending colon
sigmoid colon

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15
Q

what are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A 
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis 
pyramidalis
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16
Q

what nerves innervate the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

T7- T12

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17
Q

what are the actions of the obliques

A

flex/ rotate trunk

compress and support abdominal viscera

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18
Q

what is the action of the transverses abdominis

A

compress and support abdominal viscera

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19
Q

what are the actions of the rectus abdominis

A

flex and rotate trunk

control pelvis tilt

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20
Q

how does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus

A

above - 2 halves

below - all infront

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21
Q

what are the 2 layer son the fascia below the umbilicus

A 
fatty layer (superficial)
membranous layer (deep)
vessels and nerves in between
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22
Q

what is the action of the pyramidalis

A

tenses linea alba

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23
Q

what is the rectus sheath

A

aponeurosis of the external/ internal obliques and transverses abdominis, enclosing the rectus abdominis

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24
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

broad flat tendon

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25
what vertebral level is the umbilicus on the abdominal wall
L3-4
26
what are the bony attachments of the inguinal ligament
pubic tubercle | anterior superior iliac crest
27
what happens during embryology to form the inguinal canal
relocation of the gonads
28
what is the superficial inguinal ring in (OUT)
aponeurosis of external oblique
29
what is the deep superficial inguinal ring in (IN)
transverse fascia
30
where are the superior and inferior epigastric vessels in relation to the rectus abdominus
deep
31
what are the epigastric vessels branches of superiorly and inferiorly
superior - internal thoracic | inferior - external iliac
32
what are the contents of the male inguinal canal
spermatic cord iliolinguinal nerve blood/ lymph
33
what are the contents of the female inguinal canal
round ligament of the uterus iliolinguinal nerve blood/ lymph
34
what causes an indirect inguinal hernia
congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring allowing abdominal contents to enter canal
35
what causes a direct inguinal hernia
abdominal contents push through a weak spot in the inguinal canal allowing the contents to enter
36
where do femoral hernias occur
below the inguinal ligament
37
when do umbilical hernias occur
abdominal contents pass through a weakness at the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall
38
what are the 4 layers of the GI tract
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
39
what 3 layers make up the mucosa of the GI tract
epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosae
40
what 2 muscle layers make up the muscularis externa
circular | longitudinal
41
where are villi found in the GI tract
small intestine
42
where in the GI tract is the epithelium stratified squamous non-keritanised
mouth oesophagus anus
43
what is the peritoneum
transparent serous membrane that covers the body wall and organs
44
what are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum
parietal - body wall | visceral - organs
45
define he peritoneal cavity
potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum , containing peritoneal fluid.
46
which passage do the greater and lesser (omental bursa) sacs communicate through
epiploic foramen
47
where is the epiploic foramen located
free edge of the lesser sac
48
what does intraperitoneal mean
completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum (suspended by mesentery )
49
what does retroperitoneal mean
only covers by peritoneum anteriorly as they are firmly attached to the posterior wall
50
list some intraperitoneal organs
stomach liver transverse colon
51
list some retroperitoneal organs
``` ascending and descending colon kidneys pancreas aorta oesophagus caecum ```
52
which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold
parietal
53
what are the attachments of the greater omentum
greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
54
what are the attachments of the lesser omentum
lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
55
what is a omentum
double layer of peritoneum
56
why is the greater momentum known as the abdominal policeman
can migrate to infected areas - localising the infection and protecting against peritonitis
57
where innervates parietal pain
T7-12 + L1 - somatic & localised
58
where innervated visceral pain
autonomic nerves - referred, dull, poorly localised pain
59
what are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm
