formative Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
2
Q
which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem
A
mesencephalon
myencephalon (hindbrain)
3
Q
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
A
CN III- XII
4
Q
which ventricular cavities lie in the brainstem
A
3rd / 4th
5
Q
which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction
A
CN VI, VII, VIII,
6
Q
what fibres are contained in the pyramid tracts
A
contain motor fibres
7
Q
what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids
A
motor fibres cross over
8
Q
where are the olives in relation the the pyramid tract
A
lateral
9
Q
what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)
A
4th ventricle
10
Q
which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord
A
foramen magnum
11
Q
which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on
A
pons
12
Q
how long is the midbrain
A
2cm
13
Q
what is immediately superior to the midbrain
A
the thalamus
14
Q
which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on
A
midbrain POSTERIOR
15
Q
what structures make up the diencephalon
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)
16
Q
what are the surface projections on the hypothalamus called
A
tuber cinereum
17
Q
what is the midline structure than connects the two cerebellar hemispheres
A
vermis
18
Q
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
A
anterior
posterior
flocondular
remember tonsil connecting to medulla
19
Q
which foramen does the cerebellum sit above
A
foramen magnum
20
Q
what is a cerebellar coning
A
sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen
21
Q
what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere
A
median longitudinal fissure
22
Q
what fibres are present in the corpus callosum
A
commissural
23
Q
what do the cerebral hemispheres sit on in the posterior cranial fossa
A
tentorium cerebelli
24
Q
what lobes does the lateral (sylvan) fissure run between
A
temporal
frontal/ parietal
25
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
26
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital
27
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal
28
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal
29
what lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus run in
parietaloccipital
30
when does the spinal cord terminate in an adult
L1-L2
31
what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord
filum terminale
32
where is the caudal equina
end of the spinal cord
33
list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
```
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
```
34
which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk
vertebral
35
what are the 3 branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar
labyrinthe
superior cerebellar
36
which artery gives off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vertebral
37
from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from
subclavian
38
what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
39
what artery linked the two anterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating
40
which cerebral arteries supply the primary motor cortex
anterior and middle
41
which cerebral artery supplies the primary sensory area
anterior
42
which cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex
posterior
43
which cerebral artery supplies the primary auditory area
middle
44
which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction
middle
45
where does the vertebra-basilar system supply
brainstem
occipital lobe
cerebellum
46
which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
CN III - oculomotor
47
what are the manifestations of CN III palsy
ptosis
no accommodation
eyeball abducted
no pupillary right reflex
48
what is the carotid sinus
pressure receptor at terminal common carotid - monitors flow of blood to head
49
which CN do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in
glossopharyngeal vagus
50
what is contained in the carotid body
chemoreceptors sensitive to low oxygen (run in glossopharyngeal)
51
where are he dural venous sinuses present
between periosteum and dura matter
52
which major cerebral vein is visible
great cerebral vein
53
list the venous sinuses in the head
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
transverse, straight, sigmoid (meet and confluence) cavernous
54
where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into
cavernous sinus
55
what are emissary veins
small veins that connect the venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull
56
what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain
basilar sinus
57
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior ophthalmic
superficial medial cerebral
sphenopariteal sinus
58
what locations of infections can spread to the cavernous sinus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis
sinuses, ears, teeth
59
branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery
vertebral
60
which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of
vertebral posterior inferior cerebellar
61
what plexus of veins lies in the epidural space
internal vertebral venous plexus
62
what fluid circulates around the subarachnoid space
CSF
63
what structures does the falx cerebri separate
right and left cerebral hemispheres
64
what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to
crista gali of ethmoidfrontal crest of frontal bone
65
which dural venous sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri
superior sagittal
66
which structures does the tentorrium cerebelli separate
cerebellumoccipital lobe
67
which dural sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium
straight sinus
68
what bone does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to
crinoid process of the sphenoid
69
what is the fold of dura mater that surround the pituitary stalk
diaphragma sellae
70
what artery is the middle meningeal artery a branch of
maxillary
71
what are ventricles
interconnected spaces/ cavities that lie within the brain
72
what in the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system
central canal
73
which lobe do each of the lateral ventricle horns pass into
anterior- frontal
body - parietal
inferior - temporal
posterior - occipital
74
what part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle of the brain lie in
diencephalon
75
what does the cerebral aqueduct connect
3rd ventricle to the 4th
76
what is the specialised structure lining the ventricles that produces CSF
choroid plexus
77
where are the ependymal cells
inside ventricles / central canal
78
at which location is the CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation
arachnoid granulations
79
what is the cause of hydrocephalus
restricted CSF - raised intacerebral pressure
| in infancy - enlargement of the head and reduction in cerebral mater
80
what are the 4 parts of the corps callosum
rostrum
genu
body
splenium
81
what does the septum pellucidum do
separates anterior horns of the later ventricles
82
what is the septum pellucid continuous with
corpus callosum
| fornix
83
what two things does the fornix link
hippocampus
| hypothalamus
84
which basal ganglia lies under the lateral ventricle
caudate nucleus
85
what is the function of the thalamus
sensory relay station
86
which nucleus of the thalamus does most general sensory information from the body go to
VPL - ventro-postero-lateral
87
which gland sits above the colliculi
pineal
88
what are the components of the lentiform nucleus
putamen
| globus pallidus
89
what is the internal capsule made up of
