head and neck anatomy Flashcards
how many skull bone are there
8
how many facial bones are there
14
Most common type of joint between skull
suture joint
3 parts of the skull
neuro-cranium
facial skull (viscera cranium)
mandible
where is red marrow stored in the skull bones
diploe - spongy bone
what type of bone is skull
flat bone
what 2 bones does the sagittal suture separate
2 parietal bones
what 2 bones does the coronal suture separate
parietal frontal
what 2 bones does the lambed suture separate
parietal occipital (temporal edge)
what type of bone are the facial bones
irregular
frontal, temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, mandible, ethmoid, sphenoid
what is the protuberance in the occipital bone called
occipital protuberance
what bone is the mastoid process part of
temporal
what bone is the styloid process part of
temporal
what bones is the zygomatic arch made up of
temporal zygomatic
what foramen do the occipital condyles surround
magnum
what bone forms the pterygoid plates
sphenoid
where is the palatine bone
roof of mouth
what is the largest foramen in the posterior fossa
foramen magnum
What structures pass through foramen magnum
CN XI
medulla (becomes spinal cord)
meninges
left and right spinal arteries
what is the role of air sinuses
decrease weight of the skull
list the 4 air sinuses
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid (air cells), maxillary
where is the petrous part of the temporal bone
inside the external ear canal on the floor of the skull
where does the scalp extend from
frontal boen to superior nuchal lines and laterally to zygomatic arches
which bone is the nuchal line a part of? can you see it
occipital , no
which 2 bone form the zygomatic arch
temporal zygomatic
what joint is present between the zygomatic arch bones
suture
list the layers of the scalp
S - skin C- connective tissue (dense) A - aponeurosis (occipitofrontal muscle) L- loose connective tissue P - pericranium
what is the 3rd layer of the scalp made up of
epicranial aponeurosis of the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
what is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle
elevate eyebrows, wrinkle forehead
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the anterior scalp
all 3 branches of the trigeminal
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the posterior scalp
C2, 3, 4 and spinal nerves
what structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1
brachial plexus
what is Herpes Zoster
virus that travels down nerves in a dermatomal function causing skin lesions and accompanied by sever pain
what does the 2nd layer of the scalp do when lacerated
retract preventing vasoconstriction of the arteries - scalp bleeds profusely
the supratrochlear artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
the supra-orbital artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
the superficial temporal artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
the posterior auricular artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
the occipital artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
which 2 veins make the external jugular vein
posterior auricular
posterior retromandibular
which 2 veins make the internal jugular vein
facial vein
anterior retromandibular
what is diploe
spongy flat bone
what are the valveless veins from the scalp to the venous sinuses called
emissary veins
what is the clinical problem of emissary veins
spread infection intracranially
where do the muscles of facial expression lie within
superficial fascia of the face
how does the attachment of facial muscles differ to other skeletal muscles
they attach to each other
list some of the facial muscles
occipitofrontalis orbicularis occuli palpebral orbicularis oris buccinator masetor platysma
which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression
CN VII - facial
which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the face
stylomastoid
what is the gland on the side of the face
parotid
what would happen to the eyelids in facial nerve palsy
sag (orbicularis occuli)
what would happen to the corners of the mouth in facial nerve palsy
droop / can’t speak (orbicularis oris)
what would happen to the cheek during chewing in facial nerve palsy
food accumulates in oral vestibule (buccinator)
name the 3 salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
what 4 things frame the parotid gland
zygomatic arch
anterior borer of SCM
angle of mandible
masseter
what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
endocrine secrete into bloodstream and exorcise secrete out
which nerve branches emerge form the anterior border of the parotid gland
paranoid plexus of the facial nerve
where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity
2nd molar
which arteries run near the parotid gland
external temporal –> superficial temporal
facial
what division of the autonomic nervous system is secretomotor to the parotid gland
parasympathetic
which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
where does the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland originate
external carotid nerve plexus
which cranial nerve gives sensory innervation of the face
CN V - trigeminal
V1 - ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
what is the facial artery a branch of
external carotid
what bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face
mandible
what muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery
massetor
what does the facial artery end as
angular artery in the medial eye
which vein do the facial vein and superficial temporal vein drain into
internal jugular
what is the name of the outer fascia in the neck
