BACK

Question 1

Do vertebrae increase in size superiorly or inferiorly

Answer 1

inferiorly - weight bearing

Question 2

Where are lordoses

Answer 2

cervical and lumbar

Question 3

Where are kyphoses

Answer 3

thoracic and sacral

Question 4

When do the curvatures of the spine develop

Answer 4

fetus starts as one kyphoses and lordoses develop in infancy

Question 5

What does the vertebral column protect

Answer 5

spinal cord

spinal nerves and supplying arteries and veins

Question 6

Where do intrinsic back muscles act

Answer 6

only on the back - erector spinae

extension and flexion

Question 7

what type of joint between the skull and atlas

Answer 7

synovial ellipsoid

Question 8

what joint lies between the atlas and axis

Answer 8

synovial pivot - allows rotation

Question 9

What is the central core of the intervertebral disc called?

Answer 9

nucleus pulposus

Question 10

what does the nucleus pulposus contain

Answer 10

up to 85% water - dehydrates with age

Question 11

what type of join is an intervertebral disc?

Answer 11

secondary cartilaginous

Question 12

What is the outer segment of the intervertebral disc called

Answer 12

annulus fibrosus

Question 13

what is the anulus fibrosus made up of

Answer 13

fibrocartilage - concentric lamellae

Question 14

where does the lamina lie

Answer 14

inbetween the transverse process and spinous process

Question 15

where does the spinal cord lie

Answer 15

within vertebral foramen

Question 16

Where do the spinal nerves lie

Answer 16

within intervertebral foramen

Question 17

Where do intervertebral discs lie

Answer 17

between vertebrae body

Question 18

What is the rim of the vertebral body called

Answer 18

epiphysical rim

Question 19

Where do zygapophysial joints lie

Answer 19

between articualr facets

Question 20

what type of joints are zygapophysial

Answer 20

synovial plane

Question 21

Give properties of cervical vertabrae

Answer 21

flat structure
formina present - wee holes containing arteries and vessels - NOT C7
largest foramen - spinal cord thickest

Question 22

Give properties of thoracic vertabrae

Answer 22

look like a giraffe
long thin spinous process
long thin transverse process - ribs

Question 23

Give properties of lumbar vertabrae

Answer 23

look liek a moose
largest body - bear most weight
mammillary process

Question 24

How many vertebrae are in each section of the spine

Answer 24

cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral -5 - fused
coccygeal - 4 - fused

Question 25

Which plane do the cervical articular facets lie in and which movements does this allow

Answer 25

transverse - flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

Question 26

Which plane do the thoracic articular facets lie in and which movements does this allow

Answer 26

saggital - rotation

Question 27

Which plane do the lumbar articular facets lie in and which movements does this allow

Answer 27

Coronal - flexion, extension, lateral flexion

Question 28

where does the ligamentum flavum lie

Answer 28

laminae of adjacent joints (arches)

Question 29

where does the posterior longitudinal ligament lie

Answer 29

posterior of vertebral bodies and IV discs | prevents hyperflexion

Question 30

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament lie

Answer 30

anterolateral aspects of vertebral bodies and IV discs | prevents hyperextension

Question 31

where does the supraspinous ligament lie

Answer 31

on top - inbetween nuchal ligament and median neck ligament

Question 32

where does the interspinous ligament lie

Answer 32

connect the spinous process

Question 33

what happens in a herniated discs

Answer 33

nucleus pulposus compress posterolateral to an emerging spinal nerve

Question 34

where does the vertebra prominence lie

Answer 34

spine of C7

Question 35

where is the spine of the scapula

Answer 35

spine of T3

Question 36

where is the inferior angle of the scapula

Answer 36

spine of T7

Question 37

where is the summit of the iliac crest | intercristal plane

Answer 37

L4

Question 38

which bones does the spinal cord lie between

Answer 38

occipital bone - L2 | L3 in a child

Question 39

where does the cauda equina lie

Answer 39

underneath the spine - L2 to coccygeal

Question 40

What is the structure at the end of the spinal cord

Answer 40

conus medullaris

Question 41

where does the pia mater spinal cord terminate

Answer 41

filum terminale - inferior to coccyx

Question 42

what movement do the posterior muscles of the vertebrae control

Answer 42

extension

Question 43

what movement do the anterior muscles of the vertebrae control

Answer 43

flexion

Question 44

What movements do the lateral muscles control when they contract unilaterally

Answer 44

rotation and lateral flexion

Question 45

where does the erector spinae lie

Answer 45

posteriorly between verterbral transverse and spinous process

Question 46

What muscles are anterior

Answer 46

abdominal wall - (rectus abdominus, obliques and transverse abdominas)

Question 47

What happens when flexors and extensors contract simultaneously and what bodily functions does this aid

Answer 47

increase in abdominal pressue | - coughing, sneezing, lifting and urination

Question 48

Where is a lumbar puncture done and why

Answer 48

L3-4 | spinal cord has ended

Question 49

why is a patient asked to flex during a lumbar puncture

Answer 49

increase distance between vertebral bodies

Question 50

Where does the dural sac extend to

Answer 50

S2/3 (dura ans arachnoid mater)

Question 51

What are the 3 layers of meninges

Answer 51

``` dura - outer subdural space arachnoid - middle sub arachnoid space - CONTAIN CSF pia mater - inner ```

Question 52

what does the vertebral venous plexus do

Answer 52

drain vertebrae and spinal cord

Question 53

where does the vertebral venous plexus lie

Answer 53

fatty tissue between dura mater and vertebrae ( epidural space)