myelinated axons - white matter
90
which cerebral artery supplies internal capsule
middle
91
which group of structures is the substantia nigra structurally part of
basal ganglia
92
what condition arises form a patchy loss/ scarring of the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis
93
what are the 3 primary vesicles (week 4)
prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombocephalon (hindbrain)
94
what vesicles are in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
| 4th ventricle
95
what are the 5 secondary vesicles (week 5)
```
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
mesencephalon
myencephalon
```
96
what absorbs CSF
arachnoid villi
97
what makes CSF
choroid plexus
98
what is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi
superior - visual reflex
| inferior - auditory reflex
99
what runs along the peduncles
motor fibres
100
what makes up the olive bodies
inferior olive nucleii
101
what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
102
what does the cerebellar tonsil sit on top of
foramen magnum
103
what is the name of the pathology that occurs in the cerebellum
ataxia
104
what vesicle does the diencephalon originate from
diencephalon - forebrain
105
what is the function of the hypothalamus
main visceral control centre
| body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hormones
106
what is the carotid canal lateral to
foramen lacerum
107
what are the vertebral arteries branches of
subclavian
108
what to dural venous sinuses drain into
IJV
109
where is the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
on surface
110
where is the cingulate and what is it involved in
frontal lobe (middle) - retrieving info and memory
111
where is the hippocampus
under surface of temporal bone (seahorse)
112
where is the insula
under parietal lobe (part of temporal)
113
what is area 4
pre central gyrus - Primary motor cortex
114
what number is Brocas area (motor speech)
44/ 45 - at lateral sulcus
115
what number of area is the primary sensory area
1, 2, 3 - post central gyrus
116
what is area 41/42
primary audiotory cortex
117
where is wernickes area
temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere
118
what number is the primary visual cortex
17
119
what are areas 18 and 19
visual association areas
120
what are components of the limbic system
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
121
what are commissural fibres
connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres
122
what are association fibres
connect one part of the cortex with another in the SAME hemisphere
123
what are projection fibres
run between cortex and subcostal centres
124
what type of fibre is the internal capsule made up of
projection fibres
125
what is the blood supply to the internal capsule
middle cerebral artery
126
what type of matter are the basal ganglia
grey
127
what is the pathology of the basal ganglia
parkinsons
128
what are the ascending and descending tracts of the white matter in the spinal cord
ascending - sensorydescending - motor
129
the tracts for what run in the posterior / dorsal column
touch, pressure, proprioception(cross at medulla)
130
the tracts for what run in the lateral spinothalmic tract
pain, temperature
131
what would happen if an UMN was damaged above decussation
contralateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
132
what would happen if an UMN was damaged below decussation
ipsilateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
133
what would happen if a LMN was damaged
areflexia (no reflexes)
flacid paralysis (lack of tone)
ipsilateral
134
where is the parasympathetic outflow
CN III, VII, IX, X
| S2 , 3 , 4
135
where its the sympathetic outflow
T1-L2
136
which opening does cranial nerve I pass through
cribriform plate of ethmoid
137
which opening does cranial nerve II pass through
optic foramen
138
which opening does cranial nerve III pass through
superior orbital fissure
139
which opening does cranial nerve IV pass through
superior orbital fissure
140
which opening does cranial nerve V1 pass through
superior orbital fissure
141
which opening does cranial nerve VI pass through
superior orbital fissure
142
which opening does cranial nerve VII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
143
which opening does cranial nerve VIII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
144
which opening does cranial nerve IX pass through
jugular foramen
145
which opening does cranial nerve X pass through
jugular foramen
146
which opening does cranial nerve XI pass through
jugular foramen
147
which opening does cranial nerve XII pass through
hypoglossal foramen
148
which opening does cranial nerve V2 pass through
foramen rotundum
149
which opening does cranial nerve V3 pass through
foramen vales
150
where do the two optic nerves meet
optic chaism
151
what do somatic motor nerves supply
striated muscle under voluntary control
152
what are the cranial visceral motor nerves a divison of
parasympathetic nervous system
153
what do general sensory nerves receive inputs from
touch, temperature, pain
154
which cranial nerve innervates smell
olfactory
155
which cranial nerve innervates vision
optic
156
which cranial nerves innervates taste
facial - anterior 2/3 (chorda tympani)
| glossopharyngeal/ vagus - posterior 1/3
157
which cranial nerve innervates hearing and balance
vestibulocochlear
158
which cranial nerves innervates eye movement
oculomotor
trochlear
abductens
159
which cranial nerve innervates face movement
facial
160
which cranial nerve innervates face sensation
trigeminal
161
which cranial nerve innervates chewing
V3- mandibular branch of the trigeminal
162
which cranial nerves innervates swallowing
glossopharyngeal and accessory
163
which cranial nerve innervates tongue movement
hypoglossal
164
which cranial nerve innervates the vocal chords
vagus
165
which cranial nerve innervates neck movement
accessory
166
which cranial nerve innervates visceral sensory inputs form pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, gut etc. chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
vagus and glossopharyngeal
167
which cranial nerves carry mixed fibres
trigeminal (sensory to face and motor to tongue)
facial (motor facial expression and sensory taste)
glossopharyngeal (motor swallowing - sensory taste)
vagus (sensory taste and visceral - motor to throat, vocal cords)
168
which cranial nerve are purely sensory
olfactory (smell)
optic (vision)
vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance)
169
which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres
oculomotorfacialglossopharyngealvagus
170
which cranial nerves are purely motor
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory (neck, soft palate, throat - swallowing) hypoglossal - tongue
171
which type of fibres does the olfactory nerve carry
special sensory - smell
172
which type of fibres does the optic nerve carry
special sensory - sight
173
which type of fibres does the oculomotor nerve carry
motor - eye movement - 4/6 extrinsic & LPS parasympathetic - pupil
174
which type of fibres does the trochlear nerve carry
motor - eye movement - superior oblique
175
which type of fibres does the trigeminal VI nerve carry
sensory - cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, sinuses
176
which type of fibres does the trigeminal V2 nerve carry
sensory - all over maxilla, maxillary teeth, TMJ, maxillary sinus
177
which type of fibres does the trigeminal V3 nerve carry
sensory - face over mandible, TMJ, anterior 2/3 of tongue
