december formative Flashcards
1
Q
what passes through the cribriform plate
A
olfactory nerve fibres
2
Q
what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to
A
crista gali of ethmoid
frontal crest of frontal bone
3
Q
what are the actions of the rectus abdominis
A
flex and rotate trunk
control pelvis tilt
4
Q
what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do
A
change the position
5
Q
how many facial bones are there
A
14
6
Q
what structures pass through the foramen transversium
A
vertebral arteries
7
Q
which opening does cranial nerve I pass through
A
cribriform plate of ethmoid
8
Q
what features of the large intestine make it distinguishable from the small intestine
A
omental appendices (small, fatty projections) haustra teniae coli - thick bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal incomplete, circular poke out)
9
Q
list the 4 supra hyoid muscles
A
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
10
Q
which type of fibres does the trigeminal VI nerve carry
A
sensory - cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, sinuses
11
Q
what are the ascending and descending tracts of the white matter in the spinal cord
A
ascending - sensory
descending - motor
12
Q
which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
A
CN III - oculomotor
13
Q
what are paranasal air sinuses
A
air filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity
14
Q
which cranial nerve innervates hearing and balance
A
vestibulocochlear
15
Q
where is the vestibule of the oral cavity
A
between lips/ cheek and gums/teeth
16
Q
is there conjunctiva over cornea
A
no
17
Q
what causes an indirect inguinal hernia
A
congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring allowing abdominal contents to enter canal
18
Q
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
A
parietal
19
Q
describe the pathway of the facial nerve
A
post/medulla junction –> internal acoustic meatus –> facial canal –> stylomastoid foramen
20
Q
what 3 holes do all neuromuscular structures enter the orbit through
A
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
21
Q
which muscles in the eye receive parasympathetic innervation from CN III
A
ciliaris
constrictor pupilae
22
Q
what is the action of the stapedius
A
pulls stapedius posteriorly - tightens annular ligaments reducing oscillatory range
23
Q
from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from
A
subclavian
24
Q
what is the blood supply to the inner and outer layers of the retina
A
inner - ophthalmic
outer - choroid
25
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the olfactory nerve
anosmia
26
what action do the infrahyoids have on the hyoid bone
depress
27
what passes through the optic foramen
optic nerve
| phthalmic artery
28
3 parts of the skull
neuro-cranium
facial skull (viscera cranium)
mandible
29
which abdominal region is the appendix located
right iliac / groin
30
name some organs in the hypogastric region of the abdomen
small intestine
sigmoid colon
bladder
31
how can a cavernous sinus infection cause loss of vision
spread by emissary veins - compromised venous drainage
| all nerves sit on wall of dura mater near sinus - spread
32
what do somatic motor nerves supply
striated muscle under voluntary control
33
which vein does the EJV drain into
subclavian
34
which layer of the eye is inflamed in uveitis
vascular layer
35
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
36
what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)
4th ventricle
37
which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction
CN VI, VII, VIII,
38
what is Herpes Zoster
virus that travels down nerves in a dermatomal function causing skin lesions and accompanied by sever pain
39
the supra-orbital artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
40
what artery is the middle meningeal artery a branch of
maxillary
41
the tail of which organ is closely related to the spleen
pancreas
42
what is the clinical significance of parabolic gutters
infective material form abdominal organs can accumulate elsewhere
43
what is the level of the gall bladder
9th costal cartilage
44
what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere
median longitudinal fissure
45
what passes through the internal acoustic foramen
CN VII, VIII
46
which opening does cranial nerve IV pass through
superior orbital fissure
47
what is the sympathetic nerve supply to the abdominal viscera
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-9, lesser T10-11, least T12)
pre-vertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexuses
48
what are the 4 groups of lymph nodes draining the stomach
```
superior gastric
supra-pyloric
pancreaticollenal
inferior gastric
ALL DRAIN INTO CELIAC
```
49
what things can cause a cranial nerve palsy
```
aneurysm
trauma
stroke
infection
inflammation
diabetes
```
50
which foramen does the facial nerve pass through to the middle ear
internal acoustic foramen
51
which division of the anterior triangle do the facial artery and submandibular gland lie
digastric / submandibular
52
which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord
foramen magnum
53
what muscle runs from the thyroid to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
thyrohyoid
54
where is the trabecular meshwork and schelmms canal
angle of anterior chamber
55
what opens into the inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
56
which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on
pons
57
what parts of the colon are retroperitonised
ascending colon
| descending colon
58
what bone forms the rood of the nasopharynx
sphenoid
59
which gland sits above the colliculi
pineal
60
where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal enter the orbit
inferior orbital fissure
61
what is the sella turcica
deep depression in the midline in the middle cranial fossa where the pituitary gland sits (sphenoid bone)
62
what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
63
what fluid circulates around the subarachnoid space
CSF
64
which arteries supply the thyroid
superior thyroid
| inferior thyroid
65
what is the internal capsule made up of
myelinated axons - white matter
66
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
CN III- XII
67
what bones is the zygomatic arch made up of
temporal
| zygomatic
68
which 2 structures open into the cavity of caecum
ileum ascending colon
69
define he peritoneal cavity
potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum , containing peritoneal fluid.
