Plastid (include Chloroplast)

Question 1

plastid

Answer 1

membrane-bound organelles in cells (plant, algae etc)

Question 2

example in plastid

Answer 2

chloroplast - predominant type in leaves and other aerial tissues

Question 3

thylakoid

Answer 3

interconnected and closed continuum

Question 4

thylakoid - contain

Answer 4

granum disks and multiple (stack) and stroma lamella

Question 5

granum

Answer 5

spiral formation

budding of each side

Question 6

chloroplast synthesises

Answer 6

purine and pyrimidine
FA and lipids
isoprenoids

Question 7

isoprenoids

Answer 7

plant hormones (GA)
abscisic acid
strigolactones
haem

Question 8

Haem

Answer 8

Tetrapyrrole

for cytochrome, peroxidase, catalase

Question 9

reduction of nitrile and sulphate

Answer 9

nitrogen fixation - conversion of inorganic N

Question 10

types of plastids

Answer 10

proplastid
chromoplast
amyloplast
leucoplast
elaioplast

Question 11

proplastid

Answer 11

precursor of all plastids found in young meristematic region

divide at pace with cell division - continuity

Question 12

chromoplast

Answer 12

non-photosynthetic , crystalline/needle structure

Question 13

amyloplast

Answer 13

starch-storing - non-green tissue

e.g. potato tubers

Question 14

leucoplast

Answer 14

involved in oil and lipid synthesis - plastoglobuli

varies in appearance and often surrounded by ER membrane

Question 15

plastoglobuli

Answer 15

electron dense particles

Question 16

elaioplast

Answer 16

had rounded and angular lipid bodies - store sterol esters

Question 17

found elaioplast

Answer 17

cell surrounding tapetum - develops pollen

Question 18

tapetum

Answer 18

anther cavity

Question 19

needle shape chromoplast

Answer 19

in birds of paradise flowers

Question 20

chromoplast contain

Answer 20

carotenoid e.g. carotene, xanthophyll for colour

Question 21

GA - plant hormone

Answer 21

gibberellic acid

Question 22

tapetum

Answer 22

anther cavity

Question 23

size and no. plastids

Answer 23

5-8μm long and 3-4μm thick

Question 24

correlation of size and number of plastid

Answer 24

increase in size = decreases number of plastid

Question 25

Arabidopsis mesophyll

Answer 25

around 120

87 hypothetical proteins encoded

Question 26

features of plastid

Answer 26

has internal membrane structure
reduced genome
translation
reproduced by division

Question 27

translation - protein synthesis uses

Answer 27

prokaryotic-like ribosomes

Question 28

primary endosymbiotic event

Answer 28

form red algae, glaucocystophytes and green algae(land plants)

Question 29

endosymbiosis

Answer 29

ancestral host cell engulf cyanobacterium
gene is lost in nucleus - leakiness in chloroplast - divide and burst
DNA goes to nucleus

Question 30

engulfing cyanobacterium

Answer 30

its membrane and double membrane present but one of them gets lost

Question 31

after DNA enters nucleus during endosymbiosis

Answer 31

integrates to nucleogenomes and new proteins are produced

Question 32

translation of mRNA in cytoplasm with chaperone and target sequence at end terminus

Answer 32

N-terminal transit peptides

able to tell protein destination to and after going to chloroplast

Question 33

tic-toc complex

Answer 33

translocon
tic- translocon of inner chloroplast membrane
toc - translocon of outer chloroplast membrane

Question 34

Tim-tom complex

Answer 34

in outer of mitochondria

Question 35

example of endosymbiosis

Answer 35

algae - chloroplast

able to engulf

Question 36

example of plastid present in non-plant

large group intracellular

Answer 36

parasite - includes plasmodium falciparum causing malaria

Question 37

plant plastid size and number

Answer 37

120-160kb

with 60-200 genes

Question 38

reduced genome

Answer 38

single circular DNA
size - 89kb to 400kb
organised in polycistronic transcriptional unit
contain multiple copies of genome (<150)

Question 39

gymnosperms

Answer 39

only plastid that divide paternally - inherited