| motor - muscles of mastication, digastric, tensor veli palatinin, tensor tympani
178
which type of fibres does the abducent nerve carry
motor - eye movement - lateral rectus
179
which type of fibres does the facial nerve carry
somatic motor - muscles of facial expression, stapedius of middle ear (dampen down loud noise)
parasympathetic to salivary glands (submental &submandibular) & lacrimal glands
180
which type of fibres does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry
special sensory - hearing from cochlea and balance form semicircular canals (position of head), sacule and utricle (up and down)
181
which type of fibres does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry
special sensory - taste posterior 1/3
general sensory - cutaneous from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
visceral sensory - carotid body and carotid sinus (baroreceptors)
visceral motor - parasympathetic to parotid gland
somatic motor - stylopharyngeus (help with swallowing)
182
which type of fibres does the vagus nerve carry
special sensory - taste epiglottis and palate
general sensory - auricle, external acoustic meatus
visceral sensory - pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine
visceral motor - parasympathetic to bronci, heart
somatic motor - pharynx, larynx, soft palate, oesophagus
183
which type of fibres does the accessory carry
motor - SCM, trapezius, soft palate, pharynx, larynx
184
which type of fibres does the hypoglossal nerve carry
motor - muscles of tongue
185
which fossa is the olfactory bulb in
anterior fossa
186
which side of optic nerve fibres cross over at the optic chaism to form the optic tracts
nasal
187
which section of the brain does the oculomotor nerve emerge from
midbrain
188
which section of the brain does the trochlear nerve emerge from
DORSAL (posterior) midbrain
189
which section of the brain does the trigeminal nerve emerge from
pons
190
where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve split
trigeminal ganglion
191
which nerves emerge from the junction of the pons and medulla
abducents
facial
vestibulocochlear
192
describe the pathway of the facial nerve
post/medulla junction --> internal acoustic meatus --> facial canal --> stylomastoid foramen
193
which cranial nerves emerge from the medulla
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
194
which cranial nerves are directly attached to the brain
olfactory and optic
195
which cranial nerve is tested by the pupillary light reflex
oculomotor
196
which cranial nerve is tested by touch over the cheek
V2
197
which cranial nerve is tested by sticking out the tongue
hypoglossal
198
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the olfactory nerve
anosmia
199
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the optic nerve
papilloeadema - increase in CSF compresses, drainage is stopped but artery is still supplied
lesion at chiasm - bitemporal hemianopsia
lesion at R optic nerve - blindness in right eye
lesion in R optic tract - blind left temporal and right nasal (left homonymous hemianopsia)
tumour of pituitary gland - lose temporal visions
200
which tumour is likely to impact the optic nerve
pituitary gland
201
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the oculomotor nerve
ptosis - drooping of upper eyelid
no pupillary reflex
no accommodation
eyeball pointing down and abducted
202
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the trochlear nerve
diplopia (double vision) when looking down and inwards
203
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the trigeminal nerve
paralysis to chewing musclesloss of sneezing and cornea reflex
loss of sensation to face
trigeminal neuralgia - inappropriate sensation to the face
204
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the abducent nerve
diplopia - medial deviation of the affected eye
205
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the facial nerve
bells palsy - can't frown, close eyelid or bare teeth
206
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve
tinnitus - ringing in ears
deafness - conductive or sensorineural
vertigo - loss of balance
nystagmus - involuntary rapid eye movements (associated with loss of balance)
207
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve
loss of gag reflex and taste from back of tongue
208
which 3 nerves are affected in jugular foramen syndrome
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory
209
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the vagus nerve
pharyngeal branches --> difficulty swallowinglaryngeal branches --> difficulty speaking (hoarse, quiet)
210
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the accessory nerve
weakness in turning head and shrugging shoulders
211
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the hypoglossal nerve
paralysis and wasting of half of tongue - deviates towards affected side
212
what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla
213
which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem
mesencephalon
| myencephalon (hindbrain)
214
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
CN III- XII
215
which ventricular cavities lie in the brainstem
3rd / 4th
216
which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction
CN VI, VII, VIII,
217
what fibres are contained in the pyramid tracts
contain motor fibres
218
what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids
motor fibres cross over
219
where are the olives in relation the the pyramid tract
lateral
220
what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)
4th ventricle
221
which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord
foramen magnum
222
which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on
pons
223
how long is the midbrain
2cm
224
what is immediately superior to the midbrain
the thalamus
225
which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on
midbrain POSTERIOR
226
what structures make up the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)
227
what are the surface projections on the hypothalamus called
tuber cinereum
228
what is the midline structure than connects the two cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
229
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior posteriorflocondular remember tonsil connecting to medulla
230
which foramen does the cerebellum sit above
foramen magnum
231
what is a cerebellar coning
sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen
232
what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere
median longitudinal fissure
233
what fibres are present in the corpus callosum
commissural
234
what do the cerebral hemispheres sit on in the posterior cranial fossa
tentorium cerebelli
235
what lobes does the lateral (sylvan) fissure run between
temporalfrontal/ parietal
236
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
237
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital
238
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal
239
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal
240
what lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus run in
parietaloccipital
241
when does the spinal cord terminate in an adult
L1-L2
242
what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord
filum terminale
243
where is the caudal equina
end of the spinal cord
244
list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical12 thoracic5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal
245
which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk
vertebral
246
