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Genes + Cells > Microbial nutrition and growth > Flashcards

Microbial nutrition and growth Flashcards

1
Q

Microbial environment used to be completely anoxic, what is anoxic

A

Without oxygen

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2
Q

What bacteria caused change in oxygen levels

A

Cynobacteria
More oxic
More photosynthetic

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3
Q

What are examples of energy sources for microbes

A

Carbon

Nitrogen

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4
Q

What do chemoorganotrophs make and why is this useful

A

Hydrogen used by chemolithotrophs

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5
Q

What is a phototroph

A

Photosynthetic microbes

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6
Q

What is a chemotroph

A

Obtain energy from chemicals

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7
Q

What do chemoorganotrophs use

A

Organic compounds

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8
Q

What do chemolithotrophs use

A

Inorganic compounds

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9
Q

What has oxygen as it’s terminal electron acceptor

A

Aerobe

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10
Q

What is an autotroph

A

Uses carbon dioxide as sole carbon source

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11
Q

What is a heterotroph

A

Uses carbon from complex compounds

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12
Q

What examples are there of nutrient types

A 
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Trace metals
Growth factos
Vitamins
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13
Q

What are examples of macronutrients

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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14
Q

What are the possible sources of carbon

A 
Carbon dioxide (not all photosynthetic)
From complex compounds
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15
Q

What are the possible sources of nitrogen

A

Gaseous N2 e.g. nitrogen fixing bacteria

Inorganic N e.g. denitrifying bacteria

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16
Q

How can other nutrients be taken up into cell

A

Taken up as trace elements dissolved in water
Some as gases
Some as nutrients actively transported into cell

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17
Q

What are the essentials for microorganism growth

A 
Nutrient source
Water
Temperature 
pH
Atmospheric conditions
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18
Q

Why is water needed in microorganism growth

A

Most microorganisms can only absorb soluble chemicals

Rigid cell wall prevents cell bursting

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19
Q

What does hypertonic media cause

A

Cell loses water and shrinks

20
Q

What does hypotonic media cause

A

Cell swells

21
Q

What (water) environment do most microbes live in

A

Slightly hypotonic

22
Q

What is an extreme thermophile

A

Extreme heat loving

23
Q

What is a thermophile

A

Heat loving

24
Q

What is a mesophile

A

Middle temperature range

25
Q

What is a psychrophile

A

Cold loving

26
Q

What is the normal pH range for eubacteria

A

6-8

27
Q

What is the minimum pH for microbial growth

A

4

28
Q

What is the maximum pH for microbial growth

A

9

29
Q

What must the intracellular pH be

A

Maintained within 2 pH units of neutral (7)

30
Q

How do bacteria survive in low pH

A

They adjust their intracellular pH in response to changes in extracellular pH

31
Q

What does the cytoplasmic pH have to be

A

Stay close to neutral

32
Q

What is an obligate aerobe

A

Requires oxygen

33
Q

What is a facultative aerobe

A

Doesn’t need oxygen, but will use it if there

34
Q

What is a microaerophile

A

Requires lowered oxygen levels

35
Q

What is an aerotolerant anaerobe

A

Grows best without oxygen but can tolerate its presence

36
Q

What is a strict anaerobe

A

Can’t tolerate oxygen

37
Q

What are the laboratory conditions for growth

A

Correct media containing all nutrients and solute concentration
Correct incubation temperature
Correct atmospheric conditions

38
Q

How is the growth of bacteria and cell division described in a graph

A

Rate of increase is an exponential function

39
Q

What is binary fission

A

Transfer of genetic material before septum formation or will not be viable cells

40
Q

What is the lag phase in batch culture growth

A

Cells initiate growth

Try acclimatise to new environment

41
Q

What is the exponential phase in batch culture growth

A

Cell number doubles in minimum time

42
Q

What is the stationary phase in batch culture growth

A

Cell growth slows and eventually stops

43
Q

What is the death phase in batch culture growth

A

Number of viable cells slowly declines

44
Q

When does growth in batch culture stop

A

When nutrients limited or a by-product of growth becomes toxic

45
Q

What processes use continuous cultures

A

Basis of fermentation

  • making antibiotics
  • nutrients continually replaced
  • cell numbers kept constant
  • toxic metabolic products washed out

Genes + Cells (23 decks)

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