pleural cavities and lungs

Question 1

where does the trachea split

Answer 1

t4/5

Question 2

where does the trachea start and what is it a continuation of

Answer 2

c4/5, continuation of larynx

Question 3

what is the triangle shaped cartilage where the trachea bifurcates

Answer 3

carina

Question 4

why is trachea cartilage c shaped

Answer 4

allows easy swallowing as oesophagus is posterior

Question 5

first section after trachea splits

Answer 5

primary/main bronchi

Question 6

differences between right and left main bronchus

Answer 6

right - wider, vertical, shorter, splits into 3
left - long, horizontal, thin, splits into 2

Question 7

segments of bronchi after main bronchus

Answer 7

lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi

Question 8

how many lobar bronchi in each lung?

Answer 8

right - 3
left - 2

Question 9

difference between bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 9

bronchioles don’t have cartilage

Question 10

2 types of bronchioles

Answer 10

conducting and respiratory

Question 11

when do alveoli finish developing

Answer 11

age 8

Question 12

features of alveoli

Answer 12

single layer of epithelial cells
lined with elastic fibres (allows stretching/contracting)
coated in surfactant (prevents it collapsing)

Question 13

type of tissue in lungs?

Answer 13

elastic connective tissue

Question 14

lobes in right lung?

Answer 14

superior
middle
inferior

Question 15

lobes in left lung?

Answer 15

superior inferior

Question 16

fissures in right lung? what are they between?

Answer 16

oblique fissure (middle and inferior)
horizontal fissure (superior and middle)

Question 17

fissures in left lung?

Answer 17

oblique fissure

Question 18

features in left lung?

Answer 18

cardiac notch
lingula

Question 19

surfaces/borders of the lungs

Answer 19

apex (top)
anterior, posterior, inferior border
base (bottom)
costal and mediastinal surface)

Question 20

where do structures inter/exit the lung?

Answer 20

hilium

Question 21

right hilum layout?

Answer 21

pulmonary arteries anterior to bronchus (RAAT)
pulmonary veins inferior

Question 22

impressions on right lung?

Answer 22

oesophagus - posterior to hilum
azygous vein - posterior to oesophagus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

Question 23

left hilum layout?

Answer 23

pulmonary arteries superior to bronchus (LAST)
pulmonary veins inferior and anterior to bronchus

Question 24

impressions on left lung?

Answer 24

heart
arch of aorta
thoracic aorta
oesophagus (anterior to thoracic aorta)

Question 25

pleura types? pleural cavities?

Answer 25

two pleural cavities (left and right) between pleura
parietal pleura - outside
visceral pleura (adheres to walls of lung and covers each lobe surface)

Question 26

surface anatomy of parietal pleura?

Answer 26

turns laterally at 6th costal cartilage
crosses midclavicular line at 8th rib
crosses midaxillary line at 10th rib

Question 27

what is the mediastinum divided into

Answer 27

superior mediastinum (above sternal angle)
inferior mediastinum (anterior middle posterior)

Question 28

superior mediastinum contents

Answer 28

great vessels
thymus
oesophagus
trachea
vagus nerves
phrenic nerves
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
thoracic duct

Question 29

middle mediastinum contents

Answer 29

heart
pericardium
great vessels
trachea

Question 30

posterior mediastinum contents

Answer 30

thoracic aorta
azygous vein
main bronchi
oesophagus
vagus and phrenic nerves
posterior intercostal artery and vein
thoracic duct

Question 31

what innervates the parietal pleura?

Answer 31

intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves

Question 32

innervation to the mediastinum?

Answer 32

vagus nerve - parasympathetic supply to all organs of thorax
phrenic nerve - motor and sensory to diaphragm