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Biology > Plant Biology > Flashcards

Plant Biology Flashcards

Transport in the xylem of plants, Transport in the phloem of plants, Growth in plants, Reproduction in plants

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1
Q

Define “transpiration”

A

The inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf.

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2
Q

Describe structure of xylem

A
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3
Q

Outline gas exchange that occurs through leaf stomata

A
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4
Q

Outline structures and mechanisms involved in the flow of water from roots to leaves

A

Cohesive properties:
- The cohesive properties of water allows it to move against gravity from root to leaf

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5
Q

Outline how xylem is able to maintain rigidity even under low pressure or mechanical disturbance

A
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5
Q

Outline polarity of water molecule

A

Oxygen atom: negative
Hydrogen atoms: positive

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6
Q

Define “cohesion”

A
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7
Q

Explain the decrease in pressure and transpiration-pull that results from evaporation of water from the leaf

A
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8
Q

State the transpiration is a passive processes

A
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9
Q

Explain why roots are hypertonic relative to the soil

A
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10
Q

Outline the role of active transport in maintaining root tonicity

A
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11
Q

Describe how water enters roots from the soil

A
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12
Q

Compare the symplastic and apoplastic pathways of water transport through the root

A

Symplastic:

Apoplastic:

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13
Q

Outline strategies used by xerophytes and halophytes to reduce water loss

A
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13
Q

Define “xerophyte” and “halophytic”

A

Xerophyte:

Halophytic:

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14
Q

Describe simple models of water transport, inclusive of evaporation, adhesion and cohesion

A
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14
Q

Draw a xylem vessel tube, labeling cellulose wall and helical lignin thickening

A
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15
Q

Describe the use of a potometer to measure transpiration rates

A
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15
Q

State a similarity and a difference between transpiration models and transpiration in plant tissues

A
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16
Q

List example source and sink tissues

A

Source tissues:

Sink tissues:

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16
Q

​Define “translocation”, “phloem sap”, “source” and “sink”

A

Translocation:

Phloem sap:

Source:

Sink:

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17
Q

State that phloem transport is bidirectional

A
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18
Q

​Outline why pressure in the phloem increases due to the movement of water into the phloem

A
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19
Q

State that sucrose is the most prevalent solute in phloem sap

A
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20
Q

Outline why sucrose is used for phloem transport, as opposed to glucose

A
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20
Q

Describe the active transport of sucrose into the phloem via a co-transport protein

A
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21
Q

State that the phloem becomes hypertonic to xylem due to the active transport of sucrose into the phloem

A
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21
Q

State that water moves into the phloem by osmosis

A
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22
Q

State that water moves from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure and that the movement of water also moves the solutes dissolved in it

A
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23
Q

State that the function of phloem includes loading of carbohydrates at a source, transport of carbohydrates through the plant, and unloading of carbohydrates at a sink

A
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24
Q

Outline the structure and function of sieve tube cells, with specific mention of the rigid cell wall and sieve plates

A
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25
Q

Outline the structure and function of companion cells, with specific mention of mitochondria and cell membrane infolding

A
26
Q

State two ways xylem cells can be identified in cross sections of stem and root

A
27
Q

Identify xylem given microscope images of stem and root

A
28
Q

Identify phloem within the vascular bundle of a stem and root

A
29
Q

State that aphids consume phloem sap as the main component of their diet

A
30
Q

Outline how aphids have been used to measure the rate of flow and composition of phloem sap

A
31
Q

Outline how radioactive carbon isotopes are used to study translocation

A
31
Q

Define “indeterminate growth” and “totipotent”

A
31
Q

Define “meristem”

A
32
Q

State that most plants have indeterminate growth and have totipotent cells

A
33
Q

Compare apical and lateral meristems

A

Apical meristems:

Lateral meristems:

33
Q

Outline role of mitosis in the growth of stem and leaves while maintaining a meristem

A
34
Q

State the generic function of plant hormones

A

Control growth in the shot apex

35
Q

Outline how auxin concentrations regulate plant growth in the root and stem

A
36
Q

Outline the role of auxin in apical dominance

A
37
Q

State two external factors that control the growth of roots and stems

A
38
Q

Define “tropism”, “phototropism” and “gravitropism”

A

Tropism:

Phototropism:

Gravitropism:

38
Q

Outline how PIN-transport proteins can direct direction of auxin flow

A
38
Q

Explain how auxin concentrations allow for phototropism in the stem

A
38
Q

Explain how auxin concentrations allow for gravitropism in the root

A
39
Q

State that auxin influences cell growth rates by changing gene expression

A
39
Q

Define “micropropagation”

A
40
Q

Outline how changing auxin and cytokinin ratios can lead to development of roots or shoots from the same explant tissue

A
41
Q

Outline three roles of micropropagation of plant species

A
42
Q

Outline role of microarrays in understanding role of plant hormones

A
42
Q

Compare the vegetative and reproductive phases of the angiospermatophyta life cycle

A
42
Q

State that flowers are produced from a shoot apical meristem

A
43
Q

State two abiotic factors that may trigger flowering

A
44
Q

Compare the timing of flowering in short-day plants and long-day plants

A
44
Q

Outline the process by which changes in gene expression trigger flowering

A
45
Q

State the role of the pigment phytochrome

A
46
Q

Describe the conversions between the two forms of phytochrome

A
47
Q

​Define “pollination”, “fertilization” and “seed dispersal”

A

Pollination:

Fertilization:

Seed dispersal:

47
Q

State the changes to the ovule and ovary that result from fertilization

A
47
Q

Describe role of phytochrome in controlling flowering in long and short day plants

A
48
Q

List mechanisms of seed dispersal

A
49
Q

Define “mutualism”

A
50
Q

Explain an example of mutualism between a flowering plant and its pollinator

A
51
Q

State how plants can be manipulated to force flowering out of season

A
52
Q

Draw and label the structure of seeds, including:
- Embryo root
- Embryo shoot
- Cotykedons
- Testa
- Micropyle
- Hilum

A
53
Q

State the function of the different parts of the seed

A

Embryo root:

Embryo shoot:

Cotykedons:

Testa:

Micropyle:

Hilum:

54
Q

Draw and label an animal pollinated flower, including:
- Petals
- Sepals
- Anthers
- Filaments
- Carpel
- Stigma
- Style
- Ovary
- Ovule

A
55
Q

State the function of the different parts of the animal-pollinated flower

A

Petals:

Sepals:

Anthers:

Filaments:

Carpel:

Stigma:

Style:

Ovary:

Ovule:

56
Q

Define “germination”

A
57
Q

Outline the role of gibberellin during germination

A
58
Q

Outline why water, oxygen and warmth are required for germination

A
59
Q

Write five example problem questions for experiments that could test factors affecting germination

A
60
Q

Contrast traditional conservation efforts with newer strategies of conservation

A

Biology (12 decks)

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