T8 - IVC T10 - oesophagus T12 - aorta
60
what are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the gut
coeliac trunk superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery
61
at what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries
L4
62
what level does the coeliac branch leave the aorta
T12
63
what level does the superior mesenteric branch leave the aorta
L1
64
what level does the inferior mesenteric branch leave the aorta
L3
65
which artery supplies the foregut
coeliac
66
which artery supplies the midgut
superior mesenteric
67
which artery supplies the hindgut
inferior mesenteric
68
list some foregut structures
``` abdominal oesophagus stomach 1st part of small intestine Liver Gall bladder ```
69
list some midgut structures
``` small intestine caecum appendix ascending colon proximal transverse colon ```
70
list some hindgut structures
distal transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum
71
what is the portal system
system of blood vessels that directs blood from the GI tract to the liver
72
which two veins form the portal vein
splenic vein | superior mesenteric vein
73
where are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis
distal oesophagus bare liver umbilicus 1/2 anal canal
74
what is the clinical significance of portocaval anastomoses
allows blood to be redirected if there is a blockage
75
what is the sympathetic nerve supply to the abdominal viscera
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-9, lesser T10-11, least T12) pre-vertebral sympathetic ganglia abdominal aortic plexuses
76
what is the parasympathetic supply to the abdominal viscera
anterior and posterior vagal trunks | pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4)
77
what effect would parasympathetic stimulation have on GI secretion
increase (vasodilation)
78
what effect would parasympathetic stimulation have on GI motility
increase
79
what vertebral levels do the kidneys lie
T12- L3
80
why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left
liver
81
which 3 thinks leave the hilum of the kidney
renal artery renal vein pelvis of ureter
82
where is the suprarenal gland located
above kidney , below crura (endocrine)
83
what are the ureters
muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
84
what is the term used to describe the upper part of the ureter
renal pelvis
85
how are the ureters peritonised
retroperitoneal
86
what is the level of the cardiac sphincter
left 6th costal cartilage
87
what is the level of the gall bladder
9th costal cartilage
88
what structures go through the oesophageal hiatus (T10)
oesophagus, vagus nerve, oesophageal arteries, phrenic vessels
89
what is the blood supply to the oesophagus
branches of the left gastric artery
90
what is the venous drainage of the oesophagus
azygous vein
91
what is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus
thoracic duct
92
what are the names of the sections of the stomach
fundus, body, antrum
93
what is the pyloric sphincter
smooth muscle band between the pylorus and duodenum
94
what is the function of the pyloric sphincter
controls delivery of digested food form the stomach to the duodenum
95
what is the condition where the pyloric sphincter doesn't function
congenital pyloric stenosis
96
what abdominal organs suspend the stomach
liver - lesser omentum | transverse colon - greater omentum
97
what are rugae formed from
mucosa epithelium
98
which portions of the stomach are the rugae most apparent in
pylorus | greater curvature
99
what are the 4 groups of lymph nodes draining the stomach
``` superior gastric supra-pyloric pancreaticollenal inferior gastric ALL DRAIN INTO CELIAC ```
100
which curve does gastric cancer commonly occur on
greater curve
101
what is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus
increased motility
102
what two organs does the small intestine extend between
pylorus of stomach | ileocaecal junction
103
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
104
which part of the small intestine does the pancreatic duct open into
duodenum
105
how does the colour vary between the jejunum and ileum
jejunum is darker and ileum is a paler pink
106
which part of the small intestine has the most fat
ileum
107
describe the vasa recta and arcades (Arterial loops) in the jejunum and ileum
jejunum - long vasa recta and few large loops of arcades | ileum - short vasa recta and many short loops
108
which part of the autonomic nervous system acts as a vasoconstrictor
sympathetic
109
what features of the large intestine make it distinguishable from the small intestine
``` omental appendices (small, fatty projections) haustra teniae coli - thick bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal incomplete, circular poke out) ```
110
what parts of the colon are retroperitonised
ascending colon | descending colon
111
what parts of the colon are intraperitonised
caecum transverse colon sigmoid colon
112
which abdominal region is the appendix located
right iliac / groin
113
which 2 structures open into the cavity of caecum
ileum | ascending colon
114