70
what type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the skull
intramembranous
71
what is the arterial supply to the superior 1/3 of the rectum
superior rectal artery
72
what is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus
thoracic duct
73
which nerve branches emerge form the anterior border of the parotid gland
paranoid plexus of the facial nerve
74
what is contained in the vascular compartment of the neck
major blood vessels and vagus nerve
75
what is the peritoneum
transparent serous membrane that covers the body wall and organs
76
why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left
liver
77
what splits the anterior and posterior chambers in the anterior segment
iris
78
where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve split
trigeminal ganglion
79
what cells are present in gastric pits
parietal (HCl, intrinsic factor) , chief cells (pepsinogens), goblet cels
80
what do general sensory nerves receive inputs from
touch, temperature, pain
81
what sulcus divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
terminal sulcus
82
which part of the small intestine has the most fat
ileum
83
which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane
malleus
84
at which location is the CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation
arachnoid granulations
85
what are the components of the lentiform nucleus
putamen
| globus pallidus
86
what are the actions of the superior oblique
depresses
abduct
intortion
87
what are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the gut
coeliac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
88
where do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain to
cavernous sinus
89
which lobe do each of the lateral ventricle horns pass into
anterior- frontal
body - parietal
inferior - temporal
posterior - occipital
90
which cranial nerves carry mixed fibres
trigeminal (sensory to face and motor to tongue)
facial (motor facial expression and sensory taste)
glossopharyngeal (motor swallowing - sensory taste)
vagus (sensory taste and visceral - motor to throat, vocal cords)
91
which cranial nerves are purely motor
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory (neck, soft palate, throat - swallowing) hypoglossal - tongue
92
what passes through the foramen magnum
medulla
meninges
vertebral arteries
CN XI
93
what are the 5 layers of the cornea (histology)
1. epithelium - stratified squamous non keritanised
2. bowman's membrane
3. stroma - collagen fibres, no blood vessels
4. descents layer
5. endothelium - single layer of squamous cells
94
what would happen if an UMN was damaged above decussation
contralateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
95
where do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue insert and originate and what do they do
all within the tongue
| alter shape
96
which side of optic nerve fibres cross over at the optic chaism to form the optic tracts
nasal
97
what is the name of the outer fascia in the neck
muscolofascial collar
98
which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem
mesencephalon
| myencephalon (hindbrain)
99
which opening does cranial nerve VII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
100
what supplies general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V3)
101
what is the parasympathetic supply to the abdominal viscera
anterior and posterior vagal trunks
| pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4)
102
what 2 bones does the lambed suture separate
parietal occipital (temporal edge)
103
which cerebral artery supplies internal capsule
middle
104
which part of the autonomic nervous system acts as a vasoconstrictor
sympathetic
105
how long is the midbrain
2cm
106
what is the portal system
system of blood vessels that directs blood from the GI tract to the liver
107
what is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid (supra hyoid)
facial nerve
108
where do the parotid lymph nodes drain
scalp around parotid gland, lateral parts of the eyelids, middle ear
109
what is the most prominent type of papillae of the tongue
filiform
110
what is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called
oropharyngeal isthmus
111
what are the 3 foramina in the apex of the orbit
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
112
what does the septum pellucidum do
separates anterior horns of the later ventricles
113
what cranial nerves are in the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres
glossopharyngeal - sensory
| vagus - motor
114
which cranial nerves innervates taste
facial - anterior 2/3 (chorda tympani)
| glossopharyngeal/ vagus
115
what structures make up the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)
116
what is the function of the pyloric sphincter
controls delivery of digested food form the stomach to the duodenum
117
what vesicles are in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
| 4th ventricle
118
what does retroperitoneal mean
only covers by peritoneum anteriorly as they are firmly attached to the posterior wall
119
what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain
basilar sinus
120
what parts of the colon are intraperitonised
caecum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
121
which part of the temporal been does the middle ear lie in
petrous part
122
what are the valveless veins from the scalp to the venous sinuses called
emissary veins
123
what are the 4 imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions
right and left midclavicular
transtubercular line (inferior)
subcostal line
124
which opening does cranial nerve IX pass through
jugular foramen
125
what are the large folds extending into the lumen of the small intestine called
crypts of luberkuhn
126
what is the epithelium of the small intestine
simple columnar
127
which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold
parietal
128
which cranial nerve innervates vision
optic
129
what is the cause of hydrocephalus
restricted CSF - raised intacerebral pressurein infancy - enlargement of the head and reduction in cerebral mater
130
what is the term used to describe the upper part of the ureter
renal pelvis
131
which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on
midbrain POSTERIOR
132
where do the two optic nerves meet
optic chaism
133
where do the muscles of facial expression lie within
superficial fascia of the face
134
where is the insula
under parietal lobe (part of temporal)
135
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior ophthalmic
superficial medial cerebral
sphenopariteal sinus
136
what does intraperitoneal mean
completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum (suspended by mesentery )
137
what 2 bones does the sagittal suture separate
2 parietal bones
138
what makes CSF
choroid plexus
139
are islets of langerhan endocrine or exocrine
endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
140
describe the mucosa of the large intestine
simple columnar epithelium
| no villi , no folds (flat and smooth)
141
what bone makes the superior and middle conchae
ethmoid
142
which acini of the salivary glands stains strongly
serous acini - parotid
143
what is the transpyloric plane
midpoint between jugular notch and pubic symphis
| pylorus of stomach, neck of pancreas, duodenum, hilum of kidney, 1st lumbar vertebra
144
what is the pyloric sphincter
smooth muscle band between the pylorus and duodenum
145
what fibres are present in the corpus callosum
commissural
146
at what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries
L4
147
which bone do the nasal bones articulate with anteriorly
frontal
148
which muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity
buccinator
149
which muscle abducts the eye
lateral rectus
150
which extrinsic muscle depresses the tongue
hypoglossus
151
what is the action of the ciliaris muscle
accommodation
152
how would you locate the transpyloric plane on a patient
1/2 way between jugular notch and pubic symphis
153
which mode of imaging is good for the ureters
IV pyelogram
154
which 2 veins make the internal jugular vein
facial vein
| anterior retromandibular
155
where does the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland originate
external carotid nerve plexus
156
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle
SCM, trapezium, middle 1/3 clavicle
157
what are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm
T8 - IVC
T10 - oesophagus
T12 - aorta
158
name some organs in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
stomach
spleen
kidney
159
what are the components of the outer fibrous layer of they eye
