head and neck anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
how many skull bone are there
A
8
2
Q
how many facial bones are there
A
14
3
Q
Most common type of joint between skull
A
suture joint
4
Q
3 parts of the skull
A
neuro-cranium
facial skull (viscera cranium)
mandible
5
Q
where is red marrow stored in the skull bones
A
diploe - spongy bone
6
Q
what type of bone is skull
A
flat bone
7
Q
what 2 bones does the sagittal suture separate
A
2 parietal bones
8
Q
what 2 bones does the coronal suture separate
A
parietal frontal
9
Q
what 2 bones does the lambed suture separate
A
parietal occipital (temporal edge)
10
Q
what type of bone are the facial bones
A
irregular
frontal, temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, mandible, ethmoid, sphenoid
11
Q
what is the protuberance in the occipital bone called
A
occipital protuberance
12
Q
what bone is the mastoid process part of
A
temporal
13
Q
what bone is the styloid process part of
A
temporal
14
Q
what bones is the zygomatic arch made up of
A
temporal zygomatic
15
Q
what foramen do the occipital condyles surround
A
magnum
16
Q
what bone forms the pterygoid plates
A
sphenoid
17
Q
where is the palatine bone
A
roof of mouth
18
Q
what is the largest foramen in the posterior fossa
A
foramen magnum
19
Q
What structures pass through foramen magnum
A
CN XI
medulla (becomes spinal cord)
meninges
left and right spinal arteries
20
Q
what is the role of air sinuses
A
decrease weight of the skull
21
Q
list the 4 air sinuses
A
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid (air cells), maxillary
22
Q
where is the petrous part of the temporal bone
A
inside the external ear canal on the floor of the skull
23
Q
where does the scalp extend from
A
frontal boen to superior nuchal lines and laterally to zygomatic arches
24
Q
which bone is the nuchal line a part of? can you see it
A
occipital , no
25
which 2 bone form the zygomatic arch
temporal zygomatic
26
what joint is present between the zygomatic arch bones
suture
27
list the layers of the scalp
```
S - skin
C- connective tissue (dense)
A - aponeurosis (occipitofrontal muscle)
L- loose connective tissue
P - pericranium
```
28
what is the 3rd layer of the scalp made up of
epicranial aponeurosis of the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
29
what is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle
elevate eyebrows, wrinkle forehead
30
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the anterior scalp
all 3 branches of the trigeminal
31
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the posterior scalp
C2, 3, 4 and spinal nerves
32
what structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1
brachial plexus
33
what is Herpes Zoster
virus that travels down nerves in a dermatomal function causing skin lesions and accompanied by sever pain
34
what does the 2nd layer of the scalp do when lacerated
retract preventing vasoconstriction of the arteries - scalp bleeds profusely
35
the supratrochlear artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
36
the supra-orbital artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
37
the superficial temporal artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
38
the posterior auricular artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
39
the occipital artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
40
which 2 veins make the external jugular vein
posterior auricular
| posterior retromandibular
41
which 2 veins make the internal jugular vein
facial vein
| anterior retromandibular
42
what is diploe
spongy flat bone
43
what are the valveless veins from the scalp to the venous sinuses called
emissary veins
44
what is the clinical problem of emissary veins
spread infection intracranially
45
where do the muscles of facial expression lie within
superficial fascia of the face
46
how does the attachment of facial muscles differ to other skeletal muscles
they attach to each other
47
list some of the facial muscles
```
occipitofrontalis
orbicularis occuli
palpebral
orbicularis oris
buccinator
masetor
platysma
```
48
which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression
CN VII - facial
49
which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the face
stylomastoid
50
what is the gland on the side of the face
parotid
51
what would happen to the eyelids in facial nerve palsy
sag (orbicularis occuli)
52
what would happen to the corners of the mouth in facial nerve palsy
droop / can't speak (orbicularis oris)
53
what would happen to the cheek during chewing in facial nerve palsy
food accumulates in oral vestibule (buccinator)
54
name the 3 salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
55
what 4 things frame the parotid gland
zygomatic arch
anterior borer of SCM
angle of mandible
masseter
56
what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
endocrine secrete into bloodstream and exorcise secrete out
57
which nerve branches emerge form the anterior border of the parotid gland
paranoid plexus of the facial nerve
58
where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity
2nd molar
59
which arteries run near the parotid gland
external temporal --> superficial temporal
| facial
60
what division of the autonomic nervous system is secretomotor to the parotid gland
parasympathetic
61
which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
62
where does the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland originate
external carotid nerve plexus
63
