Chloroplast and photosynthesis

Question 1

photosynthesis description

Answer 1

main source of new energy

efficiency 4.5% max and 1-2% actual

Question 2

energy cycle

Answer 2

water with solar energy + photosynthesis light reaction and leaving oxygen
=4H+ + 4e- organic molecule

Question 3

energy cycle reverse

Answer 3

4H+ + 4e- go to combustion and respiration and oxygen and leaving energy

Question 4

overall equation in energy cycle

Answer 4

CO2 + 2H2O -> (CH2O) + O2 + H2O

Question 5

light reaction use..

Answer 5

intermediate store of energy - C reaction

Question 6

intermediate energy

Answer 6

ATP and NADPH

Question 7

light reaction z-scheme

Answer 7

converting light (photons) - chemical energy
process of electron movement from PSII to PSI

Question 8

PSII function

Answer 8

donation of electron to quinone result in charge separation across membrane - splitting water

Question 9

electrons in PSII

Answer 9

reduce oxidised chlorophyll from charge separation

Question 10

reaction centre in PSII

Answer 10

light excites electrons to primary electron acceptor

Question 11

quinone in PSII

Answer 11

become strong reducing agent (electron donor)

Question 12

chlorophyll in PSII

Answer 12

strong oxidising agent (electron acceptor)

Question 13

organisation in PSII

Answer 13

reaction centre pair of chl a with slightly lower energy

held by D1/D2

Question 14

D1/D2 protein in PSII

Answer 14

damaged therefore it is constantly replaced

Question 15

parts of electron transport chain

Answer 15

pheophytin
plastoquinone
cytochrome b{E}f complex
Plastocyanin(PC)

Question 16

pheophytin

Answer 16

modified chlorophyll (no Mg)

Question 17

plastoquinone

Answer 17

small lipid soluble molecule

Question 18

cytochrome b{e}f complex

Answer 18

2 beta-type + f cytochromes and Fe-S protein

Question 19

chlorophyll - ground state

Answer 19

energy in Chl captured

Question 20

PSII found in

Answer 20

chloroplast and cyanobacteria = oxygenation of planet

Question 21

PSI

Answer 21

takes electron from PSII - used to generate energy rich compound - NADPH

Question 22

PSI - ferredoxin

Answer 22

small, water soluble, Fe-S protein

feed electrons to FNR

Question 23

FNR

Answer 23

ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase

Question 24

FNR function

Answer 24

enzyme, reducing NADP+ - NADPH

Question 25

plastocyanin - PSI

Answer 25

passes electron to P700

Question 26

phosphorylation

Answer 26

light dependent ATP generated via formation of electrochemical H+ proton H+ travel down gradient generate ATP (use ATP synthase)

Question 27

light reaction of photosynthesis - antenna complex

Answer 27

light-harvesting antenna complex | increase efficiency

Question 28

action spectrum

Answer 28

how efficient wavelength of light are absorbed

Question 29

more pigments

Answer 29

increases range of wavelength of light are absorbed

Question 30

reaction of centre function - pigment

Answer 30

absorb only 1 photon/sec | not enough for charge separation and photosynthesis

Question 31

received extra energy from other molecules - stages

Answer 31

carotenoid to chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a to P680*

Question 32

function stages in received extra energy

Answer 32

pass resonance energy transfer to P680

Question 33

structure- tetrapyrrole

Answer 33

has a lipid attached so they are able to sit in thylakoid membrane

Question 34

ATP synthase

Answer 34

CF{0}-CF{1} | large enzyme complex

Question 35

CF{0}

Answer 35

in membrane - spins

Question 36

CF{1}

Answer 36

out of membrane

Question 37

ATP synthase production

Answer 37

4 protons per ATP

Question 38

linear phosphorylation

Answer 38

have H+ during PSII and PSI | back though ATP synthase and used NADP and H+

Question 39

what is required in Calvin/ Calvin-Benson cycle

Answer 39

13 steps | 13 enzymes

Question 40

what is required from CO2 to G3P

Answer 40

uses intermediate molecules ATP and NADPH

Question 41

cycle of dark reaction

Answer 41

RuBP + C = 3 phosphoglycerate by Rubisco ATP + 3 phosphoglycerate = 1,3-bisphosphateglycerate + NADPH = G3P - C is taken to make G3P sugar G3P(5c) with ATP = RuBP

Question 42

1 molecule of G3P requires

Answer 42

9ATP and 6NADPH

Question 43

Rubisco

Answer 43

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxyl oxygenase

Question 44

Rubisco function

Answer 44

converts 1,5-bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate | ability to use oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 45

rubisco - structure

Answer 45

``` 8 large (56kDa) subunit 8 small (14kDa) subunit ```

Question 46

large subunit encoded

Answer 46

by plastid

Question 47

small subunit encoded

Answer 47

by nuclear genomes

Question 48

problem of rubisco

Answer 48

able to use oxygen instead of carbon dioxide | recovering oxygen - energetically costly

Question 49

Rubisco when temperature increase

Answer 49

increase problem

Question 50

why it increase temperature is bad

Answer 50

stomata close prevents water loss = decrease gas exchange and availability of carbon dioxide

Question 51

decrease gas exchange and availability of carbon dioxide causes

Answer 51

increase in rubisco activity but affinity of carbon dioxide decrease - more oxygen used

Question 52

in Maze

Answer 52

has C4 | store carbon dioxide in leaves therefore more efficient