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Genes + Cells > Animal cells > Flashcards

Animal cells Flashcards

1
Q

How is an animal cells shape maintained

A

Held in cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What are the protein fibres

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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3
Q

Microtubule function

A

Organelle movement

Form large structures outside of cells e.g. tubulin

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4
Q

Intermediate filament function

A

Mainly mechanical

Supports fragile tubulin e.g. keratin

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5
Q

Microfilament function

A

Provide support e.g. actin

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6
Q

What do motor proteins do

A

Change the position of things inside the cell e.g. kinesin

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7
Q

What do the proteins in the cell membrane do

A

Form links between cytoskeleton inside cell and extracellular matrix outside cell

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton functions

A 
Organise organelles
Maintain cell shape
Anchorage to surfaces
Cell movement (round body)
Cell division (cytoplasm and nuclear material replicate and organise self)
Allow contact and transmit signals
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9
Q

What happens if anchorage dependent cells are not anchored

A

Anchorage is dependent for their function
Without it they lose sense of direction
Anchored gives them direction and polarity
Directionality is phenotype feature

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10
Q

Cell pathway inside eukaryotes

A

Contractile microfilaments of cytoskeleton - lines of tension in cell
Energy transmitted through these lines, lets cell move across

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11
Q

Cell pathway in extracellular matrix

A

Extracellular matrix has fibronectin fibres
Each cell oriented to position of fibronectin fibres
Follow fibronectin trails

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12
Q

What are the benefits of cells sticking together

A

Form complex tissues and organs
Control material passage
Communicate, act in synchronised manner

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13
Q

What are the junctions that cells can attach together via

A

Adheren
Desmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions

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14
Q

Where are there adheren junctions

A

In many epithelial cells

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15
Q

How does an adheren junction form and how is mechanical stress dealt with

A

Cadherin protein cross intracellular space, link to catenins
Catenins connect to actin filaments
Mechanical stress spread as anchored to actin filaments of cytoskeleton

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16
Q

How do substances pass between cells that are joined via adheren junctions

A

Substances pass between cells through intracellular spaces

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17
Q

Where are desmosome junctions

A

In most strong epithelia

18
Q

How does a desmosome junction form and how is mechanical stress dealt with

A

Cadherins cross intracellular space, other proteins link cadherins to intermediate filaments
Attached to skeletal proteins inside cell
Anchored to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton - even stress distribution

19
Q

How do substances pass between cells that are joined via desmosome junctions

A

Substances pass freely between cells

20
Q

Where are tight junctions

A

In intestinal epithelial cells and endothelial cells lining brain

21
Q

How are tight junctions formed

A

Tightly packed row of protein ridges linking adjacent cells

Ensure adjacent cell membranes held together

22
Q

How do substances pass between cells with tight junctions

A

Junction is impermeable due to tight packing of protein

23
Q

What are tight junctions good for

A

Sealing body cavities/regions

24
Q

Where are gap junctions formed

A

In e.g. nerve cells, heart muscle cells, pancreatic islet cells

25
Q

How is there direct communication between the cells that are linked via gap junctions

A

Cytoplasm of the two cells connected through hole

26
Q

How is a gap junction opened or closed

A

Depending on the orientation of the six connexin molecules

27
Q

What can pass through open gap junctions

A

Small molecules

28
Q

What is a transcellular route

A

Material pass through cells and is absorbed into cell, passes through cytoplasm

29
Q 
What does this transcellular route cross 
OUT
   I
   I
   I
  V
 IN
A

Crosses apical and basal cell membranes

30
Q 
What does this transcellular route cross
OUT 
   I
   I\_\_\_\_
            I
           V
    IN
A

Crosses apical and lateral cell membranes

31
Q

What is a paracellular route

A

Materials cross through junctions between cells where there’s a gap

32
Q

What does a reflectance coefficient of 1 mean

A

Molecules completely reflected

33
Q

What does a reflectance coefficient of 0-1 mean

A

Selectively diffusible

34
Q

What does a reflectance coefficient of 0 mean

A

Freely diffusible e.g. water

35
Q

What diffusion requires a transporter protein

A

Facilitated

Active

36
Q

What is uniport

A

Transports one substance

37
Q

What is symport

A

Transfers more than one substance

38
Q

What is antiport

A

Exchanges one substance for another

39
Q

What is endocytosis

A

A living cell taking in matter by invagination of membrane

Forms a vacuole

40
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Vacuole contents released to exterior via vacuole membrane fusing to cell membrane

41
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Liquid ingestion into cell by budding of small vesicles from cell membrane

Genes + Cells (23 decks)

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