which cranial nerve gives sensory innervation of the face
CN V - trigeminal
V1 - ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
64
what is the facial artery a branch of
external carotid
65
what bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face
mandible
66
what muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery
massetor
67
what does the facial artery end as
angular artery in the medial eye
68
which vein do the facial vein and superficial temporal vein drain into
internal jugular
69
what is the name of the outer fascia in the neck
muscolofascial collar
70
what is contained in the vertebral compartment of the neck
cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
71
what is contained in the visceral compartment of the neck
thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea,oesophagus
72
what is contained in the vascular compartment of the neck
major blood vessels and vagus nerve
73
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
74
what kind of joint is present between occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)
synovial - ellipsoid
75
what kind of joint is present between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
synovial - pivot
76
what structures pass through the foramen transversium
vertebral arteries
77
What is the vertebra prominens
C7 - palpable spinous process
78
what is the curvature of the vertebral column at the cervical portion
lordosis
79
what are the contents of the anterior triangle
4 suprahyoid/ 4 infrahyoid
common carotid
internal jugular
CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
80
what are the contents of the posterior triangle
omohyoid, scalene
external jugular vein
subclavian artery
81
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle
SCM, trapezium, middle 1/3 clavicle
82
if the right SCM is contracted what way would the head tilt and what way would the face turn
head tilt right
| face turn left
83
which cranial nerve innervates the SCM and trapezius
accessory
84
what are the 4 divisions of the anterior triangle
submental
digastric/ submandibular
Carotid
Muscular
85
what lymph nodes are the contents of the submental division of the anterior triangle
submental lymph nodes
86
which division of the anterior triangle do the facial artery and submandibular gland lie
digastric / submandibular
87
what are the contents of the neuromuscular sheath (carotid) in the carotid division of the anterior triangle
internal jugular vein
common carotid
vagus nerve
88
which strap muscles of the neck lie in the muscular division of the anterior triangle of the neck
infra hyoid
| pharynx/ thyroid
89
which group of nerve emerges from the posterior triangle
cervical plexus
90
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the right
brachiocephalic (other branch is subclavian)
91
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the left
arch of the aorta
92
what level does the common carotid artery
C4
93
which of the common carotid branches gives branches to the neck
ECA
94
what are the two terminal branches of the ECA and where are they given off
superficial temporal and maxillary
| parotid gland
95
where does the internal jugular vein arise
jugular foramen from the venous sinuses
96
which vein of the upper limb merge with to form the brachiocephalic
subclavian
97
what does the EJV drain superficially
scalp and face
98
which vein does the EJV drain into
subclavian
99
where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath (IJV, CCA)
in between
100
which nerve plexus does the phrenic nerve arise from
cervical plexus
101
what are the 4 protuberances on the hyoid bone called
2 greater horn, 2 lesser horn
102
what is unique about the hyoid bone
only bone in the body not articulated to another bone
103
what 4 sets of muscles attach the the hyoid bone
supra hyoid
infra hyoid
hypoglossus
gennioglossus
104
list the 4 supra hyoid muscles
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
105
what is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
106
what is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid (supra hyoid)
C1
107
what is the nerve supply of the digastric (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
| facial
108
what is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid (supra hyoid)
facial nerve
109
what action do the suprahyoid muscles have on the hyoid bone
elevate bone - for swallowing
110
what is the nerve supply of the infrahyoid muscles
C1-3 - ansa cervicalis
| apart from thyrohyoid (only C1)
111
what muscle runs from the sternum to the thyroid (infra hyoid)
sternothyroid
112
what muscle runs from the sternum to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
sternohyoid
113
what muscle runs from the thyroid to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
thyrohyoid
114
where does the omohyoid muscle end (from the hyoid bone)
lateral to scapula
115
what action do the infrahyoids have on the hyoid bone
depress
116
between the sternohyoid and sternothyroid which is more superficial
sternothyoid
117
what are the vertebral roots of the cervical plexus
C1-C4
118
what is the ansa cervicalis
loop of neves - C1-C3
119
what are the anatomical parts of the thyroid
lobes and isthmus
120
where in relation to the trachea does the isthmus lie
2nd/3rd ring
121
which arteries supply the thyroid
superior thyroid
| inferior thyroid
122
which bone is the mental tubercle part of
mandible (chin)
123
which nerve travels in the mandible
inferior alveolar nerve
124
