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ANATOMY > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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2
Q

which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem

A

mesencephalon

myencephalon (hindbrain)

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3
Q

which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem

A

CN III- XII

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4
Q

which ventricular cavities lie in the brainstem

A

3rd / 4th

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5
Q

which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction

A

CN VI, VII, VIII,

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6
Q

what fibres are contained in the pyramid tracts

A

contain motor fibres

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7
Q

what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids

A

motor fibres cross over

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8
Q

where are the olives in relation the the pyramid tract

A

lateral

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9
Q

what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)

A

4th ventricle

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10
Q

which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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11
Q

which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on

A

pons

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12
Q

how long is the midbrain

A

2cm

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13
Q

what is immediately superior to the midbrain

A

the thalamus

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14
Q

which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on

A

midbrain POSTERIOR

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15
Q

what structures make up the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)

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16
Q

what are the surface projections on the hypothalamus called

A

tuber cinereum

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17
Q

what is the midline structure than connects the two cerebellar hemispheres

A

vermis

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18
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior
posterior
flocondular
remember tonsil connecting to medulla

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19
Q

which foramen does the cerebellum sit above

A

foramen magnum

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20
Q

what is a cerebellar coning

A

sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen

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21
Q

what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere

A

median longitudinal fissure

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22
Q

what fibres are present in the corpus callosum

A

commissural

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23
Q

what do the cerebral hemispheres sit on in the posterior cranial fossa

A

tentorium cerebelli

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24
Q

what lobes does the lateral (sylvan) fissure run between

A

temporal

frontal/ parietal

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25
Q

which lobe contains the primary motor cortex

A

frontal

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26
Q

which lobe contains the primary visual cortex

A

occipital

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27
Q

which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex

A

parietal

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28
Q

which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal

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29
Q

what lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus run in

A

parietal

occipital

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30
Q

when does the spinal cord terminate in an adult

A

L1-L2

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31
Q

what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord

A

filum terminale

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32
Q

where is the caudal equina

A

end of the spinal cord

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33
Q

list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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34
Q

which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk

A

vertebral

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35
Q

what are the 3 branches of the basilar artery

A

anterior inferior cerebellar
labyrinthe
superior cerebellar

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36
Q

which artery gives off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

vertebral

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37
Q

from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from

A

subclavian

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38
Q

what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral

A

posterior communicating

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39
Q

what artery linked the two anterior communicating arteries

A

anterior communicating

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40
Q

which cerebral arteries supply the primary motor cortex

A

anterior and middle

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41
Q

which cerebral artery supplies the primary sensory area

A

anterior

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42
Q

which cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex

A

posterior

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43
Q

which cerebral artery supplies the primary auditory area

A

middle

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44
Q

which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction

A

middle

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45
Q

where does the vertebra-basilar system supply

A

brainstem
occipital lobe
cerebellum

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46
Q

which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery

A

CN III - oculomotor

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47
Q

what are the manifestations of CN III palsy

A

ptosis
no accommodation
eyeball abducted
no pupillary right reflex

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48
Q

what is the carotid sinus

A

pressure receptor at terminal common carotid - monitors flow of blood to head

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49
Q

which CN do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in

A

glossopharyngeal

vagus

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50
Q

what is contained in the carotid body

A

chemoreceptors sensitive to low oxygen (run in glossopharyngeal)

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51
Q

where are he dural venous sinuses present

A

between periosteum and dura matter

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52
Q

which major cerebral vein is visible

A

great cerebral vein

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53
Q

list the venous sinuses in the head

A

superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
transverse, straight, sigmoid (meet and confluence)
cavernous

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54
Q

where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into

A

cavernous sinus

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55
Q

what are emissary veins

A

small veins that connect the venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull

56
Q

what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain

A

basilar sinus

57
Q

what veins drain into the cavernous sinus

A

superior and inferior ophthalmic
superficial medial cerebral
sphenopariteal sinus

58
Q

what locations of infections can spread to the cavernous sinus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

sinuses, ears, teeth

59
Q

branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery

A

vertebral

60
Q

which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of

A

vertebral

posterior inferior cerebellar

61
Q

what plexus of veins lies in the epidural space

A

internal vertebral venous plexus

62
Q

what fluid circulates around the subarachnoid space

A

CSF

63
Q

what structures does the falx cerebri separate

A

right and left cerebral hemispheres

64
Q

what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to

A

crista gali of ethmoid

frontal crest of frontal bone

65
Q

which dural venous sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri

A

superior sagittal

66
Q

which structures does the tentorrium cerebelli separate

A

cerebellum

occipital lobe

67
Q

which dural sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium

A

straight sinus

68
Q

what bone does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to

A

crinoid process of the sphenoid

69
Q

what is the fold of dura mater that surround the pituitary stalk

A

diaphragma sellae

70
Q

what artery is the middle meningeal artery a branch of

A

maxillary

71
Q

what are ventricles

A

interconnected spaces/ cavities that lie within the brain

72
Q

what in the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system

A

central canal

73
Q

which lobe do each of the lateral ventricle horns pass into

A

anterior- frontal
body - parietal
inferior - temporal
posterior - occipital

74
Q

what part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle of the brain lie in

