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BIOL1025 - Fundamentals of cell biology and physiology > Endocrinology (2) > Flashcards

Endocrinology (2) Flashcards

1
Q

organised relay

A

run through hypothalamus and Ant. Pit gland

input - nervous - involved in neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

relay of event

A

hormone acting on other glands produce more H

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3
Q

tropic H function

A

act upon downstream endocrine organ = release H

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4
Q

relays

A

hypo - adrenal/gonadal/thyroid/somatic axis

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5
Q

primary tropic factor

A

hypothalamus

feed onto Ant. Pit = secondary tropic factor

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6
Q

oxytocin and antidiuretic

A

produced through hypo and Pit - not tropic released by post Pit

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7
Q

axis and example

A

line of tissue when H linking together

e.g. hypo Pit adrenal axis

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8
Q

non-trophic H

A

directly stimulate mainly non-endocrine cell

insulin, calcitonin, ADH

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9
Q

trophic H

A

cause growth
hyperplasia - increase no. cells
hypertrophy - increase cell size
e.g. - TSH

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10
Q

thalamus position

A

on top of brain stem - pond

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11
Q

Pit. gland position

A

below and attached to hypo on bony fossa - v. small

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12
Q

hypothalamus position

A

located below thalamus
small sheet of cells in ventricles
16 nuclei - if destroyed/stimulated = defined effect

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13
Q

2 hypothalamus nuclei

A

supraoptic - sits towards front above optic nerve

paraventricular nucleus - at wall of ventricle

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14
Q

hypothalamus function

A

regulation of body metabolism
response to external and internal stimuli - input
in direct contact with Pit gland and an interconnected blood supply

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15
Q

hypothalamus regulation

A

body temp, circadian cycle (light)

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16
Q

hypothalamus input - 2 types

A

nervous - light, olfactory stimuli, automatic input

plasma

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17
Q

plasma input of hypothalamus

A

endocrine - Pit H, steroids include gonadal-leptin, angiotensin
[glucose and ions] - osmolarity etc
toxins from microorganisms - increase body temp - innate immunity

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18
Q

homeostatic

A

response to general change in system

change in environment - stress1

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19
Q

hypothalamic outputs 2 types

A

neuropeptide

nervous signal

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20
Q

neuropeptide

A

release/ inhibit H
tropic H secreted by neurone in nuclei - nerve endings run into specialised local blood
circulation in lower hypothalamus drain into Ant Pit
other axons - direct release - Post Pit release neuropeptide H to systemic circulation through while body

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21
Q

nervous signal

A

regulate autonomic and also parasympathetic and sympathetic

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22
Q

hypothalamic releasing H - anatomy

A

group of nuclei sending axons down to lower part of hypo (close to BV)
when stimulated - release tropic H in BV and carried by BV to Ant Pit gland

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23
Q

Ant Pit H - anatomy

A

tropic H diffuses out through change in BV walls (sinuses) and interact with cells - release Pit H into veins - drained and taken away

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24
Q

Post. Pit

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei - function

A

send axons - pass vessels of hypothalamic RH and go down - post pit gland - stimulated
release stored H directly into systematic vascular system flow to body