which 2 nerves are a branch of the mandibular nerve
lingual (tongue)
| inferior alveolar nerve (lower jaw)
125
what type of joint is the TMJ
synovial hinge
126
what 2 things articulate to form the TMJ
mandible condyle, mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
127
what movements occur at the TMJ
```
elevation (close mouth)
depression (open mouth)
protrusion
retrusion (chin)
side to side - chewing
```
128
what are the 4 muscles of mastication
temporalis
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid
129
what happens to the mandible when the anterior fibres of the temporals contract
elevation -close mouth
130
what happens to the mandible when the posterrior fibres of the temporals contract
retrusion
131
what are the bony attachments of the masseter
maxillary process of the zygomatic
| zygomatic arch of temporal bone
132
where does the lateral pterygoid run to
TMJ
133
what plate are the pterygoid muscles attached to and what is this bone part of
lateral pterygoid - sphenoid
134
which part of the mandible does the medial pterygoid attach to
ramus (near angle)
135
which of the supra hyoid muscles can you not see on the surface
geniohyoid - under myelohyoid
136
which 3 muscles cause elevation of the mandible (close mouth)
messeter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
137
which 3 muscles cause depression of the mandible (close mouth)
lateral pterygoid
supra hyoid
infra hyoid
138
which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication
mandibular branch of trigeminal (only division that carries motor and sensory)
139
where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal emerge
foramen ovale
140
what are the functions of the nose
traps dirt
respiration
humidifies inspired air
olfaction -smell
141
which bone do the nasal bones articulate with anteriorly
frontal
142
which bones make the roof of the nose
nasal
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid (cribriform plate)
143
what is at the bottom of the nose
soft palate
144
which 2 bone make up the floor of the nose
palatine bone and palatine process of the maxillae
145
which 2 bones form the nasal septum
vomer
| perpendicular plate of ethmoid
146
what passes through the cribriform plate
olfactory nerve fibres
147
what attaches to the crista gali (ethmoid bone)
fall celebri
148
what bone makes the superior and middle conchae
ethmoid
149
what is the epithelium of the nasal cavity
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
150
what is a meatus
space underneath a conchae
| paranasal sinuses and ducts open into
151
what is the space above the superior concha
sphene-ethmoidal recess
152
what artery supply the nose and what is it a branch of
ophthalmic - ICA
153
what are paranasal air sinuses
air filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity
154
what are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses
humidify inspired air
| reduce weight of the skull
155
what opens into the superior meatus (under superior conchae)
posterior ethmoid air cells
156
what opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess
sphenoid sinus
157
what opens into the inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
158
what opens into the middle meatus
maxillary, frontal, anterior& middle ethmoid air cells
159
which sinus doesn't drain well and what is the clinical significance
maxillary - opening not at most inferior part
| sinusitis - pain by branches of trigeminal
160
which branch of the trigeminal innervates frontal air sinus
V1
161
which branch of the trigeminal innervates the maxillary air sinus
V2
162
which branch of the trigeminal innervates sphenoid air sinus
V1 and 2
163
which branch of the trigeminal innervates ethmoid air cells
V1
164
where is the vestibule of the oral cavity
between lips/ cheek and gums/teeth
165
which muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity
buccinator
166
which muscle of facial expression contracts to close the mouth
orbicualris oris
167
what is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called
oropharyngeal isthmus
168
what is the embryological significance of the foramen caecum
thyroid gland development - thyroglossal duct
169
what sulcus divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
terminal sulcus
170
what is the most prominent type of papillae of the tongue
filiform
171
which papillae of the tongue have taste buds
valate (sometimes fungiform)
172
where is the lingual tonsil and what produces it
dorsal surface of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
| submucosal lymphoid tissue
173
what is the fold of mucous membrane that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth
frenulum
174
what supplies general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V3)
175
what supplies general sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
glossopharyngeal
176
what supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
177
what supplies taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
glossopharyngeal
178
where do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue insert and originate and what do they do
all within the tongue
| alter shape
179
what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do
change the position
180
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus (attaches to soft palate)
181
which extrinsic muscle depresses the tongue
hypoglossus
182
which extrinsic muscle retracts the tongue
styloglossus
183
what is the action of the genioglossus
protrude tongue to OPPOSITE side
