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Biology > Evolution and Biodiversity > Flashcards

Evolution and Biodiversity Flashcards

Evidence for evolution, Natural selection, Classification of biodiversity, Cladistics

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “evolution”

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2
Q

Explain three pieces of evidence that fossils provide that evolution has occurred

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2
Q

Contrast analogous structures and homologous structures

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Analogous:

Homologous:

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2
Q

Use an example to explain how selective breeding has lead to evolution in a species

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2
Q

Define “strata” and “paleontology”

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Strata:

Paleontology:

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2
Q

Explain the process of artificial selection using selective breeding

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2
Q

Contrast convergent evolution and adaptive radiation

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Convergent evolution:

Adaptive radiation:

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3
Q

Define “vestigial structure”

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3
Q

State an example of homologous structures

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3
Q

State an example of analogous structures

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4
Q

State an example of a vestigial structure

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5
Q

Describe the process of gradual speciation

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5
Q

Explain how continuous variation across geographical ranges is evidence of evolutionary change

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6
Q

State an example of recognizably different populations of the same species across a geographical range

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7
Q

Define “pentadactyl limb”

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8
Q

List the bone structures present in the pentadactyl limb

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9
Q

Identify pentadactyl limb structures in diagrams of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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10
Q

Relate differences in pentadactyl limb structures to differences in limb function

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11
Q

​Explain how natural selection leads to changes in the melanistic variety of insects in polluted areas

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12
Q

Propose a mechanism that explains the pattern found in vertebrate limb structure yet allows for the specialization of different limb functions

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13
Q

Define “variation”

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14
Q

Explain why natural selection can only function if there is variation in a species

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15
Q

List sources of genetic variation

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Mutation, meiosis, sexual reproduction

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16
Q

Define “adaptation”

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17
Q

List examples of adaptations

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18
Q

Use an example to illustrate the potential for overproduction of offspring in a population

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19
Q

State that species have the ability to produce more offspring than the environment can support

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20
Q

Outline how a “selective pressure” acts on the variation in a population

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21
Q

List examples of “selective pressures”

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22
Q

Explain the effect of the selective pressure on the more and less adapted individuals in a population

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23
Q

Contrast acquired characteristics with inheritable characteristics

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24
Q

State that only inherited characteristics can be acted upon by natural selection

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25
Q

Compare the reproductive success of better and less well adapted individuals in a population

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26
Q

Explain the cause of the change in frequency of traits in a population through natural selection

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27
Q

Outline the role of Charles Darwin and Peter and Rosemary Grant in the study of Galapagos finches

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28
Q

Explain how natural selection leads to changes in the beaks of Galapagos finches with changes in weather conditions

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29
Q

Outline the effect of not completing a full dose of antibiotics on the development of antibiotic resistance

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30
Q

Explain how natural selection leads to changes in antibiotic resistance

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31
Q

List reasons why evolution of antibiotic resistance has been rapid

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31
Q

List three trends that have been observed in the development of antibiotic resistance

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32
Q

Use a graph to illustrate antibiotic resistance over time

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33
Q

​Outline the role of botanical and zoological congresses in the naming of plants and animals

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34
Q

Define “binomial nomenclature”

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35
Q

State three rules of binomial nomenclature formatting

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36
Q

Define “taxon” and “taxonomist”

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37
Q

List the hierarchy of taxa, from largest to smallest

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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

38
Q

State the two groups of prokaryotes

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39
Q

Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the evolutionary relationship between organisms of the three domains

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40
Q

List the three domains of life

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40
Q

Outline differences between the three domains of life

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41
Q

​Define “natural classification”

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42
Q

List two situations in which the reclassification of a species may be necessary

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42
Q

List the four kingdoms of eukaryotes

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43
Q

List two difficulties in determining the natural classification of species

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44
Q

Outline an example of a species (or group of species) which were reclassified when new evidence was discovered

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44
Q

Explain two specific advantages of natural classification

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45
Q

​State the classification of a plant, from domain to species

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46
Q

​State the classification of an animal, from domain to species

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47
Q

State the four major plant phyla

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Bryophyte, filicinophyta, coniferophyta, angiospermophyta

48
Q

Identify the phyla of plant given external recognition features

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49
Q

Outline the characteristics of five major vertebrate classes

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49
Q

State seven major animal phyla

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Porifera, cnidarian pletyhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, chordata

49
Q

Outline the characteristics of seven major animal phyla

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50
Q

Contrast “chordate” and “vertebrate”

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50
Q

State five major classes of chordata

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51
Q

Create a dichotomous key given a sample of known specimens

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51
Q

Identify the phyla of animal given external recognition features

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52
Q

Explain the use of a dichotomous key in the identification of a specimen

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52
Q

Identify the vertebrate class of animal given external recognition features

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53
Q

State the role of Carl Linnaeus in naming species

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53
Q

​​Outline why the binomial naming system is used in science rather than local names

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54
Q

Define “clade” and “cladistics”

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55
Q

Outline the relationship between time, evolutionary relationships and biological sequences (nitrogenous base or amino acid)

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56
Q

Contrast analogous and homologous traits

A

Analogous:

Homologous:

56
Q

Outline the use of a “molecular clock” to determine time since divergence between two species

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57
Q

State the source of differences between biological sequences (nitrogenous base or amino acid)

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58
Q

State an example of analogous and homologous traits

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58
Q

Define “cladogram” and “node”

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59
Q

Outline how computer programs analyze biological sequence data to create cladograms

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60
Q

Identify members of clades given a cladogram

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61
Q

Outline the role of technological advancements in the development of cladistics

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62
Q

Explain why the development of cladistics lead to the reclassification of some species

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63
Q

Interpret a cladogram depicting primate species

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64
Q

Outline the reason and evidence for the reclassification of the figwort family

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65
Q

Analyze a cladogram to explain the evolutionary relationship between species

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66
Q

Discuss the use of cladograms as hypotheses of evolutionary relationships

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67
Q

Outline the reason why biological theories may change with time

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Biology (12 decks)

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