Back Flashcards
types of vertebrae and quantity
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3/4 coccygeal
Curvatures of vertebral column
primary curvature - thoracic and sacral, concave anteriorly
secondary curvature - cervical and lumbar, concave posteriorly
condition primary curvature associated with?
kyphosis
condition secondary curvature associated with?
lordosis
features of typical cervical vertebrae
split into vertebral body and vertebral arch. spinous process, vertebral canal, lamina, pedicle, articular facet
cervical vertebrae distinguishing features
short spinous process, triangular vertebral foramen and transverse foramen
atlas features
ring shaped, no vertebral body, articulates with head
axis features
dens, no intervertebral disk between axis and atlas
joints of axis and atlas and function
atlanto-occipital joint (flexion/extension), atlanto-axial joint (rotation)
thoracic vertebrae features
small vertebral foramen, demifacets and facets which articulate with ribs, long spinous process
lumbar vertebrae features
kidney shaped vertebral body, short and broad spinous process, triangular vertebral foramen
sacrum features
fused vertebrae, sacral foramina, facet for pelvis articulation, sacral canal
what are the joints between articular facets, what type are they
zygapophyseal joints, synovial
intervertebral discs features
absorb compressive forces, cartilaginous joints, outer is fibrocartilage, inner is gelatinous
slipped disk?
gelatinous area leaks and puts pressure on spinal cord, pain and numbness
ligament down spinous process of c7 to sacrum
supraspinous ligament
triangular ligament from occipital bone to c7, posterior
ligamentum nuchae
ligaments lining vertebral bodies
anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament
ligaments between laminae of adjacent vertebrae
ligamenta flava
matter lining spinal cord from deep to superior
pia, arachnoid, dura matter
spinal cord features?
gray matter surrounded in white matter. dorsal/ventral median fissures. dorsal/ventral horns of gray matter. central canal
different types of back muscles and their functions
extrinsic - move upper limbs
intermediate - respiratory
intrinsic - posture, move vertebral column/head
what is the function of the trapezius
elevate, rotate, retract, depress scapula
which large back muscle extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus
latissimus dorsi
which two muscles elevate and retracts the scapula
rhomboid major and minor
which muscle elevates and interior rotates the scapula
levator scapulae
two intermediate muscles of the back and function
serratus posterior superior - elevates ribs 2-5
serratus posterior inferior - depresses ribs 9-12
what movements do the intrinsic muscles of the back cause
flexion/extension
lateral flexion
rotation
3 groups of intrinsic muscles of the back
spinotransversales
erector spinae
transversospinales
2 spinotransversales muscles
spenius capitis and splenius cervicis/colli
bilaterally - extends cervical and thoracic spine
unilaterally - bends cervical and thoracic spine to same side
erector spinae muscles medially to laterally
spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
erector spinae muscles function
bilaterally - straighten back, pulls head posteriorly
unilaterally - bends vertebral column laterally, turns head to side of contaction
transversospinalis muscles?
semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
transversospinalis muscles function
bilaterally - extends vertebral column
unilaterally - rotates in the opposite direction