what are the 3 branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar labyrinthesuperior cerebellar
247
which artery gives off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vertebral
248
from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from
subclavian
249
what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
250
what artery linked the two anterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating
251
which cerebral arteries supply the primary motor cortex
anterior and middle
252
which cerebral artery supplies the primary sensory area
anterior
253
which cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex
posterior
254
which cerebral artery supplies the primary auditory area
middle
255
which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction
middle
256
where does the vertebra-basilar system supply
brainstemoccipital lobecerebellum
257
which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
CN III - oculomotor
258
what are the manifestations of CN III palsy
ptosisno accommodationeyeball abductedno pupillary right reflex
259
what is the carotid sinus
pressure receptor at terminal common carotid - monitors flow of blood to head
260
which CN do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in
glossopharyngeal vagus
261
what is contained in the carotid body
chemoreceptors sensitive to low oxygen (run in glossopharyngeal)
262
where are he dural venous sinuses present
between periosteum and dura matter
263
which major cerebral vein is visible
great cerebral vein
264
list the venous sinuses in the head
superior sagittal inferior sagittal transverse, straight, sigmoid (meet and confluence) cavernous
265
where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into
cavernous sinus
266
what are emissary veins
small veins that connect the venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull
267
what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain
basilar sinus
268
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior ophthalmicsuperficial medial cerebral sphenopariteal sinus
269
what locations of infections can spread to the cavernous sinus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis
sinuses, ears, teeth
270
branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery
vertebral
271
which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of
vertebral posterior inferior cerebellar
272
what plexus of veins lies in the epidural space
internal vertebral venous plexus
273
what fluid circulates around the subarachnoid space
CSF
274
what structures does the falx cerebri separate
right and left cerebral hemispheres
275
what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to
crista gali of ethmoidfrontal crest of frontal bone
276
which dural venous sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri
superior sagittal
277
which structures does the tentorrium cerebelli separate
cerebellumoccipital lobe
278
which dural sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium
straight sinus
279
what bone does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to
crinoid process of the sphenoid
280
what is the fold of dura mater that surround the pituitary stalk
diaphragma sellae
281
what artery is the middle meningeal artery a branch of
maxillary
282
what are ventricles
interconnected spaces/ cavities that lie within the brain
283
what in the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system
central canal
284
which lobe do each of the lateral ventricle horns pass into
anterior- frontal body - parietal inferior - temporalposterior - occipital
285
what part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle of the brain lie in
diencephalon
286
what does the cerebral aqueduct connect
3rd ventricle to the 4th
287
what is the specialised structure lining the ventricles that produces CSF
choroid plexus
288
where are the ependymal cells
inside ventricles / central canal
289
at which location is the CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation
arachnoid granulations
290
what is the cause of hydrocephalus
restricted CSF - raised intacerebral pressurein infancy - enlargement of the head and reduction in cerebral mater
291
what are the 4 parts of the corps callosum
rostrumgenubodysplenium
292
what does the septum pellucidum do
separates anterior horns of the later ventricles
293
what is the septum pellucid continuous with
corpus callosumfornix
294
what two things does the fornix link
hippocampushypothalamus
295
which basal ganglia lies under the lateral ventricle
caudate nucleus
296
what is the function of the thalamus
sensory relay station
297
which nucleus of the thalamus does most general sensory information from the body go to
VPL - ventro-postero-lateral
298
which gland sits above the colliculi
pineal
299
what are the components of the lentiform nucleus
putamenglobus pallidus
300
what is the internal capsule made up of
myelinated axons - white matter
301
which cerebral artery supplies internal capsule
middle
302
which group of structures is the substantia nigra structurally part of
basal ganglia
303
what condition arises form a patchy loss/ scarring of the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis
304
what are the 3 primary vesicles (week 4)
prosencephalon (forebrain)mesencephalon (midbrain)rhombocephalon (hindbrain)
305
what vesicles are in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct4th ventricle
306
what are the 5 secondary vesicles (week 5)
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalonmesencephalonmyencephalon
307
what absorbs CSF
arachnoid villi
308
what makes CSF
choroid plexus
309
what is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi
superior - visual reflexinferior - auditory reflex
310
what runs along the peduncles
motor fibres
311
what makes up the olive bodies
inferior olive nucleii
312
what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
313
what does the cerebellar tonsil sit on top of
foramen magnum
314
what is the name of the pathology that occurs in the cerebellum
ataxia
315
what vesicle does the diencephalon originate from
diencephalon - forebrain
316
what is the function of the hypothalamus
main visceral control centre(body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hormones)
317
what is the carotid canal lateral to
foramen lacerum
318
what are the vertebral arteries branches of
subclavian
319
what to dural venous sinuses drain into
IJV
320
where is the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
on surface
321
where is the cingulate and what is it involved in
frontal lobe (middle) - retrieving info and memory
322
where is the hippocampus
under surface of temporal bone (seahorse)
323
where is the insula
under parietal lobe (part of temporal)
324
what is area 4
pre central gyrus - Primary motor cortex
325
what number is Brocas area (motor speech)
44/ 45 - at lateral sulcus
326
what number of area is the primary sensory area
1, 2, 3 - post central gyrus
327
what is area 41/42
primary audiotory cortex
328
where is wernickes area
temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere
329
what number is the primary visual cortex
17
330
what are areas 18 and 19
visual association areas
331
what are components of the limbic system
cingulate gyrushippocampusparahippocampal gyrusamygdala
332
what are commissural fibres
connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres
333
what are association fibres
connect one part of the cortex with another in the SAME hemisphere
334
what are projection fibres
run between cortex and subcostal centres
335
what type of fibre is the internal capsule made up of
projection fibres