muscolofascial collar
what is contained in the vertebral compartment of the neck
cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
what is contained in the visceral compartment of the neck
thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea,oesophagus
what is contained in the vascular compartment of the neck
major blood vessels and vagus nerve
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
what kind of joint is present between occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)
synovial - ellipsoid
what kind of joint is present between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
synovial - pivot
what structures pass through the foramen transversium
vertebral arteries
What is the vertebra prominens
C7 - palpable spinous process
what is the curvature of the vertebral column at the cervical portion
lordosis
what are the contents of the anterior triangle
4 suprahyoid/ 4 infrahyoid
common carotid
internal jugular
CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
what are the contents of the posterior triangle
omohyoid, scalene
external jugular vein
subclavian artery
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle
SCM, trapezium, middle 1/3 clavicle
if the right SCM is contracted what way would the head tilt and what way would the face turn
head tilt right
face turn left
which cranial nerve innervates the SCM and trapezius
accessory
what are the 4 divisions of the anterior triangle
submental
digastric/ submandibular
Carotid
Muscular
what lymph nodes are the contents of the submental division of the anterior triangle
submental lymph nodes
which division of the anterior triangle do the facial artery and submandibular gland lie
digastric / submandibular
what are the contents of the neuromuscular sheath (carotid) in the carotid division of the anterior triangle
internal jugular vein
common carotid
vagus nerve
which strap muscles of the neck lie in the muscular division of the anterior triangle of the neck
infra hyoid
pharynx/ thyroid
which group of nerve emerges from the posterior triangle
cervical plexus
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the right
brachiocephalic (other branch is subclavian)
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the left
arch of the aorta
what level does the common carotid artery
C4
which of the common carotid branches gives branches to the neck
ECA
what are the two terminal branches of the ECA and where are they given off
superficial temporal and maxillary
parotid gland
where does the internal jugular vein arise
jugular foramen from the venous sinuses
which vein of the upper limb merge with to form the brachiocephalic
subclavian
what does the EJV drain superficially
scalp and face
which vein does the EJV drain into
subclavian
where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath (IJV, CCA)
in between
which nerve plexus does the phrenic nerve arise from
cervical plexus
what are the 4 protuberances on the hyoid bone called
2 greater horn, 2 lesser horn
what is unique about the hyoid bone
only bone in the body not articulated to another bone
what 4 sets of muscles attach the the hyoid bone
supra hyoid
infra hyoid
hypoglossus
gennioglossus
list the 4 supra hyoid muscles
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
what is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
what is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid (supra hyoid)
C1
what is the nerve supply of the digastric (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
facial
what is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid (supra hyoid)
facial nerve
what action do the suprahyoid muscles have on the hyoid bone
elevate bone - for swallowing
what is the nerve supply of the infrahyoid muscles
C1-3 - ansa cervicalis
apart from thyrohyoid (only C1)
what muscle runs from the sternum to the thyroid (infra hyoid)
sternothyroid
what muscle runs from the sternum to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
sternohyoid
what muscle runs from the thyroid to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
thyrohyoid
where does the omohyoid muscle end (from the hyoid bone)
lateral to scapula
what action do the infrahyoids have on the hyoid bone
depress
between the sternohyoid and sternothyroid which is more superficial
sternothyoid
what are the vertebral roots of the cervical plexus
C1-C4
what is the ansa cervicalis
loop of neves - C1-C3
what are the anatomical parts of the thyroid
lobes and isthmus
where in relation to the trachea does the isthmus lie
2nd/3rd ring
which arteries supply the thyroid
superior thyroid
inferior thyroid
which bone is the mental tubercle part of
mandible (chin)
which nerve travels in the mandible
inferior alveolar nerve
which 2 nerves are a branch of the mandibular nerve
lingual (tongue)
inferior alveolar nerve (lower jaw)
what type of joint is the TMJ
synovial hinge
what 2 things articulate to form the TMJ
mandible condyle, mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
what movements occur at the TMJ
elevation (close mouth) depression (open mouth) protrusion retrusion (chin) side to side - chewing
what are the 4 muscles of mastication
temporalis
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid
what happens to the mandible when the anterior fibres of the temporals contract
elevation -close mouth
what happens to the mandible when the posterrior fibres of the temporals contract
retrusion
what are the bony attachments of the masseter
maxillary process of the zygomatic
zygomatic arch of temporal bone
where does the lateral pterygoid run to
TMJ
what plate are the pterygoid muscles attached to and what is this bone part of
lateral pterygoid - sphenoid