sclera (5/6th) - white of eye
| cornea (1/6th)
160
which foramen does the cerebellum sit above
foramen magnum
161
which ossicle is in contact with the oval window
stapes
162
list the 9 regions of the abdomen
```
right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar umbilical
left lumbar
right iliac/ inguinal
hypogastric
left iliac
```
163
what is the role of air sinuses
decrease weight of the skull
164
what movements occur at the TMJ
```
elevation (close mouth)
depression (open mouth)
protrusion
retrusion (chin)
side to side - chewing
```
165
what is the facial artery a branch of
external carotid
166
what muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery
massetor
167
what is the blood supply to the internal capsule
middle cerebral artery
168
what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
endocrine secrete into bloodstream and exorcise secrete out
169
what lymph nodes are the contents of the submental division of the anterior triangle
submental lymph nodes
170
name some organs in the left iliac region of the abdomen
small intestine
descending colon
sigmoid colon
171
list some of the facial muscles
```
occipitofrontalis
orbicularis occuli
palpebral
orbicularis orisbuccinator
buccinator
platysma
```
172
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the right
brachiocephalic (other branch is subclavian)
173
what are the 4 protuberances on the hyoid bone called
2 greater horn, 2 lesser horn
174
which bones make the roof of the nose
nasal
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid (cribriform plate)
175
what suspends the lens form the ciliary body
suspensory ligaments
176
what tissue makes up the palatine tissue
lymphoid
177
what are the attachments of the greater omentum
greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
178
which opening does cranial nerve XII pass through
hypoglossal foramen
179
which part of the small intestine does the pancreatic duct open into
duodenum
180
where are the ependymal cells
inside ventricles / central canal
181
what number is Brocas area (motor speech)
44/ 45 - at lateral sulcus
182
which portions of the stomach are the rugae most apparent in
pylorus
| greater curvature
183
what in the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system
central canal
184
what are projection fibres
run between cortex and subcostal centres
185
what are the main contents of the orbit
```
orbital fat
extrinsic eye muscles
optic nerve
branches of ophthalmic artery
lacrimal tear apparatus
```
186
what effect would parasympathetic stimulation have on GI secretion
increase (vasodilation)
187
what is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle
elevate eyebrows, wrinkle forehead
188
what passes through the hypoglossal foramen
CN XII
189
which opening does cranial nerve VIII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
190
what does the extra hepatic biliary apparatus consist of
```
right and left hepatic ducts
common hepatic duct
gallbladder
cystic duct
bile duct
```
191
what opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess
sphenoid sinus
192
which arteries run near the parotid gland
external temporal --> superficial temporalfacial
193
which branch of the trigeminal innervates the maxillary air sinus
V2
194
what separates the anterior and posterior segments
lens
195
where innervated visceral pain
autonomic nerves - referred, dull, poorly localised pain
196
list some hindgut structures
distal transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colonrectum
197
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the facial nerve
bells palsy - can't frown, close eyelid or bare teeth
198
where does the lateral pterygoid run to
TMJ
199
which mode of radiology lets you see the abdominal arteries
abdominal angiogram
200
what is the gland on the side of the face
parotid
201
which 2 nerves are a branch of the mandibular nerve
lingual (tongue)
| inferior alveolar nerve (lower jaw)
202
what muscle runs from the sternum to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
sternohyoid
203
what is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx during swallowing
elevate larynx
204
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the submental and submandibular gland
facial - chorda tympani
205
how does the attachment of facial muscles differ to other skeletal muscles
they attach to each other
206
where does the vertebra-basilar system supply
brainstem
occipital lobe
cerebellum
207
what would happen to the cheek during chewing in facial nerve palsy
food accumulates in oral vestibule (buccinator)
208
what part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle of the brain lie in
diencephalon
209
the tracts for what run in the posterior / dorsal column
touch, pressure, proprioception(cross at medulla)
210
which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk
vertebral
211
what are intorsion and extortion
intorsion - top of eyeball moves towards the nose
| extortion is opposite
212
what are the actions of the inferior oblique
elevates
abducts
extort
213
where do the buccal lymph nodes drain
cheek region
214
which opening does cranial nerve VI pass through
superior orbital fissure
215
what number of area is the primary sensory area
1, 2, 3 - post central gyrus
216
which opening does cranial nerve V3 pass through
foramen vales
217
what is immediately superior to the midbrain
the thalamus
218
where is bile produced
liver
219
where are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis
distal oesophagus
bare liver
umbilicus
1/2 anal canal
220
what is the arterial supply to the middle 1/3 and inferior 1/3 of the rectum
right/ left middle rectal arteries
221
which of the tongue papillae have stratified squamous KERITANISED epithelium (dorsal surface)
filiform papillae (no taste buds)
222
what bone forms the pterygoid plates
sphenoid
223
how would the eye be if CN IV was damaged
eyelid turned upwards as inferior oblique tries to compensate
224
which ribs are related to the spleen
9, 10, 11
225
where are the constrictor papillae and the dilator papillae located
pupillary border of the iris
226
where are the constrictor and dilator pupil muscles
iris
227
what two organs does the small intestine extend between
pylorus of stomach
| ileocaecal junction
228
branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery
vertebral
229
what is the epithelium of the nasal cavity
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
230
what are the bony attachments of the masseter
maxillary process of the zygomatic
| zygomatic arch of temporal bone
231
where is the cingulate and what is it involved in
frontal lobe (middle) - retrieving info and memory
232
what is the specialised structure lining the ventricles that produces CSF
choroid plexus
233
what are the names of the sections of the stomach
fundus, body, antrum
234
what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla
235
what is the nerve supply to the soft palate muscles
pharyngeal plexus (not tensor veli palatini)
236
the superficial temporal artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
237
which of the supra hyoid muscles can you not see on the surface
geniohyoid - under myelohyoid
238
what fibres are contained in the chorda tympani
parasympathetic - secretomotor to salivary glands
| special sensory - taste of anterior 2/3
239
what joint is present between the zygomatic arch bones
suture
240
what is the function of he suspensory ligament in the eyeball
resist posterior pull on the eyeball
241
what are the 3 primary vesicles (week 4)
prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombocephalon (hindbrain)
242
where is the epiploic foramen located
free edge of the lesser sac
243
what are the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx (outer constrictor layer)
superior
middle
inferior
can't be separated
244
what does the groove of the transverse sinus continue as laterally
sigmoid sinus
245
what is the function of bile
aid digestion of lipids
246
what are areas 18 and 19
visual association areas
247
which opening does cranial nerve V1 pass through
superior orbital fissure
248
what is the space above the superior concha
sphene-ethmoidal recess
249
which type of fibres does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry
special sensory - hearing from cochlea and balance form semicircular canals (position of head), sacule and utricle (up and down)
250
name some organs in the right lumbar region of the abdomen
ascending colon
right kidney
small intestine
251
where is the petrous part of the temporal bone