336
what is the blood supply to the internal capsule
middle cerebral artery
337
what type of matter are the basal ganglia
grey
338
what is the pathology of the basal ganglia
parkinsons
339
what are the ascending and descending tracts of the white matter in the spinal cord
ascending - sensorydescending - motor
340
the tracts for what run in the posterior / dorsal column
touch, pressure, proprioception(cross at medulla)
341
the tracts for what run in the lateral spinothalmic tract
pain, temperature
342
what would happen if an UMN was damaged above decussation
contralateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
343
what would happen if an UMN was damaged below decussation
ipsilateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
344
what would happen if a LMN was damaged
areflexia (no reflexes)flacid paralysis (lack of tone)ipsilateral
345
where is the parasympathetic outflow
CN III, VII, IX, XS2 , 3 , 4
346
where its the sympathetic outflow
T1-L2
347
how many skull bone are there
8
348
how many facial bones are there
14
349
Most common type of joint between skull
suture joint
350
3 parts of the skull
neuro-craniumfacial skull (viscera cranium)mandible
351
where is red marrow stored in the skull bones
diploe - spongy bone
352
what type of bone is skull
flat bone
353
what 2 bones does the sagittal suture separate
2 parietal bones
354
what 2 bones does the coronal suture separate
parietal frontal
355
what 2 bones does the lambed suture separate
parietal occipital (temporal edge)
356
what type of bone are the facial bones
irregular frontal, temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, mandible, ethmoid, sphenoid
357
what is the protuberance in the occipital bone called
occipital protuberance
358
what bone is the mastoid process part of
temporal
359
what bone is the styloid process part of
temporal
360
what bones is the zygomatic arch made up of
temporal zygomatic
361
what foramen do the occipital condyles surround
magnum
362
what bone forms the pterygoid plates
sphenoid
363
where is the palatine bone
roof of mouth
364
what is the largest foramen in the posterior fossa
foramen magnum
365
What structures pass through foramen magnum
CN XImedulla (becomes spinal cord)meningesleft and right spinal arteries
366
what is the role of air sinuses
decrease weight of the skull
367
list the 4 air sinuses
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid (air cells), maxillary
368
where is the petrous part of the temporal bone
inside the external ear canal on the floor of the skull
369
where does the scalp extend from
frontal boen to superior nuchal lines and laterally to zygomatic arches
370
which bone is the nuchal line a part of? can you see it
occipital , no
371
which 2 bone form the zygomatic arch
temporal zygomatic
372
what joint is present between the zygomatic arch bones
suture
373
list the layers of the scalp
S - skinC- connective tissue (dense)A - aponeurosis (occipitofrontal muscle)L- loose connective tissue P - pericranium
374
what is the 3rd layer of the scalp made up of
epicranial aponeurosis of the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
375
what is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle
elevate eyebrows, wrinkle forehead
376
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the anterior scalp
all 3 branches of the trigeminal
377
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the posterior scalp
C2, 3, 4 and spinal nerves
378
what structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1
brachial plexus
379
what is Herpes Zoster
virus that travels down nerves in a dermatomal function causing skin lesions and accompanied by sever pain
380
what does the 2nd layer of the scalp do when lacerated
retract preventing vasoconstriction of the arteries - scalp bleeds profusely
381
the supratrochlear artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
382
the supra-orbital artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
383
the superficial temporal artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
384
the posterior auricular artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
385
the occipital artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
386
which 2 veins make the external jugular vein
posterior auricular posterior retromandibular
387
which 2 veins make the internal jugular vein
facial vein anterior retromandibular
388
what is diploe
spongy flat bone
389
what are the valveless veins from the scalp to the venous sinuses called
emissary veins
390
what is the clinical problem of emissary veins
spread infection intracranially
391
where do the muscles of facial expression lie within
superficial fascia of the face
392
how does the attachment of facial muscles differ to other skeletal muscles
they attach to each other
393
list some of the facial muscles
occipitofrontalis orbicularis occuli palpebralorbicularis orisbuccinatormasetorplatysma
394
which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression
CN VII - facial
395
which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the face
stylomastoid
396
what is the gland on the side of the face
parotid
397
what would happen to the eyelids in facial nerve palsy
sag (orbicularis occuli)
398
what would happen to the corners of the mouth in facial nerve palsy
droop / can't speak (orbicularis oris)
399
what would happen to the cheek during chewing in facial nerve palsy
food accumulates in oral vestibule (buccinator)
400
name the 3 salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
401
what 4 things frame the parotid gland
zygomatic archanterior borer of SCM angle of mandiblemasseter
402
what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
endocrine secrete into bloodstream and exorcise secrete out
403
which nerve branches emerge form the anterior border of the parotid gland
paranoid plexus of the facial nerve
404
where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity
2nd molar
405
which arteries run near the parotid gland
external temporal --> superficial temporalfacial
406
what division of the autonomic nervous system is secretomotor to the parotid gland
parasympathetic
407
which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
408
where does the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland originate
external carotid nerve plexus
409
which cranial nerve gives sensory innervation of the face
CN V - trigeminal V1 - ophthalmicV2 - maxillaryV3 - mandibular
410
what is the facial artery a branch of
external carotid
411
what bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face
mandible
412
what muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery
massetor
413
what does the facial artery end as
angular artery in the medial eye
414
which vein do the facial vein and superficial temporal vein drain into
internal jugular
415
what is the name of the outer fascia in the neck
muscolofascial collar
416
what is contained in the vertebral compartment of the neck
cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
417
what is contained in the visceral compartment of the neck
thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea,oesophagus
418
what is contained in the vascular compartment of the neck
major blood vessels and vagus nerve
419
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
420
what kind of joint is present between occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)
synovial - ellipsoid
421
what kind of joint is present between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
synovial - pivot
422
