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BIOL1025 - Fundamentals of cell biology and physiology > Endocrinology (2) > Flashcards

Endocrinology (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

organised relay

A

run through hypothalamus and Ant. Pit gland

input - nervous - involved in neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

relay of event

A

hormone acting on other glands produce more H

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3
Q

tropic H function

A

act upon downstream endocrine organ = release H

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4
Q

relays

A

hypo - adrenal/gonadal/thyroid/somatic axis

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5
Q

primary tropic factor

A

hypothalamus

feed onto Ant. Pit = secondary tropic factor

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6
Q

oxytocin and antidiuretic

A

produced through hypo and Pit - not tropic released by post Pit

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7
Q

axis and example

A

line of tissue when H linking together

e.g. hypo Pit adrenal axis

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8
Q

non-trophic H

A

directly stimulate mainly non-endocrine cell

insulin, calcitonin, ADH

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9
Q

trophic H

A

cause growth
hyperplasia - increase no. cells
hypertrophy - increase cell size
e.g. - TSH

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10
Q

thalamus position

A

on top of brain stem - pond

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11
Q

Pit. gland position

A

below and attached to hypo on bony fossa - v. small

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12
Q

hypothalamus position

A

located below thalamus
small sheet of cells in ventricles
16 nuclei - if destroyed/stimulated = defined effect

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13
Q

2 hypothalamus nuclei

A

supraoptic - sits towards front above optic nerve

paraventricular nucleus - at wall of ventricle

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14
Q

hypothalamus function

A

regulation of body metabolism
response to external and internal stimuli - input
in direct contact with Pit gland and an interconnected blood supply

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15
Q

hypothalamus regulation

A

body temp, circadian cycle (light)

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16
Q

hypothalamus input - 2 types

A

nervous - light, olfactory stimuli, automatic input

plasma

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17
Q

plasma input of hypothalamus

A

endocrine - Pit H, steroids include gonadal-leptin, angiotensin
[glucose and ions] - osmolarity etc
toxins from microorganisms - increase body temp - innate immunity

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18
Q

homeostatic

A

response to general change in system

change in environment - stress1

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19
Q

hypothalamic outputs 2 types

A

neuropeptide

nervous signal

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20
Q

neuropeptide

A

release/ inhibit H
tropic H secreted by neurone in nuclei - nerve endings run into specialised local blood
circulation in lower hypothalamus drain into Ant Pit
other axons - direct release - Post Pit release neuropeptide H to systemic circulation through while body

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21
Q

nervous signal

A

regulate autonomic and also parasympathetic and sympathetic

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22
Q

hypothalamic releasing H - anatomy

A

group of nuclei sending axons down to lower part of hypo (close to BV)
when stimulated - release tropic H in BV and carried by BV to Ant Pit gland

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23
Q

Ant Pit H - anatomy

A

tropic H diffuses out through change in BV walls (sinuses) and interact with cells - release Pit H into veins - drained and taken away

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24
Q

Post. Pit

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei - function

A

send axons - pass vessels of hypothalamic RH and go down - post pit gland - stimulated
release stored H directly into systematic vascular system flow to body

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25
Q

BV in Ant Pit

A

modified - H released transported V. fast therefore good concentrated system released directly to cells in Ant Pit

26
Q

veins of Post and Ant Pit

A

fuses later while arteries don’t need to produce much H

27
Q

form of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

28
Q

continuous capillary

A

produced by endothelial cells and interact with each other
have tight junctions and BM around (lots in brain)
in fat muscle, nervous system

29
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

holes on endothelial layer - materials diffuse to diffuse rapidly
in endocrine glands, gut , glomerular of kidney

30
Q

sinusoid capillary

A

incomplete BM and big gaps between endothelial cells - material move across more rapidly
in liver, bone marrow, spleen and Ant Pit

31
Q

7 tropic H of hypothalamus

A 
thyrotropin RH
corticotropin RH
gonadotropin  RH
growth H releasing / inhibiting H
prolactin releasing/inhibiting H
32
Q

thyrotropin RH - TRH

A

release TSH in Pit
responded by thyrotropes - 5-10%
targets thyroid cells = release thyroxine (T4) or T3