what is McBurneys point
site of maximum tenderness
115
what is the arterial supply to the superior 1/3 of the rectum
superior rectal artery
116
what is the arterial supply to the middle 1/3 and inferior 1/3 of the rectum
right/ left middle rectal arteries
117
give the drainage of the superior, middle and inferior rectum
superior rectal vein middle rectal vein inferior rectal vein
118
what is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal continence
muscles contract until voluntarily released
119
what ligaments are found in the lesser omentum
hepatoduodenal | hepatogastric
120
what is the falciform ligament
attaches liver liver to anterior body wall
121
what is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of
umbilical vein
122
what are the paracolic gutters
spaces between colon and the abdominal wall | posterolateral to large intestine
123
what is the clinical significance of parabolic gutters
infective material form abdominal organs can accumulate elsewhere
124
what muscle type forms the muscularis externa
smooth
125
what muscle type forms the muscularis mucosae
smooth
126
in a histology of the stomach which cells are pink and which are purple
pink - parietal | purple - chief cells
127
what cells are present in gastric pits
parietal (Hal, intrinsic factor) , chief cells (pepsinogens), goblet cels
128
what are the large folds extending into the lumen of the small intestine called
crypts of luberkuhn
129
what is the epithelium of the small intestine
simple columnar
130
in the small intestine, do the glands in the lamina propria extend beyond the muscularis mucosae
no - brunners glands in small intestine (bicarbonate)
131
what is the transpyloric plane
midpoint between jugular notch and pubic symphis | pylorus of stomach, neck of pancreas, duodenum, hilum of kidney, 1st lumbar vertebra
132
what are the 3 imaging techniques using barium
``` barium meal (Stomach) barium meal follow through (small intestine) barium meal enema ```
133
what is the function of the spleen
filter for blood storage of RBC immune response (phagocytosis)
134
what region is the spleen located
left hypochondriac
135
name the structures in the hilum of the spleen
splenic artery splenic vein gastrosphenic ligament
136
the tail of which organ is closely related to the spleen
pancreas
137
what do the exocrine glands of the pancreas secrete
digestive pancreatic enzymes
138
what do the endocrine glands of the pancreas secrete
hormones
139
which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open
sphincter of oddi
140
list the 4 lobes of the liver
right left caudate (superior) quadrate
141
what is the bare area of the liver bare of
peritoneum
142
what are the 3 structures at the porta hepatis
hepatic duct hepatic artery portal vein
143
what does the extra hepatic biliary apparatus consist of
``` right and left hepatic ducts common hepatic duct gallbladder cystic duct bile duct ```
144
where is bile produced
liver
145
where is bile stored
gall bladder
146
where does bile enter the gut tube
duodenum
147
what is the function of bile
aid digestion of lipids
148
what structures make up Calot's cystohepatic triangle
cystic duct common hepatic duct inferior surface of liver (contains hepatic artery)
149
which organ has islets of langerhans
pancreas
150
which cells in the pancreas stain poorly and strongly
poor - islets of langerhans | strong - serous acini
151
how are the cells arranged in the liver
in hexagon sheets converging towards the central vein
152
what is at the corner of each lobule in the liver
portal triad
153
in the spleen what is the main content of white pulp and red pulp
white - lymphocytes , T cells | rede - blood cells (RBC, platelets)
154
which ribs are related to the spleen
9, 10, 11
155
which mode of radiology lets you see the abdominal arteries
abdominal angiogram
156
which mode of imaging is good for the ureters
IV pyelogram
157
what is the difference between the visceral and somatic innervation of the anal canal
visceral - sensitive to stretch | somatic - voluntary
158
what cells are present in the duodenum and ileum
duodenum - brunners | ileum - peyers patches
159
how would you locate the transpyloric plane on a patient
1/2 way between jugular not and pubic symphis
160
what are the 3 muscular layers of the stomach lining
longitudinal circular oblique
161
which vein does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into
splenic
162
how does the muscularis externa differ along the oesophagus
upper 1/3 skeletal | lower 2/3 smooth
163
which part of the pancreas is in close contact with the spleen
tail
164
are islets of langerhan endocrine or exocrine
endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
165
what is at the centre of each liver lobule and what radiates around
central vein - hepatic cords
166
in the small intestine what are the villi that extend into the lamina propria and what do they do
crypts of lieberkuhn - secrete CL and H20
167
describe the mucosa of the large intestine
simple columnar epithelium | no villi , no folds (flat and smooth)

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