what structures pass through the foramen transversium
vertebral arteries
423
What is the vertebra prominens
C7 - palpable spinous process
424
what is the curvature of the vertebral column at the cervical portion
lordosis
425
what are the contents of the anterior triangle
4 suprahyoid/ 4 infrahyoid common carotidinternal jugularCN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
426
what are the contents of the posterior triangle
omohyoid, scaleneexternal jugular veinsubclavian artery
427
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle
SCM, trapezium, middle 1/3 clavicle
428
if the right SCM is contracted what way would the head tilt and what way would the face turn
head tilt rightface turn left
429
which cranial nerve innervates the SCM and trapezius
accessory
430
what are the 4 divisions of the anterior triangle
submentaldigastric/ submandibularCarotidMuscular
431
what lymph nodes are the contents of the submental division of the anterior triangle
submental lymph nodes
432
which division of the anterior triangle do the facial artery and submandibular gland lie
digastric / submandibular
433
what are the contents of the neuromuscular sheath (carotid) in the carotid division of the anterior triangle
internal jugular veincommon carotidvagus nerve
434
which strap muscles of the neck lie in the muscular division of the anterior triangle of the neck
infra hyoidpharynx/ thyroid
435
which group of nerve emerges from the posterior triangle
cervical plexus
436
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the right
brachiocephalic (other branch is subclavian)
437
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the left
arch of the aorta
438
what level does the common carotid artery
C4
439
which of the common carotid branches gives branches to the neck
ECA
440
what are the two terminal branches of the ECA and where are they given off
superficial temporal and maxillaryparotid gland
441
where does the internal jugular vein arise
jugular foramen from the venous sinuses
442
which vein of the upper limb merge with to form the brachiocephalic
subclavian
443
what does the EJV drain superficially
scalp and face
444
which vein does the EJV drain into
subclavian
445
where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath (IJV, CCA)
in between
446
which nerve plexus does the phrenic nerve arise from
cervical plexus
447
what are the 4 protuberances on the hyoid bone called
2 greater horn, 2 lesser horn
448
what is unique about the hyoid bone
only bone in the body not articulated to another bone
449
what 4 sets of muscles attach the the hyoid bone
supra hyoidinfra hyoidhypoglossusgennioglossus
450
list the 4 supra hyoid muscles
mylohyoidgeniohyoiddigastricstylohyoid
451
what is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
452
what is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid (supra hyoid)
C1
453
what is the nerve supply of the digastric (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)facial
454
what is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid (supra hyoid)
facial nerve
455
what action do the suprahyoid muscles have on the hyoid bone
elevate bone - for swallowing
456
what is the nerve supply of the infrahyoid muscles
C1-3 - ansa cervicalisapart from thyrohyoid (only C1)
457
what muscle runs from the sternum to the thyroid (infra hyoid)
sternothyroid
458
what muscle runs from the sternum to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
sternohyoid
459
what muscle runs from the thyroid to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
thyrohyoid
460
where does the omohyoid muscle end (from the hyoid bone)
lateral to scapula
461
what action do the infrahyoids have on the hyoid bone
depress
462
between the sternohyoid and sternothyroid which is more superficial
sternothyoid
463
what are the vertebral roots of the cervical plexus
C1-C4
464
what is the ansa cervicalis
loop of neves - C1-C3
465
what are the anatomical parts of the thyroid
lobes and isthmus
466
where in relation to the trachea does the isthmus lie
2nd/3rd ring
467
which arteries supply the thyroid
superior thyroidinferior thyroid
468
which bone is the mental tubercle part of
mandible (chin)
469
which nerve travels in the mandible
inferior alveolar nerve
470
which 2 nerves are a branch of the mandibular nerve
lingual (tongue)inferior alveolar nerve (lower jaw)
471
what type of joint is the TMJ
synovial hinge
472
what 2 things articulate to form the TMJ
mandible condyle, mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
473
what movements occur at the TMJ
elevation (close mouth)depression (open mouth)protrusionretrusion (chin)side to side - chewing
474
what are the 4 muscles of mastication
temporalismasseterlateral pterygoidmedial pterygoid
475
what happens to the mandible when the anterior fibres of the temporals contract
elevation -close mouth
476
what happens to the mandible when the posterrior fibres of the temporals contract
retrusion
477
what are the bony attachments of the masseter
maxillary process of the zygomaticzygomatic arch of temporal bone
478
where does the lateral pterygoid run to
TMJ
479
what plate are the pterygoid muscles attached to and what is this bone part of
lateral pterygoid - sphenoid
480
which part of the mandible does the medial pterygoid attach to
ramus (near angle)
481
which of the supra hyoid muscles can you not see on the surface
geniohyoid - under myelohyoid
482
which 3 muscles cause elevation of the mandible (close mouth)
messetertemporalismedial pterygoid
483
which 3 muscles cause depression of the mandible (close mouth)
lateral pterygoidsupra hyoidinfra hyoid
484
which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication
mandibular branch of trigeminal (only division that carries motor and sensory)
485
where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal emerge
foramen ovale
486
what are the functions of the nose
traps dirtrespirationhumidifies inspired airolfaction -smell
487
which bone do the nasal bones articulate with anteriorly
frontal
488
which bones make the roof of the nose
nasalfrontalsphenoidethmoid (cribriform plate)
489
what is at the bottom of the nose
soft palate
490
which 2 bone make up the floor of the nose
palatine bone and palatine process of the maxillae
491
which 2 bones form the nasal septum
vomerperpendicular plate of ethmoid
492
what passes through the cribriform plate
olfactory nerve fibres
493
what attaches to the crista gali (ethmoid bone)
fall celebri
494
what bone makes the superior and middle conchae
ethmoid
495
what is the epithelium of the nasal cavity
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
496
what is a meatus
space underneath a conchae paranasal sinuses and ducts open into
497
what is the space above the superior concha
sphene-ethmoidal recess
498
what artery supply the nose and what is it a branch of
ophthalmic - ICA
499
what are paranasal air sinuses
air filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity
500
what are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses
humidify inspired airreduce weight of the skull
501
what opens into the superior meatus (under superior conchae)
posterior ethmoid air cells
502
what opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess
sphenoid sinus
503
what opens into the inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
504
what opens into the middle meatus
maxillary, frontal, anterior& middle ethmoid air cells
505
which sinus doesn't drain well and what is the clinical significance
maxillary - opening not at most inferior part sinusitis - pain by branches of trigeminal