184
which nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue (expect palatoglossus)
hypoglossus
185
what nerve innervates the palatoglossus
vagus
186
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
187
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the submental and submandibular gland
facial - chorda tympani
188
which 2 bones form the hard palate
maxilla (palatine process)
| palatine
189
what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate
```
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
musculus uvulae
```
190
what is the nerve supply to the soft palate muscles
pharyngeal plexus (not tensor veli palatini)
191
what structure lies between the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles
palatine tonsil
192
what is the function of the soft palate muscles
pull palate up - prevent regurgitation
| close nasal passages
193
what tissue makes up the palatine tissue
lymphoid
194
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
195
what bone forms the rood of the nasopharynx
sphenoid
196
what prevents a bolus entering the larynx
epiglottis
197
what are the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx (outer constrictor layer)
superior
middle
inferior
can't be separated
198
what are the 3 vertical muscles of the pharynx (inner longitudinal layer)
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
199
what innervates the pharynx
pharyngeal plexus
200
what cranial nerves are in the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres
glossopharyngeal - sensory
| vagus - motor
201
what is the function of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx during swallowing
constrict lumen to propel the bolus to oesophagus
202
what is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx during swallowing
elevate larynx
203
what structures is the larynx continuous with superiorly and inferiorly
pharynx --> larynx --> trachea
204
what prominence of cartilage makes the adams apple
thyroid cartilage
205
which cartilage in the larynx is paired
arytenoid
206
what the of larynx cartilage is the only full rings
cricoid
207
what does the cricothyroid muscle do to the larynx and what innervates it
tenses larynx - superior laryngeal
208
list 3 membranes in the larynx (between laryngeal cartilage)
thyrohyoid
cricothyroid
cricotracheal
209
what is the false vocal chord and where does it lie
vestibularfold
| superior to the true vocal chord
210
which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)
recurrent laryngeal (vagus)
211
what are the 3 foramina in the apex of the orbit
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
212
what passes through the optic foramen
optic nerve
| ophthalmic artery
213
what passes through the superior optic fissure
CN III, IV, VI
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
ophthalmic veins
214
what passes through the inferior orbital fissure
maxillary division of the trigeminal
215
what groove makes the floor of the bit weak
inferior orbital groove
216
what are the main contents of the orbit
```
orbital fat
extrinsic eye muscles
optic nerve
branches of ophthalmic artery
lacrimal tear apparatus
```
217
what are the components of the outer fibrous layer of they eye
sclera (5/6th) - white of eye
| cornea (1/6th)
218
what are the components of the middle vascular layer of they eye
choroid - supplies blood to outer retina
ciliary body
iris
219
what are the components of the inner sensory layer of they eye
retina
220
what is contained in the retina
light sensitive rods and cones
221
what is the name of the watery fluid in the anterior segment
aqueous humor
222
what is the name of the gel in the posterior segment
vitreous humour
223
what part of the eye secretes aqueous humor
ciliary body
224
which muscles in the eye receive parasympathetic innervation from CN III
ciliaris
| constrictor pupilae
225
what is the action of the ciliaris muscle
accommodation
226
where are the constrictor papillae and the dilator papillae located
pupillary border of the iris
227
what way do the eyes rotate in intortion (when the head is tilted)
towards the nose
228
what is the movement when the head is tilted and the eyes move away form the nose
extortion
229
what are the terms for looking up and looking down
up - elevation
| down - depression
230
what muscle elevates the upper eyelid
levitator palpebral superioris
231
list the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye and their innervation
```
superior rectus - CN III
lateral reactul - CN VI
inferior rectus - CN III
medial rectus - CN III
superior oblique - CN IV
inferior oblique - CN III
```
232
which muscle adducts the eye
medial rectus
233
which muscle abducts the eye
lateral rectus
234
what are the actions of the superior rectus
elevates
adducts
intorsion
235
what are the actions of the inferior rectus
depresses
adducts
extort
236
what are the actions of the superior oblique
depresses
abducts
intorts
237
what are the actions of the inferior oblique
elevates
abducts
extort
238
what is the only muscle that doesn't arise form the posterior aspect of the orbit
inferior oblique
239
what is the function of he suspensory ligament in the eyeball
resist posterior pull on the eyeball
240
what ligaments prevent over adduction and over abduction of they eye
medial and lateral check ligaments
241
which branch of the ICA supplies the orbit and eye
ophthalmic
242
which foramina do the orbital veins pass through to the cavernous sinus
superior orbital fissure ?
