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Genes + Cells > Plant cell walls > Flashcards

Plant cell walls Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers in plant cell wall

A

Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Pectin/middle lamella

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2
Q

How does a cell wall expand

A

Cell wall enzymes break connections in wall
New material is deposited
Connections remade

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3
Q

Why is the cell wall of fruits and vegetables softer than other plant cell walls

A

Reduction of pectin in cell wall due to enzymes causes softening

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4
Q

When is the secondary cell wall made

A

When expanding stops

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5
Q

Where is the secondary cell wall located

A

Between the primary and the plasma

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6
Q

What are the functions of the secondary cell wall

A

Support
Strengthen
Protect

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7
Q

What macromolecules are involved in the secondary thickening of the cell wall

A

Lignin
Suberin
Cutin

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8
Q

Where is there specific secondary thickening and why is it needed

A

Endodermis layer in anther
Provide strength for anther to open
When enough pressure in anther bursts open and releases pollen

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9
Q

What occurs in the abscission process

A

Plant removes organs (leaves and fruit) by digesting middle lamella
Protective layer forms around abscission e.g. suberin, lignin, waterproof

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10
Q

What is the major different between monocots and dicots

A

Monocots have one cotyledon

Dicots have two cotyledons

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11
Q

What is the difference in leave venation between monocots and dicots

A

M - veins usually parallel

D - veins usually netlike

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12
Q

What is the difference in stems between monocots and dicots

A

M - vascular bundles usually complex arrangement

D - vascular bundles usually arranged in ring

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13
Q

What is the difference in roots between monocots and dicots

A

M - fibrous root system

D - Taproot usually present

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14
Q

What is the difference in flowers between monocots and dicots

A

M - flowers usually in multiples of three

D - flowers usually in multiples of four or five

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15
Q

What is the difference in epidermis in monocots and dicots

A

Same

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16
Q

What is the difference in mesophyll layers in monocots and dicots

A

M - no difference between upper and lower

D - have palisade cells, contain many chloroplasts, bottom have spongy cells less chloroplasts

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17
Q

What is the structure of a dicotyledenous root

A

Outside layer - epidermis
Multiple layers thick, mid region - cortical cells/cortex
Inside of mid region (thin band) - endodermis
Inside of endodermis - pericycle
Centre - vascular cylinder

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18
Q

What is the structure of a monocotyledonous root

A

Outside layer - epidermis
Mid region - cortex
Inside of mid region (thin band) - endodermis
Same area in mid - casparian strip
Inside of endodermis - pericycle
Centre - vascular cylinder XYLEM ARRANGED IN BUNDLES IN RING SHAPE

19
Q

What is the stele made up of

A

Endodermis
Pericycle
Vascular cylinder

20
Q

What is the purpose of a casparian strip

A

Provides a protective layer - thick so is water impermeable

Roots can control what is taken into plant

21
Q

What are the two routes that nutrients can be taken up from the roots to the casparian strip

A

Apoplastic pathway

Symplastic pathway

22
Q

What is the apoplastic pathway

A

Nutrients travel between cells in the cytoplasm

23
Q

What is the symplastic pathway

A

Nutrients enter cells and leave them (travels through cells)

24
Q

Function of the root cap

A

Protect
Lubricate so can go through soil and guide root in response to gravity
Know whether going up or down

25
Q

What are meristem cells

A

Makes up root

Can be made into anything - waiting to be told

26
Q

Where does the root hair cell originate from

A

Epidermis

27
Q

Where do lateral roots form from

A

Develop in already formed primary roots

Originate from pericycle cells

28
Q

What happens when lateral roots begin to form

A

Outer tissue disformation and cell separation
Signals outside cells to release cell wall modifying enzymes
Allow cells around to stretch move and disengage with each other - can grow through
Lateral root contains all same material as primary

29
Q

Why must the secondary wall form when lateral root has formed

A

Prevent pathogens getting in

30
Q

What do phosphorus deficient plants have to try gain more phosphorus

A

Increased lateral root and root hair production to try increase phosphorus uptake

31
Q

What is the xylem and function

A

Xylem conducts water passively

Elongated cells with secondary cell walls that lack protoplasts at maturity

32
Q

What is the phloem and function

A

Actively transport sugars and amino acids

Translocation in both directions

33
Q

How is the phloem cell wall specialised

A

Is perforated using sieve plates to allow compounds to travel through

34
Q

What does the phloem cell wall maintain even when they mature and lose their organelles

A

ER and mitochondria for energy to move all round

35
Q

What is special about a companion cell

A

Extra plasmodesmata to phloem sieve tube

Extra ribosomes and mitochondria

36
Q

What is the companion cell function

A

Support sieve tube cell

37
Q

What is the function of the sclerenchyma, and what is it

A

Provide structure and support to plant tissue

Their cell walls are thick lignified secondary walls made of cellulose and hemicellulose - often die when mature

38
Q

What is the collenchyma and its function

A

Elongated cells with thick cell walls - provide structure and support
Cellulose and pectin irregularly thickened at corners

39
Q

Where are the collenchyma found

A

Under epidermis in new growth areas

40
Q

What is a trichome

A

Small hair growing from epidermis of plant, algae, lichen
Can be uni/multi-cellular
Can be (un)branched

41
Q

What are xerophytes

A

Adapted to prevent water loss through transpiration

Keeps air at higher humidity around stomata

42
Q

What are hydrophytes

A

Aerenchyma forms air channels - gas exchange
Important for aquatic plants
Stomata only on top of leaf
Epidermal layer very little strengthening in stems = not rigid

43
Q

What is the function of a sclereid

A

Keeps plant together, gives structure and strength without preventing it moving in water

Genes + Cells (23 decks)

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