inside the external ear canal on the floor of the skull
252
which group of structures is the substantia nigra structurally part of
basal ganglia
253
what is the nerve supply of the digastric (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
| facial
254
which nerve plexus does the phrenic nerve arise from
cervical plexus
255
which cranial nerve is tested by sticking out the tongue
hypoglossal
256
what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids
motor fibres cross over
257
what nerve innervates the palatoglossus
vagus
258
which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction
middle
259
what is a meatus
space underneath a conchae
| paranasal sinuses and ducts open into
260
what attaches to the crista gali (ethmoid bone)
falx celebri
261
what bone is the mastoid process part of
temporal
262
which acini are present in the submandibular salivary gland
mixed - stains dark and pale
263
what people are predisposed to angle closure glaucoma
long sighted (hyperopia/ short eye)
264
what condition arises form a patchy loss/ scarring of the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis
265
which artery supplies the foregut
coeliac
266
which branch of the ICA supplies the orbit and eye
ophthalmic
267
which dural sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium
straight sinus
268
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus (attaches to soft palate)
269
which type of fibres does the vagus nerve carry
special sensory - taste epiglottis and palategeneral sensory - auricle, external acoustic meatusvisceral sensory - pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine visceral motor - parasympathetic to bronci, heart somatic motor - pharynx, larynx, soft palate, oesophagus
270
where is the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
on surface
271
which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open
sphincter of oddi
272
what way do the eyes rotate in intortion (when the head is tilted)
towards the nose
273
when do umbilical hernias occur
abdominal contents pass through a weakness at the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall
274
what is a cerebellar coning
sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen
275
which part of the mandible does the medial pterygoid attach to
ramus (near angle)
276
what is at the bottom of the nose
soft palate
277
what is the septum pellucid continuous with
corpus callosum
| fornix
278
where does the facial nerve give of the chorda tympani
middle ear
279
what does RADSIN stand for (eye muscles)
Recti - Adduct - Superior Intort
280
what is the largest foramen in the posterior fossa
foramen magnum
281
which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the face
stylomastoid
282
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
283
what is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid (supra hyoid)
C1
284
what is unique about the hyoid bone
only bone in the body not articulated to another bone
285
what is the function of the soft palate muscles
pull palate up - prevent regurgitation /close nasal passages
286
where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath (IJV, CCA)
in between
287
what locations of infections can spread to the cavernous sinus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis
sinuses, ears, teeth
288
which type of fibres does the optic nerve carry
special sensory - sight
289
what is the terminal group of lymph nodes the lymph of the head and neck drain to before being returned to venous circulation
deep cervical
290
what would happen to the eyelids in facial nerve palsy
sag (orbicularis occuli)
291
what vertebral level is the umbilicus on the abdominal wall
L3-4
292
what are the components of the middle vascular layer of they eye
choroid - supplies blood to outer retina
ciliary body
iris
293
what is the level of the cardiac sphincter
left 6th costal cartilage
294
what structures make up Calot's cystohepatic triangle
cystic duct
common hepatic duct
inferior surface of liver
(contains hepatic artery)
295
what type of joint is the TMJ
synovial hinge
296
what is the curvature of the vertebral column at the cervical portion
lordosis
297
what is at the centre of each liver lobule and what radiates around
central vein - hepatic cords
298
which type of fibres does the trigeminal V2 nerve carry
sensory - all over maxilla, maxillary teeth, TMJ, maxillary sinus
299
what opens into the superior meatus (under superior conchae)
posterior ethmoid air cells
300
What is the vertebra prominens
C7 - palpable spinous process
301
where are he dural venous sinuses present
between periosteum and dura matter
302
which artery gives off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vertebral
303
what are the cranial visceral motor nerves a divison of
parasympathetic nervous system
304
which artery commonly is damaged to produce an extradural haemorrhage
middle meningeal
305
which dural venous sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri
superior sagittal
306
what type of matter are the basal ganglia
grey
307
what is the nerve supply of the infrahyoid muscles
C1-3 - ansa cervicali
| apart from thyrohyoid (only C1 - on hypoglossus)
308
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
309
what is the action of the pyramidalis
tenses linea alba
310
what are the 4 divisions of the anterior triangle
submental
digastric/ submandibular
Carotid
Muscular
311
which type of fibres does the oculomotor nerve carry
motor - eye movement - 4/6 extrinsic & LPS parasympathetic - pupil
312
which cranial nerve innervates tongue movement
hypoglossal
313
what effect would parasympathetic stimulation have on GI motility
increase
314
which 2 bone make up the floor of the nose
palatine bone and palatine process of the maxillae
315
which bone is the mental tubercle part of
mandible (chin)
316
what type of fibre is the internal capsule made up of
projection fibres
317
what to dural venous sinuses drain into
IJV
318
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the vagus nerve
pharyngeal branches --> difficulty swallowinglaryngeal branches --> difficulty speaking (hoarse, quiet)
319
what innervates the pharynx
pharyngeal plexus
320
where does the scalp extend from
frontal boen to superior nuchal lines and laterally to zygomatic arches
321
what is at the corner of each lobule in the liver
portal triad
322
where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal emerge
foramen ovale
323
which nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue (expect palatoglossus)
hypoglossus
324
what is the movement when the head is tilted and the eyes move away form the nose
extortion
325
which foramina do the orbital veins pass through to the cavernous sinus
superior orbital fissure ?
326
what is area 41/42
primary audiotory cortex
327
in the small intestine, do the glands in the lamina propria extend beyond the muscularis mucosae
no - brunners glands in small intestine (bicarbonate)
328
what is the ansa cervicalis
loop of neves - C1-C3
329
how does the muscularis externa differ along the oesophagus
upper 1/3 skeletal
| lower 2/3 smooth
330
which strap muscles of the neck lie in the muscular division of the anterior triangle of the neck
infra hyoidpharynx/ thyroid
331
where are the olives in relation the the pyramid tract
lateral
332
what opens into the middle meatus
maxillary, frontal, anterior& middle ethmoid air cells
333
where is wernickes area
temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere
334
list the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye and their innervation
```
superior rectus - CN III
lateral reactul - CN VI
inferior rectus - CN III
medial rectus - CN III
superior oblique - CN IV
inferior oblique - CN III
```
335
which section of the brain does the oculomotor nerve emerge from
midbrain
336
what structure lies between the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles
palatine tonsil
337
where innervates parietal pain
T7-12 + L1 - somatic & localised
338
what produces the aqueous humour
ciliary body
339
what is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus
increased motility
340
which branch of the trigeminal innervates frontal air sinus
V1
341
what causes cataracts
build up of old lens fibres causes opacification
342
which type of fibres does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry
special sensory - taste posterior 1/3
general sensory - cutaneous from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
visceral sensory - carotid body and carotid sinus (baroreceptors)
visceral motor - parasympathetic to parotid gland