243
are there lymphatics in the orbit
no
244
list the 3 ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
245
what type of joint is present between the ossicles
synovial
246
which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane
malleus
247
which ossicle is in contact with the oval window
stapes
248
what 2 muscles are related to the ossicles
tensor tympani
| stapedius
249
what is the action of the tensor tympani
pulls malleus medially - tenses TM reducing amplitude
250
what is the action of the stapedius
pulls stapedius posteriorly - tightens annular ligaments reducing oscillatory range
251
which 2 areas which the middle ear communicates with
mastoid air cells
| nasopharynx via eustachian tube
252
which part of the temporal been does the middle ear lie in
petrous part
253
what fluid is inside the bony labyrinth and then the membranous labyrinth
bony - perilymph
| membranous - endolymph
254
which foramen does the facial nerve pass through to the middle ear
internal acoustic foramen
255
where in the middle ear does the facial nerve run
facial canal
256
where does the facial nerve give of the chorda tympani
middle ear
257
what fibres are contained in the chorda tympani
parasympathetic - secretomotor to salivary glands
| special sensory - taste of anterior 2/3
258
what is the terminal group of lymph nodes the lymph of the head and neck drain to before being returned to venous circulation
deep cervical
259
where do the parotid lymph nodes drain
scalp around parotid gland, lateral parts of the eyelids, middle ear
260
where do the buccal lymph nodes drain
cheek region
261
where do the submental lymph nodes drain
front of scalp, nose, lips, most air sinuses, teeth, gums, anterior tongue, floor of mouth,
262
where do the submandibular lymph nodes drain
middle region of scalp and external auditory meatus
263
where do the occipital lymph nodes drain
back of scalp
264
which bones form the pterion
frontal
parietal
temporal
sphenoid
265
what passes through the cribriform plate
olfactory nerve cells
266
what passes through the optic foramen
optic nerve
| ophthalmic artery
267
what passes through the superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, VI, V1 ophthalmic
| ophthalmic veins
268
what passes through the foramen rotundum
V2 - maxillary
269
what passes through the foramen ovale
V3 - mandibular
270
what passes through the foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
271
what passes through the foramen lacerum
nothing - carotid canal with ICA lies on top
272
what passes through the internal acoustic foramen
CN VII, VIII
273
what passes through the jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI
| venous sinuses become IJV
274
what passes through the hypoglossal foramen
CN XII
275
what passes through the foramen magnum
medulla
meninges
vertebral arteries
CN XI
276
which artery commonly is damaged to produce an extradural haemorrhage
middle meningeal
277
which sinus is at the back of the head on both sides of the occipital protuberance
transverse sinus
278
what does the groove of the transverse sinus continue as laterally
sigmoid sinus
279
what is the sella turcica
deep depression in the midline in the middle cranial fossa where the pituitary gland sits (sphenoid bone)
280
which fold of dura mater attaches laterally to the sella tunica at there anterior and posterior crinoid processes
tentorium cerebelli
281
which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus
optic canal
282
which bone is the pterygoid hamalus a part of
sphenoid
283
what type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the skull
intramembranous
284
what type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of base of the skull
endochondral
285
when do each of the fontanelles close
anterior - 18 months
| posterior - 2/3 months
286
which of the tongue papillae have stratified squamous KERITANISED epithelium (dorsal surface)
filiform papillae (no taste buds)
287
which acini of the salivary glands stains strongly
serous acini - parotid
288
which acini of the salivary glands stains weak
mucous acini - sublingual
289
what epithelium is seen in a salivary duct