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25
BV in Ant Pit
modified - H released transported V. fast therefore good concentrated system released directly to cells in Ant Pit
26
veins of Post and Ant Pit
fuses later while arteries don't need to produce much H
27
form of capillaries
continuous fenestrated sinusoid
28
continuous capillary
produced by endothelial cells and interact with each other have tight junctions and BM around (lots in brain) in fat muscle, nervous system
29
fenestrated capillary
holes on endothelial layer - materials diffuse to diffuse rapidly in endocrine glands, gut , glomerular of kidney
30
sinusoid capillary
incomplete BM and big gaps between endothelial cells - material move across more rapidly in liver, bone marrow, spleen and Ant Pit
31
7 tropic H of hypothalamus
``` thyrotropin RH corticotropin RH gonadotropin RH growth H releasing / inhibiting H prolactin releasing/inhibiting H ```
32
thyrotropin RH - TRH
release TSH in Pit responded by thyrotropes - 5-10% targets thyroid cells = release thyroxine (T4) or T3
33
corticotropin RH - CRH
release ACTH - adrenal CTH in Pit responded by corticotrope = ACTH - 20% target - adrenal cortex - release glyco- and mineralocorticoid
34
gonadotropin RH - GURH
release follicle stimulation and LH in Pit | responded by gonadotrope - FSH and LH - 5-10%
35
target of GURH - FSH
testis - Sertoli cells | ovary - granulosa cells
36
target of GURH - LH
testis - Leydig cells - testosterone | ovary - granulosa - ovulation
37
growth H releasing/inhibiting H - GuRH/GHIH
GHIH - somatostatin - feedback to GHR responded by somatotropes - GH - 40% target - widespread (liver) - protein production and bone G (IGF-I from liver)
38
Prolactin releasing/inhibiting H - PRH/PIH
PRH release prolactin PIH - dopamine respond to lactotropes - prolactin - 5-10%
39
each hypothalamic RH function
act on specific Ant Pit cell population | H = specific secondary tropic H
40
liver in GURH and GHIH function
act as endocrine organ | release IGF-I
41
control mechanism diagram - process
stimulus -> hypo (IC1) -> tropic H (H1) -> Ant Pit (IC2) -> H2 -> endocrine gland (IC3) -> H3 -> target tissue -> response
42
long loop - -ve feedback in diagram
H3 back to IC1 or IC2
43
short loop -ve feed back in diagram
H2 back to IC1
44
feed back response
response back to stimulus
45
Hyperadrenocorticism - cushing's
caused by active tumours in hypo/Pit/adrenal gland
46
increase action of adrenal corticoid
increase H ehind it in relay
47
tumour in IC1
increase H1 - greater effect IC2 = increase H2 - greater effect IC3 = increase H3(corticoid steroid)
48
tumour in IC2
secondary | increase H3, increase H2 and decrease H1
49
tumour in IC3
primary increase H3 and decrease H1 and H2 -ve feedback work on H1 and H2
50
how to look for tumour location
looking for intermediate levels
51
example of finding tumour - if in Ant Pit
epithelial cells divide unlike Pot | increase pressure in Pit - turnover specific hormonal type - damage vision
52
H of Post Pit - how it is released - neurons
neurons receive info from CNS - send action potential to nerve ending post pit release stored neurohormone
53
Post Pit - neuron - function and position
produced by axons from cells in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei send out axons to low parts of hypothalamus tract/nerve run down to Post Pit =axons and glia - stimulated to release stored H into general circulatory system
54
what the 2 nuclei produce
ADH and oxytocin - 9 a.a. | very conserved and only 2 a.a difference
55
ADH regulations
``` central osmoreceptors (measure [Na+] increase osmolarity) - close to hypothalamus decrease plasma V - decrease BP - baroreceptor in aortic arch and carotid sinus - signal via vagal nerves to CNS - decrease stretch on sinus and arch ```
56
ADH action - osmolarity
release ADH binds to G coupled receptor increase water absorption - stimulate NaCl uptake
57
ADH action - BV V
vasoconstriction = decrease vessel = heart work harder - increase BP hypothalamus - increase thirst and release ADH - increase blood osmolarity, angiotensin and decrease BP
58
mammary gland
smooth muscle type cell - contract
59
oxytocin regulation
stretching cervix - stimuli release action potential to Post Pit - release oxytocin carried in BV to uterus / mammary gland
60
oxytocin action
contraction of myoepithelial cell in mammary gland for milk release uterus - +ve feedback - increase pressure = increase stretching = release oxytocin loop CNS effect bonding between mother and child and pair couple
61
pineal gland function
control melatonin release for circadian rhythm and sleep pattern pick up stimuli from blood
62
pineal gland location and addition
has circulation supply with sinuses in it 2/3 places in brain where there is weakness in BV lack BP barrier - e.g. Pit gland sit above brain stem but quite deep

BIOL1025 - Fundamentals of cell biology and physiology (21 decks)

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