somatic motor - stylopharyngeus (help with swallowing)
343
which cerebral artery supplies the primary sensory area
anterior
344
what are the actions of the superior rectus
elevates
adducts
intorsion
345
what are the bony attachments of the inguinal ligament
pubic tubercle
| anterior superior iliac crest
346
which muscle of facial expression contracts to close the mouth
orbicualris oris
347
which branch of the trigeminal innervates ethmoid air cells
V1
348
Most common type of joint between skull
suture joint
349
what bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face
mandible
350
what ligaments prevent over adduction and over abduction of they eye
medial and lateral check ligaments
351
why is the bowmans membrane of the eye significant
injury lower will cause scar formation
352
what 2 things articulate to form the TMJ
mandible condyle, mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
353
name some organs in the left lumbar region of the abdomen
descending colon
left kidney
small intestine
354
what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
355
which cranial nerve innervates the SCM and trapezius
accessory
356
what are ventricles
interconnected spaces/ cavities that lie within the brain
357
what are the components of the inner sensory layer of they eye
retina
358
which cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex
posterior
359
list the 3 ossicles and what bone they are part of
malleus
incus
stapes
petrous part of temporal
360
what is contained in the carotid body
chemoreceptors sensitive to low oxygen (run in glossopharyngeal)
361
which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression
CN VII - facial
362
what artery linked the two anterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating
363
what does the EJV drain superficially
scalp and face
364
what level does the superior mesenteric branch leave the aorta
L1
365
what makes up the olive bodies
inferior olive nucleii
366
what are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses
humidify inspired air
| reduce weight of the skull
367
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
368
what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord
filum terminale
369
where in the middle ear does the facial nerve run
facial canal
370
name some organs in the epigastric region of the abdomen
stomach
pancreas
liver
371
which vein of the upper limb merge with to form the brachiocephalic
subclavian
372
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the hypoglossal nerve
paralysis and wasting of half of tongue - deviates towards affected side
373
which extrinsic muscle retracts the tongue
styloglossus
374
what lobes does the lateral (sylvan) fissure run between
temporal
| frontal/ parietal
375
what passes through the foramen lacerum
nothing - carotid canal with ICA lies on top
376
what type of veins drain aqueous humour
episcleral veins
377
between the sternohyoid and sternothyroid which is more superficial
sternothyoid
378
what are the actions of the inferior rectus
depresses
adducts
extort
379
what fluid is inside the bony labyrinth and then the membranous labyrinth
bony - perilymph
| membranous - endolymph
380
which 3 muscles cause depression of the mandible (close mouth)
lateral pterygoid
supra hyoid
infra hyoid
381
which nerves emerge from the junction of the pons and medulla
abducents
facial
vestibulocochlear
382
what passes through the jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI
| venous sinuses become IJV
383
what absorbs CSF
arachnoid villi
384
give the drainage of the superior, middle and inferior rectum
superior rectal vein
middle rectal vein
inferior rectal vein
385
what is the function of the spleen
```
filter for blood storage of RBC
immune response (phagocytosis)
```
386
where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity
2nd molar
387
what are the actions of the obliques
flex/ rotate trunk
| compress and support abdominal viscera
388
list some midgut structures
```
small intestine
caecum
appendix
ascending colon
proximal transverse colon
```
389
are there lymphatics in the orbit
no
390
list some intraperitoneal organs
stomach
liver
transverse colon
391
which type of fibres does the olfactory nerve carry
special sensory - smell
392
list the venous sinuses in the head
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
transverse, straight, sigmoid (meet and confluence) cavernous
393
what are the actions of the inferior rectus
depress
adduct
extortion
394
which fold of dura mater attaches laterally to the sella tunica at there anterior and posterior crinoid processes
tentorium cerebelli
395
what are the 3 branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar
labyrinthe
superior cerebellar
396
where is the parasympathetic outflow
CN III, VII, IX, X
| S2 , 3 , 4
397
what level does the coeliac branch leave the aorta
T12
398
what is the rectus sheath
aponeurosis of the external/ internal obliques and transverses abdominis, enclosing the rectus abdominis
399
where is the palatine bone
roof of mouth
400
what is the action of the genioglossus
protrude tongue to OPPOSITE side
401
what are commissural fibres
connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres
402
how many skull bone are there
8
403
what is the carotid sinus
pressure receptor at terminal common carotid - monitors flow of blood to head
404
what is the bare area of the liver bare of
peritoneum
405
which organ has islets of langerhans
pancreas
406
which cranial nerves are directly attached to the brain
olfactory and optic
407
which type of fibres does the hypoglossal nerve carry
motor - muscles of tongue
408
list some retroperitoneal organs
```
ascending and descending colon
kidneys
pancreas
aorta
oesophagus
caecum
spleen
```
409
what happens during embryology to form the inguinal canal
relocation of the gonads
410
what are association fibres
connect one part of the cortex with another in the SAME hemisphere
411
where are intracranial venous sinuses located
between 2 layers of dura matter
412
which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication
mandibular branch of trigeminal (only division that carries motor and sensory)
413
name some organs in the umbilical region of the abdomen
stomach
pancreas
transverse colon
414
where is the lingual tonsil and what produces it
dorsal surface of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue submucosal lymphoid tissue
415
what cells are present in the duodenum and ileum
duodenum - brunners
| ileum - peyers patches
416
what passes through the foramen rotundum
V2 - maxillary
417
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve
loss of gag reflex and taste from back of tongue
418
which two veins form the portal vein
splenic vein
| superior mesenteric vein
419
which type of fibres does the facial nerve carry
somatic motor - muscles of facial expression, stapedius of middle ear (dampen down loud noise)
parasympathetic to salivary glands (submental &submandibular) & lacrimal glands
420
what is diploe
spongy flat bone
421
where do the LPS tendons attach
conjunctiva
tarsal plate
eyelid skin
422
what would happen if a LMN was damaged
areflexia (no reflexes)
flacid paralysis (lack of tone)
ipsilateral
423
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal
424
what are the 4 parts of the corps callosum
rostrum
genu
body
splenium
425
which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)
recurrent laryngeal (vagus)
426
what part of the eye secretes aqueous humor
ciliary body
427
what division of the autonomic nervous system is secretomotor to the parotid gland
parasympathetic
428
which cranial nerve gives sensory innervation of the face
CN V - trigeminal
V1 - ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
429
what are the contents of the neuromuscular sheath (carotid) in the carotid division of the anterior triangle
internal jugular vein
common carotid
vagus nerve
430
which cells in the pancreas stain poorly and strongly
poor - islets of langerhans
| strong - serous acini
431
what is the only muscle that doesn't arise form the posterior aspect of the orbit
inferior oblique
432
what 3 layers make up the mucosa of the GI tract
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
433
what innervates the dilator pupilae
sympathetic plexus
434
what supplies taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
glossopharyngeal
435
which branch of the trigeminal innervates sphenoid air sinus
V1 and 2
436
what doe the ciliaris muscle do
change shape of lens
437
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve
