endocrine/ renal

Question 1

what is the hollow of the skull that the pituitary sits in

Answer 1

sella turnica

Question 2

where does the optic chasm sit in relation to the pituitary

Answer 2

above

Question 3

which fibres cross at the optic chiasm

Answer 3

nasal

Question 4

what are the other names of the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes

Answer 4

anterior - pars anterior/ adenohypophysis

posterior - pars nervosa/ neurohypophysis

Question 5

what splits the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes

Answer 5

pars intermediator

Question 6

what does the anterior pituitary develop from

Answer 6

brachial arches (not part of posterior)

Question 7

which of the 2 pituitary lobes is dark staining

Answer 7

anterior

Question 8

which types of cells are contained in the anterior pituitary

Answer 8

acidophilic - pink, basophilic - blue, chromophobic (resting) - pale

Question 9

which arteries supply the pituitary gland

Answer 9

superior and inferior hypophyseal artery - from internal carotid

Question 10

which artery forms the hypophyseal portal system

Answer 10

superior hypophysial

Question 11

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary

Answer 11

axons

Question 12

which vertebral level does the thyroid run between

Answer 12

C5 - T1

Question 13

which cartilage does the thyroid run between

Answer 13

cricoid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring

Question 14

which tracheal rings does the thyroid isthmus lie opposite

Answer 14

2nd to 4th

Question 15

which muscles overlie the thyroid gland

Answer 15

sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid

Question 16

which 2 nerves supply the muscles of the vocal cords

Answer 16

recurrent laryngeal ( between trachea and oesophagus) 
superior laryngeal (behind ICA)

Question 17

from which major artery does the superior thyroid arise

Answer 17

External carotid (1st branch)

Question 18

from which major artery does the inferior thyroid arise

Answer 18

subclavian

Question 19

into which vein do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain

Answer 19

IJV

Question 20

into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain

Answer 20

brachiocephalic

Question 21

which lymph nodes drain the thyroid

Answer 21

deep cervical

Question 22

what is contained in thyroid follicles

Answer 22

colloid - hormone bound to glycoprotein

Question 23

what colour does the thyroid colloid stain

Answer 23

pink

Question 24

which type of cells lien the follicle

Answer 24

C cells - secrete calcitonin

Question 25

where do the parathyroid glands lie on the thyroid lobes

Answer 25

posterior, lateral surface (separated by thin fibrous capsule)

Question 26

where are the superior parathyroids situated

Answer 26

inferior border of cricoid cartilage

Question 27

which artery supplies the parathyroid glands

Answer 27

inferior thyroid artery

Question 28

which two types of cells are present in the parathyroid

Answer 28

child cells and oxyphil cells (paler and more)

Question 29

what hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete and what is its action

Answer 29

PTH - control Ca in body by allowing osteoclasts to release Ca

Question 30

where are the suprarenal glands located

Answer 30

upper pole of each kidney

Question 31

how are the adrenal glands peritonised

Answer 31

retroperitoneal

Question 32

what embryological origin gives rise to the adrenal cortes

Answer 32

mesodermal epithelium

Question 33

what embryological origin gives rise to the adrenal medulla medulla

Answer 33

neuroectoderm

Question 34

which 3 arteries supply the suprarenal glands

Answer 34

superior, middle, inferior

Question 35

what is the superior adrenal artery a branch of

Answer 35

inferior phrenic

Question 36

what is the middle adrenal artery a branch of

Answer 36

aorta

Question 37

what is the inferior adrenal artery a branch of

Answer 37

renal

Question 38

what drains the suprarenal gland on the right

Answer 38

IVC

Question 39

what drains the suprarenal gland on the left

Answer 39

left renal veins

Question 40

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex in order form outer - inner

Answer 40

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Question 41

which cells in the adrenal medullar secrete adrenaline/ noradrenaline

Answer 41

chromaffin

Question 42

what are the 3 main hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex at each level

Answer 42

zg - mineralcorticosoids, zf - corticosteroids, zr - androgens

Question 43

what is the exocrine part of the pancreas

Answer 43

acini

Question 44

what is the fucntion of the kidney

Answer 44

maintain homeostasis by blood filtration

Question 45

what is the function of the ureter

Answer 45

transport urine from kidney to bladder

Question 46

what its he function of the bladder

Answer 46

collection, temporary storage and expulsion of urine

Question 47

what is the function of the urethra

Answer 47

transport urine form bladder to opening in the perineum

Question 48

where doe the kidneys lie

Answer 48

T12-L3 - paravertebral gutter on the posterior abdominal wall either side of the vertebral column

Question 49

what landmarks happen at the transpyloric plane

Answer 49

``` pylorus of the stomach 2nd part of duodenum hilum of kidney neck of pancreas origin of portal vein start of SMA termination of spinal cord ```

Question 50

what are the 4 layers covering the kidney

Answer 50

1. fibrous renal capsule 2. fatty renal capsule 3. renal fascia - fibro-fatty tissue 4. pararenal fatty tissue

Question 51

in what order are the structures in the hilum of the kidney (anterior to posterior)

Answer 51

vein , artery, ureter

Question 52

why are the kidneys partly peritonised

Answer 52

peritonisation of organs sitting around

Question 53

what gives parasympathetic innervation to the kidney

Answer 53

vagus nerve

Question 54

what gives sympathetic innervation to the kidney

Answer 54

T12-L1 spinal segments (coeliac ganglia

Question 55

what does the ureter arise from embryologically

Answer 55

uteric bud

Question 56

what is in between the visceral (podocytes) and parietal layers of Bowmans capsule

Answer 56

Bowmans space

Question 57

what epithelium is Bowman's

Answer 57

squamos epithelium

Question 58

what happens to the renal artery when it reaches the hilum of the kidney

Answer 58

splits into segmental branches

Question 59

at what level are the renal arteries given off from the aorta

Answer 59

L1-2

Question 60

where do the ureters commence

Answer 60

renal pelvis

Question 61

what muscle do the ureters lie in front of

Answer 61

psoas major

Question 62

what crosses the ureter superiorly in males

Answer 62

vas deferens

Question 63

what crosses the ureter superiorly in females

Answer 63

internal iliac artery - supplies uterus (water under a bridge)

Question 64

where are the 3 constrictions of the ureter

Answer 64

PUJ, VUJ, pelvic brim (crossing posterior iliac crest)

Question 65

which part of the bladder does the urethra exit

Answer 65

neck

Question 66

which part of the bladder do the ureters enter

Answer 66

apex

Question 67

which ligament joins the bladder and umbillicus

Answer 67

median umbilical ligament

Question 68

what is the bladder an embryological remnant of

Answer 68

hindgut

Question 69

which muscle is found in the bladder

Answer 69

detrouser (smooth muscel)

Question 70

what kind of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and ureter

Answer 70

transitional - protects underlying structures from acidity/ alkali

Question 71

what makes up the renal fascia

Answer 71

fibrofatty tissue