33
Q

corticotropin RH - CRH

A

release ACTH - adrenal CTH in Pit
responded by corticotrope = ACTH - 20%
target - adrenal cortex - release glyco- and mineralocorticoid

34
Q

gonadotropin RH - GURH

A

release follicle stimulation and LH in Pit

responded by gonadotrope - FSH and LH - 5-10%

35
Q

target of GURH - FSH

A

testis - Sertoli cells

ovary - granulosa cells

36
Q

target of GURH - LH

A

testis - Leydig cells - testosterone

ovary - granulosa - ovulation

37
Q

growth H releasing/inhibiting H - GuRH/GHIH

A

GHIH - somatostatin - feedback to GHR
responded by somatotropes - GH - 40%
target - widespread (liver) - protein production and bone G (IGF-I from liver)

38
Q

Prolactin releasing/inhibiting H - PRH/PIH

A

PRH release prolactin
PIH - dopamine
respond to lactotropes - prolactin - 5-10%

39
Q

each hypothalamic RH function

A

act on specific Ant Pit cell population

H = specific secondary tropic H

40
Q

liver in GURH and GHIH function

A

act as endocrine organ

release IGF-I

41
Q

control mechanism diagram - process

A

stimulus -> hypo (IC1) -> tropic H (H1) -> Ant Pit (IC2) -> H2 -> endocrine gland (IC3) -> H3 -> target tissue -> response

42
Q

long loop - -ve feedback in diagram

A

H3 back to IC1 or IC2

43
Q

short loop -ve feed back in diagram

A

H2 back to IC1

44
Q

feed back response

A

response back to stimulus

45
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism - cushing’s

A

caused by active tumours in hypo/Pit/adrenal gland

46
Q

increase action of adrenal corticoid

A

increase H ehind it in relay

47
Q

tumour in IC1

A

increase H1 - greater effect IC2
= increase H2 - greater effect IC3
= increase H3(corticoid steroid)

48
Q

tumour in IC2

A

secondary

increase H3, increase H2 and decrease H1

49
Q

tumour in IC3

A

primary
increase H3 and decrease H1 and H2
-ve feedback work on H1 and H2

50
Q

how to look for tumour location

A

looking for intermediate levels

51
Q

example of finding tumour - if in Ant Pit

A

epithelial cells divide unlike Pot

increase pressure in Pit - turnover specific hormonal type - damage vision

52
Q

H of Post Pit - how it is released - neurons

A

neurons receive info from CNS - send action potential to nerve ending post pit
release stored neurohormone

53
Q

Post Pit - neuron - function and position

A

produced by axons from cells in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
send out axons to low parts of hypothalamus tract/nerve run down to Post Pit
=axons and glia - stimulated to release stored H into general circulatory system

54
Q

what the 2 nuclei produce

A

ADH and oxytocin - 9 a.a.

very conserved and only 2 a.a difference

55
Q

ADH regulations

A 
central osmoreceptors (measure [Na+] increase osmolarity) - close to hypothalamus
decrease plasma V - decrease BP - baroreceptor in aortic arch and carotid sinus - signal via vagal nerves to CNS - decrease stretch on sinus and arch
56
Q

ADH action - osmolarity

A

release ADH binds to G coupled receptor increase water absorption - stimulate NaCl uptake

57
Q

ADH action - BV V

A

vasoconstriction = decrease vessel = heart work harder - increase BP
hypothalamus - increase thirst and release ADH - increase blood osmolarity, angiotensin and decrease BP

58
Q

mammary gland

A

smooth muscle type cell - contract

59
Q

oxytocin regulation

A

stretching cervix - stimuli release action potential to Post Pit - release oxytocin carried in BV to uterus / mammary gland

60
Q

oxytocin action

A

contraction of myoepithelial cell in mammary gland for milk release
uterus - +ve feedback - increase pressure = increase stretching = release oxytocin loop
CNS effect bonding between mother and child and pair couple

61
Q

pineal gland function

A

control melatonin release for circadian rhythm and sleep pattern
pick up stimuli from blood

62
Q

pineal gland location and addition

A

has circulation supply with sinuses in it
2/3 places in brain where there is weakness in BV
lack BP barrier - e.g. Pit gland
sit above brain stem but quite deep

BIOL1025 - Fundamentals of cell biology and physiology (21 decks)

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