tinnitus - ringing in ears
deafness - conductive or sensorineural
vertigo - loss of balance
nystagmus - involuntary rapid eye movements (associated with loss of balance)
438
what structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1
brachial plexus
439
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior
posterior
flocondular
remember tonsil connecting to medulla
440
which cranial nerve is tested by the pupillary light reflex
oculomotor
441
what level does the inferior mesenteric branch leave the aorta
L3
442
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the trochlear nerve
diplopia (double vision) when looking down and inwards
443
which of the common carotid branches gives branches to the neck
ECA
444
what muscle elevates the upper eyelid
levitator palpebrae superioris
445
how does the colour vary between the jejunum and ileum
jejunum is darker and ileum is a paler pink
446
which artery supplies the midgut
superior mesenteric
447
what happens to the mandible when the posterrior fibres of the temporals contract
retrusion
448
what happens in the condition coloboma
choroid fissure doesn't fuse - split in tube that carries the ophthalmic veins and arteries
can see sclera
449
which vein does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into
splenic
450
what is the function of the hypothalamus
main visceral control centre
| body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hormones
451
what is contained in the retina
light sensitive rods and cones
452
what supplies general sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
glossopharyngeal
453
what type of bone is skull
flat bone
454
what is the action of the tensor tympani
pulls malleus medially - tenses TM reducing amplitude
455
which cranial nerve innervates smell
olfactory
456
in the small intestine what are the villi that extend into the lamina propria and what do they do
crypts of lieberkuhn - secrete CL and H20
457
where are tears secreted and what is it innervated by
lacrimal gland
parasympathetic
facial
458
the tracts for what run in the lateral spinothalmic tract
pain, temperature
459
which group of nerve emerges from the posterior triangle
cervical plexus
460
what are the 2 imaginary line that divide the abdomen into the 4 quadrants
transumbilical
| median
461
where does the omohyoid muscle end (from the hyoid bone)
lateral to scapula
462
what is area 4
pre central gyrus - Primary motor cortex
463
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the optic nerve
papilloeadema - increase in CSF compresses, drainage is stopped but artery is still supplied
lesion at chiasm - bitemporal hemianopsialesion at R optic nerve - blindness in right eye
lesion in R optic tract - blind left temporal and right nasal (left homonymous hemianopsia)
tumour of pituitary gland - lose temporal visions
464
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the accessory nerve
weakness in turning head and shrugging shoulders
465
what is the basement membrane of the corneal surface of the cornea called
Bowman's membrane
466
what are the manifestations of CN III palsy
ptosis
no accommodation
eyeball abducted
no pupillary right reflex
467
what is the carotid canal lateral to
foramen lacerum
468
What structures pass through foramen magnum
CN XI
medulla (becomes spinal cord)
meninges
left and right spinal arteries
469
what are the 4 muscles of mastication
temporalis
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid
470
what 4 things frame the parotid gland
zygomatic archanterior borer of SCM angle of mandiblemasseter
471
what prevents a bolus entering the larynx
epiglottis
472
where are the superior and inferior epigastric vessels in relation to the rectus abdominus
deep
473
which CN do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in
glossopharyngeal
| vagus
474
which layer of the eyeball so the muscles attach to
sclera
475
which opening does cranial nerve XI pass through
jugular foramen
476
what is the venous drainage of the oesophagus
azygous vein
477
what happens in open angle glaucoma
drainage through the trabecular network is blocked
478
in a histology of the stomach which cells are pink and which are purple
pink - parietal
| purple - chief cells
479
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the posterior scalp
C2, 3, 4 and spinal nerves
480
what is the fovea centralis
point in retina with maximum visual acuity
481
which type of fibres does the accessory carry
motor - SCM, trapezius, soft palate, pharynx, larynx
482
what are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall
```
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
pyramidalis
```
483
where is the suprarenal gland located
above kidney , below crura (endocrine)
484
what are the 4 layers of the GI tract
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
485
which bone is the nuchal line a part of? can you see it
occipital , no
486
which type of fibres does the abducent nerve carry
motor - eye movement - lateral rectus
487
where does the abdomen run form superiorly and inferiorly
thorax and pelvis
488
what 2 muscle layers make up the muscularis externa
circular
| longitudinal
489
which cranial nerve innervates the vocal chords
vagus
490
what are the anatomical parts of the thyroid
lobes and isthmus
491
where is red marrow stored in the skull bones
diploe - spongy bone
492
what causes glaucoma (triad)
raised intaocular pressure visual field defects
| optic disc changes
493
what are the terms for looking up and looking down
up - elevation
| down - depression
494
what nerves innervate the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall
T7- T12
495
what are components of the limbic system
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
496
what passes through the cribriform plate
olfactory nerve cells
497
when does the spinal cord terminate in an adult
L1-L2
498
which 2 areas which the middle ear communicates with
mastoid air cells
| nasopharynx via eustachian tube
499
which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres
oculomotor
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus
500
what do the endocrine glands of the pancreas secrete
hormones
501
why is the greater momentum known as the abdominal policeman
can migrate to infected areas - localising the infection and protecting against peritonitis
502
what kind of joint is present between occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)
synovial - ellipsoid
503
what would happen to the corners of the mouth in facial nerve palsy
droop / can't speak (orbicularis oris)
504
which bones form the pterion
frontal
parietal
temporal
sphenoid
505
what are the actions of the superior rectus
elevate
adduct
intortion
506
what makes the lacrimal sac open
orbicularis occuli contracts
507
what region is the spleen located
left hypochondriac
508
what muscle type forms the muscularis externa
smooth
509
what is the blood supply to the oesophagus
branches of the left gastric artery
510
what prominence of cartilage makes the adams apple
thyroid cartilage
511
what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate
```
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus musculus
uvulae
```
512
if the right SCM is contracted what way would the head tilt and what way would the face turn
head tilt right
| face turn left
513
what lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus run in
parietaloccipital
514
where its the sympathetic outflow
T1-L2
515
what epithelium is seen in a salivary duct
columnar (clear circle)
516
which cranial nerve is tested by touch over the cheek
V2
517
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital
518
what is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of
umbilical vein
519
name the 3 salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
520
what happens to the mandible when the anterior fibres of the temporals contract
elevation -close mouth
521
what are emissary veins
small veins that connect the venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull
522
what is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal continence
muscles contract until voluntarily released
523
what action do the suprahyoid muscles have on the hyoid bone
elevate bone - for swallowing
524
what is the conjunctiva
thin, wet mucous membrane that secretes fluid. covers inner surface of eyelids and loops back to cover sclera but not cornea
525
what are rugae formed from
mucosa epithelium
526
what is the superficial inguinal ring in (OUT)
aponeurosis of external oblique
527
how does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus
above - 2 halves
| below - all infront
528
which opening does cranial nerve V2 pass through
foramen rotundum
529
what is the basement membrane of the endothelium of the cornea called
Descemet's layer
530
what is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
531
what are the 3 imaging techniques using barium
```
barium meal (Stomach)
barium meal follow through (small intestine)
barium meal enema
```
532
where in the GI tract is the epithelium stratified squamous non-keritanised
mouth
oesophagus
anus
533
where do the submental lymph nodes drain
front of scalp, nose, lips, most air sinuses, teeth, gums, anterior tongue, floor of mouth,
534
what do the exocrine glands of the pancreas secrete
digestive pancreatic enzymes
535
which cranial nerve innervates face movement
facial
536
which bone is the pterygoid hamalus a part of
sphenoid
537
what bone does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to
crinoid process of the sphenoid
538
what plate are the pterygoid muscles attached to and what is this bone part of
lateral pterygoid - sphenoid
539
which cerebral arteries supply the primary motor cortex
anterior and middle
540
what 2 muscles are related to the ossicles
tensor tympani
| stapedius
541
what is the protuberance in the occipital bone called
occipital protuberance
542
the occipital artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
543
what causes a direct inguinal hernia
abdominal contents push through a weak spot in the inguinal canal allowing the contents to enter
544
what is an aponeurosis
broad flat tendon
545
which sinus is at the back of the head on both sides of the occipital protuberance
transverse sinus
546
where do the occipital lymph nodes drain
back of scalp
547
what structures is the larynx continuous with superiorly and inferiorly
pharynx --> larynx --> trachea
548
where does the internal jugular vein arise
jugular foramen from the venous sinuses
549
which cranial nerves innervates eye movement
oculomotor
trochlear
abductens
550
which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
551
what abdominal organs suspend the stomach
liver - lesser omentum transverse colon - greater omentum
552
what is the false vocal chord and where does it lie
vestibular fold
| superior to the true vocal chord
553
what is McBurneys point
site of maximum tenderness
554
what is the function of the thalamus
sensory relay station
555
what does the cricothyroid muscle do to the larynx and what innervates it
tenses larynx - superior laryngeal
556
what are the attachments of the lesser omentum
lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
557
what is the difference between the visceral and somatic innervation of the anal canal
visceral - sensitive to stretch
| somatic - voluntary
558
what are the 3 muscular layers of the stomach lining
longitudinal
circular
oblique
559
what does the cerebral aqueduct connect
3rd ventricle to the 4th
560
list 3 membranes in the larynx (between laryngeal cartilage)
thyrohyoid
cricothyroid
cricotracheal
561
which 2 bones form the hard palate
maxilla (palatine process)
| palatine
562
which major cerebral vein is visible
great cerebral vein
563
what are the contents of the female inguinal canal
round ligament of the uterus
iliolinguinal nerve
blood/ lymph
564
what is the function of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx during swallowing
constrict lumen to propel the bolus to oesophagus
565
which papillae of the tongue have taste buds
valate (sometimes fungiform)
566
what vesicle does the diencephalon originate from
diencephalon - forebrain
567
what is the clinical problem of emissary veins
spread infection intracranially
568
what are the epigastric vessels branches of superiorly and inferiorly
superior - internal thoracic
| inferior - external iliac
569
what are the two terminal branches of the ECA and where are they given off
superficial temporal and maxillary
| parotid gland
570
which cartilage in the larynx is paired
arytenoid
571
how are the cells arranged in the liver
in hexagon sheets converging towards the central vein
572
what passes through the superior optic fissure
CN III, IV, VI
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
ophthalmic veins
573
where is bile stored
gall bladder
574
what structures does the falx cerebri separate
right and left cerebral hemispheres
575
what does the cerebellar tonsil sit on top of
foramen magnum
576
what passes through the optic foramen
optic nerveophthalmic artery
577
where are meibomian glands
tarsal plate
578
what foramen do the occipital condyles surround
magnum
579
what is the 3rd layer of the scalp made up of
epicranial aponeurosis of the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
580
which sinus doesn't drain well and what is the clinical significance
maxillary - opening not at most inferior part
| sinusitis - pain by branches of trigeminal
581
list some foregut structures
```
abdominal
oesophagus
stomach
1st part of small intestine
Liver
Gall bladder
```
582
in the spleen what is the main content of white pulp and red pulp
white - lymphocytes , T cellsrede - blood cells (RBC, platelets)
583
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the abducent nerve
diplopia - medial deviation of the affected eye
584
what is the deep superficial inguinal ring in (IN)
transverse fascia
585
which artery supplies the hindgut
inferior mesenteric
586
list the 4 air sinuses
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid (air cells), maxillary
587
which cranial nerves emerge from the medulla
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
588
name some organs in the right iliac region of the abdomen
caecum
appendix
ascending colon
589
what is a omentum
double layer of peritoneum
590
what are the 3 structures at the porta hepatis
hepatic duct
hepatic artery
portal vein
591
when do each of the fontanelles close
anterior - 18 months
| posterior - 2/3 months
592
which 3 thinks leave the hilum of the kidney
renal artery
renal vein
pelvis of ureter
593
which structures does the tentorrium cerebelli separate
cerebellum
| occipital lobe
594
what type of bone are the facial bones
irregular frontal, temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, mandible, ethmoid, sphenoid
595
what supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
596
what do the cerebral hemispheres sit on in the posterior cranial fossa
tentorium cerebelli
597
what is the fold of dura mater that surround the pituitary stalk
diaphragma sellae
598
which nerve travels in the mandible
inferior alveolar nerve
599
what type of joint is present between the ossicles
synovial
600
how are the ureters peritonised
retroperitoneal
601
what are the actions of the inferior oblique
elevates
abducts
extortion
602
what are the vertebral roots of the cervical plexus
C1-C4
603
what artery supply the nose and what is it a branch of
ophthalmic - ICA
604
what are the 3 vertical muscles of the pharynx (inner longitudinal layer)
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
605
which cranial nerve innervates face sensation
trigeminal
606
where in relation to the trachea does the isthmus lie
2nd/3rd ring
607
which muscle adducts the eye
medial rectus
608
what passes through the inferior orbital fissure
maxillary division of the trigeminal
609
where does the cornea get its nutrition from
tear film in front (why sleeping with contact lenses is sore)
610
what runs along the peduncles
motor fibres
611
what plexus of veins lies in the epidural space
internal vertebral venous plexus
612
which nucleus of the thalamus does most general sensory information from the body go to
VPL - ventro-postero-lateral
613
what is different about the attachment to the sclera between the recti and obliques
recti attach anteriorly
| obliques attach posteriorly
614
where is the hippocampus
under surface of temporal bone (seahorse)
615
which 3 nerves are affected in jugular foramen syndrome
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory
616
what are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen
right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower
617
the posterior auricular artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
618
which tumour is likely to impact the optic nerve
pituitary gland
619
which section of the brain does the trigeminal nerve emerge from
pons
620
name some organs in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen
liver
gall bladder
right kidney
621
which ventricular cavities lie in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
| 4th
622