506
which branch of the trigeminal innervates frontal air sinus
V1
507
which branch of the trigeminal innervates the maxillary air sinus
V2
508
which branch of the trigeminal innervates sphenoid air sinus
V1 and 2
509
which branch of the trigeminal innervates ethmoid air cells
V1
510
where is the vestibule of the oral cavity
between lips/ cheek and gums/teeth
511
which muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity
buccinator
512
which muscle of facial expression contracts to close the mouth
orbicualris oris
513
what is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called
oropharyngeal isthmus
514
what is the embryological significance of the foramen caecum
thyroid gland development - thyroglossal duct
515
what sulcus divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
terminal sulcus
516
what is the most prominent type of papillae of the tongue
filiform
517
which papillae of the tongue have taste buds
valate (sometimes fungiform)
518
where is the lingual tonsil and what produces it
dorsal surface of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue submucosal lymphoid tissue
519
what is the fold of mucous membrane that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth
frenulum
520
what supplies general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V3)
521
what supplies general sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
glossopharyngeal
522
what supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
523
what supplies taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
glossopharyngeal
524
where do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue insert and originate and what do they do
all within the tonguealter shape
525
what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do
change the position
526
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossushypoglossusstyloglossuspalatoglossus (attaches to soft palate)
527
which extrinsic muscle depresses the tongue
hypoglossus
528
which extrinsic muscle retracts the tongue
styloglossus
529
what is the action of the genioglossus
protrude tongue to OPPOSITE side
530
which nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue (expect palatoglossus)
hypoglossus
531
what nerve innervates the palatoglossus
vagus
532
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
533
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the submental and submandibular gland
facial - chorda tympani
534
which 2 bones form the hard palate
maxilla (palatine process)palatine
535
what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate
tensor veli palatinilevator veli palatinipalatoglossus palatopharyngeusmusculus uvulae
536
what is the nerve supply to the soft palate muscles
pharyngeal plexus (not tensor veli palatini)
537
what structure lies between the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles
palatine tonsil
538
what is the function of the soft palate muscles
pull palate up - prevent regurgitation close nasal passages
539
what tissue makes up the palatine tissue
lymphoid
540
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynxoropharynxlaryngopharynx
541
what bone forms the rood of the nasopharynx
sphenoid
542
what prevents a bolus entering the larynx
epiglottis
543
what are the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx (outer constrictor layer)
superiormiddleinferior can't be separated
544
what are the 3 vertical muscles of the pharynx (inner longitudinal layer)
stylopharyngeus salpingopharyngeus palatopharyngeus
545
what innervates the pharynx
pharyngeal plexus
546
what cranial nerves are in the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres
glossopharyngeal - sensoryvagus - motor
547
what is the function of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx during swallowing
constrict lumen to propel the bolus to oesophagus
548
what is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx during swallowing
elevate larynx
549
what structures is the larynx continuous with superiorly and inferiorly
pharynx --> larynx --> trachea
550
what prominence of cartilage makes the adams apple
thyroid cartilage
551
which cartilage in the larynx is paired
arytenoid
552
what the of larynx cartilage is the only full rings
cricoid
553
what does the cricothyroid muscle do to the larynx and what innervates it
tenses larynx - superior laryngeal
554
list 3 membranes in the larynx (between laryngeal cartilage)
thyrohyoidcricothyroidcricotracheal
555
what is the false vocal chord and where does it lie
vestibularfoldsuperior to the true vocal chord
556
which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)
recurrent laryngeal (vagus)
557
what are the 3 foramina in the apex of the orbit
optic foramensuperior orbital fissureinferior orbital fissure
558
what passes through the optic foramen
optic nerveophthalmic artery
559
what passes through the superior optic fissure
CN III, IV, VIophthalmic division of the trigeminalophthalmic veins
560
what passes through the inferior orbital fissure
maxillary division of the trigeminal
561
what groove makes the floor of the bit weak
inferior orbital groove
562
what are the main contents of the orbit
orbital fatextrinsic eye musclesoptic nervebranches of ophthalmic artery lacrimal tear apparatus
563
what are the components of the outer fibrous layer of they eye
sclera (5/6th) - white of eyecornea (1/6th)
564
what are the components of the middle vascular layer of they eye
choroid - supplies blood to outer retinaciliary bodyiris
565
what are the components of the inner sensory layer of they eye
retina
566
what is contained in the retina
light sensitive rods and cones
567
what is the name of the watery fluid in the anterior segment
aqueous humor
568
what is the name of the gel in the posterior segment
vitreous humour
569
what part of the eye secretes aqueous humor
ciliary body
570
which muscles in the eye receive parasympathetic innervation from CN III
ciliarisconstrictor pupilae
571
what is the action of the ciliaris muscle
accommodation
572
where are the constrictor papillae and the dilator papillae located
pupillary border of the iris
573
what way do the eyes rotate in intortion (when the head is tilted)
towards the nose
574
what is the movement when the head is tilted and the eyes move away form the nose
extortion
575
what are the terms for looking up and looking down
up - elevationdown - depression
576
what muscle elevates the upper eyelid
levitator palpebral superioris
577
list the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye and their innervation
superior rectus - CN IIIlateral reactul - CN VIinferior rectus - CN IIImedial rectus - CN IIIsuperior oblique - CN IVinferior oblique - CN III
578
which muscle adducts the eye
medial rectus
579
which muscle abducts the eye
lateral rectus
580
what are the actions of the superior rectus
elevatesadductsintorsion
581
what are the actions of the inferior rectus
depressesadducts extort
582
what are the actions of the superior oblique
depressesabducts intorts
583
what are the actions of the inferior oblique
elevatesabducts extort
584
what is the only muscle that doesn't arise form the posterior aspect of the orbit
inferior oblique
585
what is the function of he suspensory ligament in the eyeball
resist posterior pull on the eyeball
586
what ligaments prevent over adduction and over abduction of they eye
medial and lateral check ligaments
587
which branch of the ICA supplies the orbit and eye
ophthalmic
588
which foramina do the orbital veins pass through to the cavernous sinus
superior orbital fissure ?
