Back

Question 1

types of vertebrae and quantity

Answer 1

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3/4 coccygeal

Question 2

Curvatures of vertebral column

Answer 2

primary curvature - thoracic and sacral, concave anteriorly
secondary curvature - cervical and lumbar, concave posteriorly

Question 3

condition primary curvature associated with?

Answer 3

kyphosis

Question 4

condition secondary curvature associated with?

Answer 4

lordosis

Question 5

features of typical cervical vertebrae

Answer 5

split into vertebral body and vertebral arch. spinous process, vertebral canal, lamina, pedicle, articular facet

Question 6

cervical vertebrae distinguishing features

Answer 6

short spinous process, triangular vertebral foramen and transverse foramen

Question 7

atlas features

Answer 7

ring shaped, no vertebral body, articulates with head

Question 8

axis features

Answer 8

dens, no intervertebral disk between axis and atlas

Question 9

joints of axis and atlas and function

Answer 9

atlanto-occipital joint (flexion/extension), atlanto-axial joint (rotation)

Question 10

thoracic vertebrae features

Answer 10

small vertebral foramen, demifacets and facets which articulate with ribs, long spinous process

Question 11

lumbar vertebrae features

Answer 11

kidney shaped vertebral body, short and broad spinous process, triangular vertebral foramen

Question 12

sacrum features

Answer 12

fused vertebrae, sacral foramina, facet for pelvis articulation, sacral canal

Question 13

what are the joints between articular facets, what type are they

Answer 13

zygapophyseal joints, synovial

Question 14

intervertebral discs features

Answer 14

absorb compressive forces, cartilaginous joints, outer is fibrocartilage, inner is gelatinous

Question 15

slipped disk?

Answer 15

gelatinous area leaks and puts pressure on spinal cord, pain and numbness

Question 16

ligament down spinous process of c7 to sacrum

Answer 16

supraspinous ligament

Question 17

triangular ligament from occipital bone to c7, posterior

Answer 17

ligamentum nuchae

Question 18

ligaments lining vertebral bodies

Answer 18

anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 19

ligaments between laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Answer 19

ligamenta flava

Question 20

matter lining spinal cord from deep to superior

Answer 20

pia, arachnoid, dura matter

Question 21

spinal cord features?

Answer 21

gray matter surrounded in white matter. dorsal/ventral median fissures. dorsal/ventral horns of gray matter. central canal

Question 22

different types of back muscles and their functions

Answer 22

extrinsic - move upper limbs
intermediate - respiratory
intrinsic - posture, move vertebral column/head

Question 23

what is the function of the trapezius

Answer 23

elevate, rotate, retract, depress scapula

Question 24

which large back muscle extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus

Answer 24

latissimus dorsi

Question 25

which two muscles elevate and retracts the scapula

Answer 25

rhomboid major and minor

Question 26

which muscle elevates and interior rotates the scapula

Answer 26

levator scapulae

Question 27

two intermediate muscles of the back and function

Answer 27

serratus posterior superior - elevates ribs 2-5
serratus posterior inferior - depresses ribs 9-12

Question 28

what movements do the intrinsic muscles of the back cause

Answer 28

flexion/extension
lateral flexion
rotation

Question 29

3 groups of intrinsic muscles of the back

Answer 29

spinotransversales
erector spinae
transversospinales

Question 30

2 spinotransversales muscles

Answer 30

spenius capitis and splenius cervicis/colli

bilaterally - extends cervical and thoracic spine
unilaterally - bends cervical and thoracic spine to same side

Question 31

erector spinae muscles medially to laterally

Answer 31

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

Question 32

erector spinae muscles function

Answer 32

bilaterally - straighten back, pulls head posteriorly
unilaterally - bends vertebral column laterally, turns head to side of contaction

Question 33

transversospinalis muscles?

Answer 33

semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

Question 34

transversospinalis muscles function

Answer 34

bilaterally - extends vertebral column
unilaterally - rotates in the opposite direction