what type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of base of the skull
endochondral
623
what are the contents of the posterior triangle
omohyoid
scalene
external jugular vein
subclavian artery
624
which opening does cranial nerve III pass through
superior orbital fissure
625
what are the actions of the superior oblique
depresses
abducts
intorts
626
where are villi found in the GI tract
small intestine
627
which cerebral artery supplies the primary auditory area
middle
628
which curve does gastric cancer commonly occur on
greater curve
629
what structures go through the oesophageal hiatus (T10)
oesophagus, vagus nerve, oesophageal arteries, phrenic vessels
630
where does bile enter the gut tube
duodenum
631
what make the cornea transparent
regularly arranged collagen fibres
632
what level does the common carotid artery
C4
633
what is the midline structure than connects the two cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
634
what does the 2nd layer of the scalp do when lacerated
retract preventing vasoconstriction of the arteries - scalp bleeds profusely
635
what is the condition where the pyloric sphincter doesn't function
congenital pyloric stenosis
636
which type of fibres does the trochlear nerve carry
motor - eye movement - superior oblique
637
what is the name of the gel in the posterior segment
vitreous humour
638
which opening does cranial nerve X pass through
jugular foramen
639
what are the ureters
muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
640
what groove makes the floor of the bit weak
inferior orbital groove
641
which passage do the greater and lesser (omental bursa) sacs communicate through
epiploic foramen
642
describe the vasa recta and arcades (Arterial loops) in the jejunum and ileum
jejunum - long vasa recta and few large loops of arcades
| ileum - short vasa recta and many short loops
643
what are the 5 secondary vesicles (week 5)
```
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myencephalon
```
644
what is the falciform ligament
attaches liver liver to anterior body wall
645
what would happen if an UMN was damaged below decussation
ipsilateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
646
name the structures in the hilum of the spleen
splenic artery
splenic vein
gastrosphenic ligament
647
What is the dermatome nerve supply to the anterior scalp
all 3 branches of the trigeminal
648
what are the functions of the nose
traps dirt
respiration
humidifies inspired air
olfaction -smell
649
what passes through the superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, VI, V1 ophthalmic
| ophthalmic veins
650
which 2 bones form the nasal septum
vomer
| perpendicular plate of ethmoid
651
what number is the primary visual cortex
17
652
what is the embryological significance of the foramen caecum
thyroid gland development - thyroglossal duct
653
what is contained in the vertebral compartment of the neck
cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
654
which fossa is the olfactory bulb in
anterior fossa
655
where do femoral hernias occur
below the inguinal ligament
656
what are the contents of the anterior triangle
4 suprahyoid/ 4 infrahyoid
common carotid
internal jugular
CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
657
what is contained in the visceral compartment of the neck
thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea,oesophagus
658
what is the name of the watery fluid in the anterior segment
aqueous humor
659
what muscle runs from the sternum to the thyroid (infra hyoid)
sternothyroid
660
which 2 veins make the external jugular vein
posterior auricular posterior
| retromandibular
661
what kind of joint is present between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
synovial - pivot
662
which opening does cranial nerve II pass through
optic foramen
663
what is the action of the transverses abdominis
compress and support abdominal viscera
664
which cranial nerves innervates swallowing
glossopharyngeal and accessory
665
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the oculomotor nerve
ptosis - drooping of upper eyelid
no pupillary reflex
no accommodation
eyeball pointing down and abducted
666
where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into
cavernous sinus
667
what vertebral levels do the kidneys lie
T12- L3
668
list the 4 lobes of the liver
right
left
caudate (superior)
quadrate
669
the supratrochlear artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
670
list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
```
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
```
671
which part of the pancreas is in close contact with the spleen
tail
672
what the of larynx cartilage is the only full rings
cricoid
673
what are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum
parietal - body wall
| visceral - organs
674
what 2 bones does the coronal suture separate
parietal frontal
675
which cranial nerve are purely sensory
olfactory (smell)
optic (vision)
vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance)
676
what passes through the foramen ovale
V3 - mandibular
677
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
678
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the trigeminal nerve
paralysis to chewing musclesloss of sneezing and cornea reflex
loss of sensation to face
trigeminal neuralgia - inappropriate sensation to the face
679
what is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi
superior - visual reflex
| inferior - auditory reflex
680
which cranial nerve innervates chewing
V3- mandibular branch of the trigeminal
681
what are the 2 layer son the fascia below the umbilicus
```
fatty layer (superficial)
membranous layer (deep)
vessels and nerves in between
```
682
what are the vertebral arteries branches of
subclavian
683
what fibres are contained in the pyramid tracts
contain motor fibres
684
what muscle type forms the muscularis mucosae
smooth
685
where do the submandibular lymph nodes drain
middle region of scalp and external auditory meatus
686
which 3 muscles cause elevation of the mandible (close mouth)
messier
temporalis
medial pterygoid
687
what are the surface projections on the hypothalamus called
tuber cinereum
688
what are the contents of the male inguinal canal
spermatic cord
iliolinguinal nerve
blood/ lymph
689
what ligaments are found in the lesser omentum
hepatoduodenal hepatogastric
690
which acini of the salivary glands stains weak
mucous acini - sublingual
691
where is the caudal equina
end of the spinal cord
692
which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of
vertebral posterior
| inferior cerebellar
693
what two things does the fornix link
hippocampus
| hypothalamus
694
what does the facial artery end as
angular artery in the medial eye
695
which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus
optic canal
696
which cranial nerve innervates visceral sensory inputs form pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, gut etc. chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
vagus and glossopharyngeal
697
what is the pathology of the basal ganglia
parkinsons
698
which type of fibres does the trigeminal V3 nerve carry
sensory - face over mandible, TMJ, anterior 2/3 of tongue
| motor - muscles of mastication, digastric, tensor veli palatinin, tensor tympani
699
list the layers of the scalp
```
S - skin
C- connective tissue (dense)
A - aponeurosis (occipitofrontal muscle)
L- loose connective tissue
P - pericranium
```
700
which 2 bone form the zygomatic arch
temporal zygomatic
701
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the left
arch of the aorta
702
what are the paracolic gutters
spaces between colon and the abdominal wall(posterolateral to large intestine)
703
what is the name of the pathology that occurs in the cerebellum
ataxia
704
which basal ganglia lies under the lateral ventricle
caudate nucleus
705
what 4 sets of muscles attach the the hyoid bone
supra hyoid
infra hyoid
hypoglossus
gennioglossus
706
which cranial nerve innervates neck movement
accessory
707
which section of the brain does the trochlear nerve emerge from
DORSAL (posterior) midbrain
708
what bone is the styloid process part of
temporal
709
what is the clinical significance of portocaval anastomoses
allows blood to be redirected if there is a blockage
710
what passes through the foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
711
what is the fold of mucous membrane that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth
frenulum
712
which vein do the facial vein and superficial temporal vein drain into
internal jugular
