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ANATOMY > BACK > Flashcards

BACK Flashcards

1
Q

Do vertebrae increase in size superiorly or inferiorly

A

inferiorly - weight bearing

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2
Q

Where are lordoses

A

cervical and lumbar

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3
Q

Where are kyphoses

A

thoracic and sacral

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4
Q

When do the curvatures of the spine develop

A

fetus starts as one kyphoses and lordoses develop in infancy

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5
Q

What does the vertebral column protect

A

spinal cord

spinal nerves and supplying arteries and veins

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6
Q

Where do intrinsic back muscles act

A

only on the back - erector spinae

extension and flexion

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7
Q

what type of joint between the skull and atlas

A

synovial ellipsoid

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8
Q

what joint lies between the atlas and axis

A

synovial pivot - allows rotation

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9
Q

What is the central core of the intervertebral disc called?

A

nucleus pulposus

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10
Q

what does the nucleus pulposus contain

A

up to 85% water - dehydrates with age

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11
Q

what type of join is an intervertebral disc?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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12
Q

What is the outer segment of the intervertebral disc called

A

annulus fibrosus

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13
Q

what is the anulus fibrosus made up of

A

fibrocartilage - concentric lamellae

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14
Q

where does the lamina lie

A

inbetween the transverse process and spinous process

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15
Q

where does the spinal cord lie

A

within vertebral foramen

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16
Q

Where do the spinal nerves lie

A

within intervertebral foramen

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17
Q

Where do intervertebral discs lie

A

between vertebrae body

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18
Q

What is the rim of the vertebral body called

A

epiphysical rim

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19
Q

Where do zygapophysial joints lie

A

between articualr facets

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20
Q

what type of joints are zygapophysial

A

synovial plane

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21
Q

Give properties of cervical vertabrae

A

flat structure
formina present - wee holes containing arteries and vessels - NOT C7
largest foramen - spinal cord thickest

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22
Q

Give properties of thoracic vertabrae

A

look like a giraffe
long thin spinous process
long thin transverse process - ribs

23
Q

Give properties of lumbar vertabrae

A

look liek a moose
largest body - bear most weight
mammillary process

24
Q

How many vertebrae are in each section of the spine

A 
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral -5 - fused
coccygeal - 4 - fused
25
Q

Which plane do the cervical articular facets lie in and which movements does this allow

A

transverse - flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

26
Q

Which plane do the thoracic articular facets lie in and which movements does this allow

A

saggital - rotation

27
Q

Which plane do the lumbar articular facets lie in and which movements does this allow

A

Coronal - flexion, extension, lateral flexion

28
Q

where does the ligamentum flavum lie

A

laminae of adjacent joints (arches)

29
Q

where does the posterior longitudinal ligament lie

A

posterior of vertebral bodies and IV discs

prevents hyperflexion

30
Q

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament lie

A

anterolateral aspects of vertebral bodies and IV discs

prevents hyperextension

31
Q

where does the supraspinous ligament lie

A

on top - inbetween nuchal ligament and median neck ligament

32
Q

where does the interspinous ligament lie

A

connect the spinous process

33
Q

what happens in a herniated discs

A

nucleus pulposus compress posterolateral to an emerging spinal nerve

34
Q

where does the vertebra prominence lie

A

spine of C7

35
Q

where is the spine of the scapula

A

spine of T3

36
Q

where is the inferior angle of the scapula

A

spine of T7

37
Q

where is the summit of the iliac crest

intercristal plane

A

L4

38
Q

which bones does the spinal cord lie between

A

occipital bone - L2

L3 in a child

39
Q

where does the cauda equina lie

A

underneath the spine - L2 to coccygeal

40
Q

What is the structure at the end of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

41
Q

where does the pia mater spinal cord terminate

A

filum terminale - inferior to coccyx

42
Q

what movement do the posterior muscles of the vertebrae control

A

extension

43
Q

what movement do the anterior muscles of the vertebrae control

A

flexion

44
Q

What movements do the lateral muscles control when they contract unilaterally

A

rotation and lateral flexion

45
Q

where does the erector spinae lie

A

posteriorly between verterbral transverse and spinous process

46
Q

What muscles are anterior

A

abdominal wall - (rectus abdominus, obliques and transverse abdominas)

47
Q

What happens when flexors and extensors contract simultaneously and what bodily functions does this aid

A

increase in abdominal pressue

- coughing, sneezing, lifting and urination

48
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture done and why

A

L3-4

spinal cord has ended

49
Q

why is a patient asked to flex during a lumbar puncture

A

increase distance between vertebral bodies

50
Q

Where does the dural sac extend to

A

S2/3 (dura ans arachnoid mater)

51
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges

A 
dura - outer
subdural space
arachnoid - middle
sub arachnoid space - CONTAIN CSF
pia mater - inner
52
Q

what does the vertebral venous plexus do

A

drain vertebrae and spinal cord

53
Q

where does the vertebral venous plexus lie

A

fatty tissue between dura mater and vertebrae ( epidural space)

ANATOMY (15 decks)

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