589
are there lymphatics in the orbit
no
590
list the 3 ossicles
malleusincusstapes
591
what type of joint is present between the ossicles
synovial
592
which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane
malleus
593
which ossicle is in contact with the oval window
stapes
594
what 2 muscles are related to the ossicles
tensor tympani stapedius
595
what is the action of the tensor tympani
pulls malleus medially - tenses TM reducing amplitude
596
what is the action of the stapedius
pulls stapedius posteriorly - tightens annular ligaments reducing oscillatory range
597
which 2 areas which the middle ear communicates with
mastoid air cellsnasopharynx via eustachian tube
598
which part of the temporal been does the middle ear lie in
petrous part
599
what fluid is inside the bony labyrinth and then the membranous labyrinth
bony - perilymphmembranous - endolymph
600
which foramen does the facial nerve pass through to the middle ear
internal acoustic foramen
601
where in the middle ear does the facial nerve run
facial canal
602
where does the facial nerve give of the chorda tympani
middle ear
603
what fibres are contained in the chorda tympani
parasympathetic - secretomotor to salivary glandsspecial sensory - taste of anterior 2/3
604
what is the terminal group of lymph nodes the lymph of the head and neck drain to before being returned to venous circulation
deep cervical
605
where do the parotid lymph nodes drain
scalp around parotid gland, lateral parts of the eyelids, middle ear
606
where do the buccal lymph nodes drain
cheek region
607
where do the submental lymph nodes drain
front of scalp, nose, lips, most air sinuses, teeth, gums, anterior tongue, floor of mouth,
608
where do the submandibular lymph nodes drain
middle region of scalp and external auditory meatus
609
where do the occipital lymph nodes drain
back of scalp
610
which bones form the pterion
frontalparietaltemporalsphenoid
611
what passes through the cribriform plate
olfactory nerve cells
612
what passes through the optic foramen
optic nerveophthalmic artery
613
what passes through the superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, VI, V1 ophthalmicophthalmic veins
614
what passes through the foramen rotundum
V2 - maxillary
615
what passes through the foramen ovale
V3 - mandibular
616
what passes through the foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
617
what passes through the foramen lacerum
nothing - carotid canal with ICA lies on top
618
what passes through the internal acoustic foramen
CN VII, VIII
619
what passes through the jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI venous sinuses become IJV
620
what passes through the hypoglossal foramen
CN XII
621
what passes through the foramen magnum
medullameningesvertebral arteriesCN XI
622
which artery commonly is damaged to produce an extradural haemorrhage
middle meningeal
623
which sinus is at the back of the head on both sides of the occipital protuberance
transverse sinus
624
what does the groove of the transverse sinus continue as laterally
sigmoid sinus
625
what is the sella turcica
deep depression in the midline in the middle cranial fossa where the pituitary gland sits (sphenoid bone)
626
which fold of dura mater attaches laterally to the sella tunica at there anterior and posterior crinoid processes
tentorium cerebelli
627
which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus
optic canal
628
which bone is the pterygoid hamalus a part of
sphenoid
629
what type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the skull
intramembranous
630
what type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of base of the skull
endochondral
631
when do each of the fontanelles close
anterior - 18 monthsposterior - 2/3 months
632
which of the tongue papillae have stratified squamous KERITANISED epithelium (dorsal surface)
filiform papillae (no taste buds)
633
which acini of the salivary glands stains strongly
serous acini - parotid
634
which acini of the salivary glands stains weak
mucous acini - sublingual
635
what epithelium is seen in a salivary duct
columnar (clear circle)
636
which acini are present in the submandibular salivary gland
mixed - stains dark and pale
637
which layer of the eyeball so the muscles attach to
sclera
638
what make the cornea transparent
regularly arranged collagen fibres
639
where are the constrictor and dilator pupil muscles
iris
640
what doe the ciliaris muscle do
change shape of lens
641
what produces the aqueous humour
ciliary body
642
what suspends the lens form the ciliary body
suspensory ligaments
643
what splits the anterior and posterior chambers in the anterior segment
iris
644
what separates the anterior and posterior segments
lens
645
where is the trabecular meshwork and schelmms canal
angle of anterior chamber
646
what type of veins drain aqueous humour
episcleral veins
647
what 3 holes do all neuromuscular structures enter the orbit through
optic foramensuperior orbital fissureinferior orbital fissure
648
what is the conjunctiva
thin, wet mucous membrane that secretes fluid. covers inner surface of eyelids and loops back to cover sclera but not cornea
649
where do the LPS tendons attach
conjunctivatarsal plateeyelid skin
650
where are meibomian glands
tarsal plate
651
is there conjunctiva over cornea
no
652
where are tears secreted and what is it innervated by
lacrimal glandparasympathetic facial
653
what makes the lacrimal sac open
orbicularis occuli contracts
654
what innervates the dilator pupilae
sympathetic plexus
655
what is different about the attachment to the sclera between the recti and obliques
recti attach anteriorlyobliques attach posteriorly
656
where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal enter the orbit
inferior orbital fissure
657
where do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain to
cavernous sinus
658
where are intracranial venous sinuses located
between 2 layers of dura matter
659
how can a cavernous sinus infection cause loss of vision
spread by emissary veins - compromised venous drainageall nerves sit on wall of dura mater near sinus - spread
660
what is the basement membrane of the corneal surface of the cornea called
Bowman's membrane
661
why is the bowmans membrane of the eye significant
injury lower will cause scar formation
662
what is the basement membrane of the endothelium of the cornea called
Descemet's layer
663
what are the 5 layers of the cornea (histology)
1. epithelium - stratified squamous non keritanised2. bowman's membrane3. stroma - collagen fibres, no blood vessels4. descements layer5. endothelium - single layer of squamous cells
664
where does the cornea get its nutrition from
tear film in front (why sleeping with contact lenses is sore)
665
what is the fovea centralis
point in retina with maximum visual acuity
666
what is the blood supply to the inner and outer layers of the retina
inner - ophthalmic outer - choroid
667
what causes cataracts
build up of old lens fibres causes opacification
668
how would the eye be if CN IV was damaged
eyelid turned upwards as inferior oblique tries to compensate
669
what things can cause a cranial nerve palsy
aneurysmtraumastrokeinfectioninflammationdiabetes
670
what happens in the condition coloboma
choroid fissure doesn't fuse - split in tube that carries the ophthalmic veins and arteriescan see sclera
671
what causes glaucoma (triad)
raised intaocular pressure visual field defectsoptic disc changes
672
what people are predisposed to angle closure glaucoma
long sighted (hyperopia/ short eye)
673
what happens in open angle glaucoma
drainage through the trabecular network is blocked
674
which layer of the eye is inflamed in uveitis
vascular layer
675
what does RADSIN stand for (eye muscles)
Recti - Adduct - Superior Intort
676
what are the actions of the superior rectus
elevateadductintortion
677
what are the actions of the inferior rectus
depressadductextortion
678
what are the actions of the superior oblique
depressesabductintortion
679
what are the actions of the inferior oblique
elevatesabductsextortion
680
what are intorsion and extortion
intorsion - top of eyeball moves towards the noseextortion is opposite
