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ANATOMY > endocrine/ renal > Flashcards

endocrine/ renal Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hollow of the skull that the pituitary sits in

A

sella turnica

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2
Q

where does the optic chasm sit in relation to the pituitary

A

above

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3
Q

which fibres cross at the optic chiasm

A

nasal

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4
Q

what are the other names of the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes

A

anterior - pars anterior/ adenohypophysis

posterior - pars nervosa/ neurohypophysis

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5
Q

what splits the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes

A

pars intermediator

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6
Q

what does the anterior pituitary develop from

A

brachial arches (not part of posterior)

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7
Q

which of the 2 pituitary lobes is dark staining

A

anterior

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8
Q

which types of cells are contained in the anterior pituitary

A

acidophilic - pink, basophilic - blue, chromophobic (resting) - pale

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9
Q

which arteries supply the pituitary gland

A

superior and inferior hypophyseal artery - from internal carotid

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10
Q

which artery forms the hypophyseal portal system

A

superior hypophysial

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11
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary

A

axons

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12
Q

which vertebral level does the thyroid run between

A

C5 - T1

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13
Q

which cartilage does the thyroid run between

A

cricoid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring

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14
Q

which tracheal rings does the thyroid isthmus lie opposite

A

2nd to 4th

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15
Q

which muscles overlie the thyroid gland

A

sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid

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16
Q

which 2 nerves supply the muscles of the vocal cords

A 
recurrent laryngeal ( between trachea and oesophagus) 
superior laryngeal (behind ICA)
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17
Q

from which major artery does the superior thyroid arise

A

External carotid (1st branch)

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18
Q

from which major artery does the inferior thyroid arise

A

subclavian

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19
Q

into which vein do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain

A

IJV

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20
Q

into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain

A

brachiocephalic

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21
Q

which lymph nodes drain the thyroid

A

deep cervical

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22
Q

what is contained in thyroid follicles

A

colloid - hormone bound to glycoprotein

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23
Q

what colour does the thyroid colloid stain

A

pink

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24
Q

which type of cells lien the follicle

A

C cells - secrete calcitonin

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25
Q

where do the parathyroid glands lie on the thyroid lobes

A

posterior, lateral surface (separated by thin fibrous capsule)

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26
Q

where are the superior parathyroids situated

A

inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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27
Q

which artery supplies the parathyroid glands

A

inferior thyroid artery

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28
Q

which two types of cells are present in the parathyroid

A

child cells and oxyphil cells (paler and more)

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29
Q

what hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete and what is its action

A

PTH - control Ca in body by allowing osteoclasts to release Ca

30
Q

where are the suprarenal glands located

A

upper pole of each kidney

31
Q

how are the adrenal glands peritonised

A

retroperitoneal

32
Q

what embryological origin gives rise to the adrenal cortes

A

mesodermal epithelium

33
Q

what embryological origin gives rise to the adrenal medulla medulla

A

neuroectoderm

34
Q

which 3 arteries supply the suprarenal glands

A

superior, middle, inferior

35
Q

what is the superior adrenal artery a branch of

A

inferior phrenic

36
Q

what is the middle adrenal artery a branch of

A

aorta

37
Q

what is the inferior adrenal artery a branch of

A

renal

38
Q

what drains the suprarenal gland on the right

A

IVC

39
Q

what drains the suprarenal gland on the left

A

left renal veins

40
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex in order form outer - inner

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

41
Q

which cells in the adrenal medullar secrete adrenaline/ noradrenaline

A

chromaffin

42
Q

what are the 3 main hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex at each level

A

zg - mineralcorticosoids, zf - corticosteroids, zr - androgens

43
Q

what is the exocrine part of the pancreas

A

acini

44
Q

what is the fucntion of the kidney

A

maintain homeostasis by blood filtration

45
Q

what is the function of the ureter

A

transport urine from kidney to bladder

46
Q

what its he function of the bladder

A

collection, temporary storage and expulsion of urine

47
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

transport urine form bladder to opening in the perineum

48
Q

where doe the kidneys lie

A

T12-L3 - paravertebral gutter on the posterior abdominal wall either side of the vertebral column

49
Q

what landmarks happen at the transpyloric plane

A 
pylorus of the stomach
2nd part of duodenum 
hilum of kidney
neck of pancreas
origin of portal vein 
start of SMA 
termination of spinal cord
50
Q

what are the 4 layers covering the kidney

A
  1. fibrous renal capsule
  2. fatty renal capsule
  3. renal fascia - fibro-fatty tissue
  4. pararenal fatty tissue
51
Q

in what order are the structures in the hilum of the kidney (anterior to posterior)

A

vein , artery, ureter

52
Q

why are the kidneys partly peritonised

A

peritonisation of organs sitting around

53
Q

what gives parasympathetic innervation to the kidney

A

vagus nerve

54
Q

what gives sympathetic innervation to the kidney

A

T12-L1 spinal segments (coeliac ganglia

55
Q

what does the ureter arise from embryologically

A

uteric bud

56
Q

what is in between the visceral (podocytes) and parietal layers of Bowmans capsule

A

Bowmans space

57
Q

what epithelium is Bowman’s

A

squamos epithelium

58
Q

what happens to the renal artery when it reaches the hilum of the kidney

A

splits into segmental branches

59
Q

at what level are the renal arteries given off from the aorta

A

L1-2

60
Q

where do the ureters commence

A

renal pelvis

61
Q

what muscle do the ureters lie in front of

A

psoas major

62
Q

what crosses the ureter superiorly in males

A

vas deferens

63
Q

what crosses the ureter superiorly in females

A

internal iliac artery - supplies uterus (water under a bridge)

64
Q

where are the 3 constrictions of the ureter

A

PUJ, VUJ, pelvic brim (crossing posterior iliac crest)

65
Q

which part of the bladder does the urethra exit

A

neck

66
Q

which part of the bladder do the ureters enter

A

apex

67
Q

which ligament joins the bladder and umbillicus

A

median umbilical ligament

68
Q

what is the bladder an embryological remnant of

A

hindgut

69
Q

which muscle is found in the bladder

A

detrouser (smooth muscel)

70
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and ureter

A

transitional - protects underlying structures from acidity/ alkali

71
Q

what makes up the renal fascia

A

fibrofatty tissue

ANATOMY (15 decks)

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