A

diencephalon

75
Q

what does the cerebral aqueduct connect

A

3rd ventricle to the 4th

76
Q

what is the specialised structure lining the ventricles that produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

77
Q

where are the ependymal cells

A

inside ventricles / central canal

78
Q

at which location is the CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation

A

arachnoid granulations

79
Q

what is the cause of hydrocephalus

A

restricted CSF - raised intacerebral pressure

in infancy - enlargement of the head and reduction in cerebral mater

80
Q

what are the 4 parts of the corps callosum

A

rostrum
genu
body
splenium

81
Q

what does the septum pellucidum do

A

separates anterior horns of the later ventricles

82
Q

what is the septum pellucid continuous with

A

corpus callosum

fornix

83
Q

what two things does the fornix link

A

hippocampus

hypothalamus

84
Q

which basal ganglia lies under the lateral ventricle

A

caudate nucleus

85
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

sensory relay station

86
Q

which nucleus of the thalamus does most general sensory information from the body go to

A

VPL - ventro-postero-lateral

87
Q

which gland sits above the colliculi

A

pineal

88
Q

what are the components of the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen

globus pallidus

89
Q

what is the internal capsule made up of

A

myelinated axons - white matter

90
Q

which cerebral artery supplies internal capsule

A

middle

91
Q

which group of structures is the substantia nigra structurally part of

A

basal ganglia

92
Q

what condition arises form a patchy loss/ scarring of the myelin sheath

A

multiple sclerosis

93
Q

what are the 3 primary vesicles (week 4)

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombocephalon (hindbrain)

94
Q

what vesicles are in the brainstem

A

cerebral aqueduct

4th ventricle

95
Q

what are the 5 secondary vesicles (week 5)

A 
telencephalon 
diencephalon 
mesencephalon
mesencephalon
myencephalon
96
Q

what absorbs CSF

A

arachnoid villi

97
Q

what makes CSF

A

choroid plexus

98
Q

what is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi

A

superior - visual reflex

inferior - auditory reflex

99
Q

what runs along the peduncles

A

motor fibres

100
Q

what makes up the olive bodies

A

inferior olive nucleii

101
Q

what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

cerebellar peduncles

102
Q

what does the cerebellar tonsil sit on top of

A

foramen magnum

103
Q

what is the name of the pathology that occurs in the cerebellum

A

ataxia

104
Q

what vesicle does the diencephalon originate from

A

diencephalon - forebrain

105
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

main visceral control centre

body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hormones

106
Q

what is the carotid canal lateral to

A

foramen lacerum

107
Q

what are the vertebral arteries branches of

A

subclavian

108
Q

what to dural venous sinuses drain into

A

IJV

109
Q

where is the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres

A

on surface

110
Q

where is the cingulate and what is it involved in

A

frontal lobe (middle) - retrieving info and memory

111
Q

where is the hippocampus

A

under surface of temporal bone (seahorse)

112
Q

where is the insula

A

under parietal lobe (part of temporal)

113
Q

what is area 4

A

pre central gyrus - Primary motor cortex

114
Q

what number is Brocas area (motor speech)

A

44/ 45 - at lateral sulcus

115
Q

what number of area is the primary sensory area

A

1, 2, 3 - post central gyrus

116
Q

what is area 41/42

A

primary audiotory cortex

117
Q

where is wernickes area

A

temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere

118
Q

what number is the primary visual cortex

A

17

119
Q

what are areas 18 and 19

A

visual association areas

120
Q

what are components of the limbic system

A

cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala

121
Q

what are commissural fibres

A

connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres

122
Q

what are association fibres

A

connect one part of the cortex with another in the SAME hemisphere

123
Q

what are projection fibres

A

run between cortex and subcostal centres

124
Q

what type of fibre is the internal capsule made up of

A

projection fibres

125
Q

what is the blood supply to the internal capsule

A

middle cerebral artery

126
Q

what type of matter are the basal ganglia

A

grey

127
Q

what is the pathology of the basal ganglia

A

parkinsons

128
Q

what are the ascending and descending tracts of the white matter in the spinal cord

A

ascending - sensory

descending - motor

129
Q

the tracts for what run in the posterior / dorsal column

A

touch, pressure, proprioception

cross at medulla

130
Q

the tracts for what run in the lateral spinothalmic tract

A

pain, temperature

131
Q

what would happen if an UMN was damaged above decussation

A

contralateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia

132
Q

what would happen if an UMN was damaged below decussation

A

ipsilateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia

133
Q

what would happen if a LMN was damaged

A

areflexia (no reflexes)
flacid paralysis (lack of tone)
ipsilateral

134
Q

where is the parasympathetic outflow

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

S2 , 3 , 4

135
Q

where its the sympathetic outflow

A

T1-L2

ANATOMY (15 decks)

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