columnar (clear circle)
290
which acini are present in the submandibular salivary gland
mixed - stains dark and pale
291
which layer of the eyeball so the muscles attach to
sclera
292
what make the cornea transparent
regularly arranged collagen fibres
293
where are the constrictor and dilator pupil muscles
iris
294
what doe the ciliaris muscle do
change shape of lens
295
what produces the aqueous humour
ciliary body
296
what suspends the lens form the ciliary body
suspensory ligaments
297
what splits the anterior and posterior chambers in the anterior segment
iris
298
what separates the anterior and posterior segments
lens
299
where is the trabecular meshwork and schelmms canal
angle of anterior chamber
300
what type of veins drain aqueous humour
episcleral veins
301
what 3 holes do all neuromuscular structures enter the orbit through
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
302
what is the conjunctiva
thin, wet mucous membrane that secretes fluid. covers inner surface of eyelids and loops back to cover sclera but not cornea
303
where do the LPS tendons attach
conjunctiva
tarsal plate
eyelid skin
304
where are meibomian glands
tarsal plate
305
is there conjunctiva over cornea
no
306
where are tears secreted and what is it innervated by
lacrimal gland
| parasympathetic facial
307
what makes the lacrimal sac open
orbicularis occuli contracts
308
what innervates the dilator pupilae
sympathetic plexus
309
what is different about the attachment to the sclera between the recti and obliques
recti attach anteriorly
| obliques attach posteriorly
310
where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal enter the orbit
inferior orbital fissure
311
where do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain to
cavernous sinus
312
where are intracranial venous sinuses located
between 2 layers of dura matter
313
how can a cavernous sinus infection cause loss of vision
spread by emissary veins - compromised venous drainage
| all nerves sit on wall of dura mater near sinus - spread
314
what is the basement membrane of the corneal surface of the cornea called
Bowman's membrane
315
why is the bowmans membrane of the eye significant
injury lower will cause scar formation
316
what is the basement membrane of the endothelium of the cornea called
Descemet's layer
317
what are the 5 layers of the cornea (histology)
1. epithelium - stratified squamous non keritanised
2. bowman's membrane
3. stroma - collagen fibres, no blood vessels
4. descements layer
5. endothelium - single layer of squamous cells
318
where does the cornea get its nutrition from
tear film in front (why sleeping with contact lenses is sore)
319
what is the fovea centralis
point in retina with maximum visual acuity
320
what is the blood supply to the inner and outer layers of the retina
inner - ophthalmic
| outer - choroid
321
what causes cataracts
build up of old lens fibres causes opacification
322
how would the eye be if CN IV was damaged
eyelid turned upwards as inferior oblique tries to compensate
323
what things can cause a cranial nerve palsy
```
aneurysm
trauma
stroke
infection
inflammation
diabetes
```
324
what happens in the condition coloboma
choroid fissure doesn't fuse - split in tube that carries the ophthalmic veins and arteries
can see sclera
325
what causes glaucoma (triad)
raised intaocular pressure
visual field defects
optic disc changes
326
what people are predisposed to angle closure glaucoma
long sighted (hyperopia/ short eye)
327
what happens in open angle glaucoma
drainage through the trabecular network is blocked
328
which layer of the eye is inflamed in uveitis
vascular layer
329
what does RADSIN stand for (eye muscles)
Recti - Adduct - Superior Intort
330
what are the actions of the superior rectus
elevate
adduct
intortion
331
what are the actions of the inferior rectus
depress
adduct
extortion
332
what are the actions of the superior oblique
depresses
abduct
intortion
333
what are the actions of the inferior oblique
elevates
abducts
extortion
334
what are intorsion and extortion
intorsion - top of eyeball moves towards the nose
| extortion is opposite
